As high bandwidth applications continue to emerge, investigation in technologies that will increase transmission capacity become necessary. Of these technologies, Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) has been presented as a possible solution, supporting a next generation bit rate of 160 Gbit/s. To perform the demultiplexing task, the use of tandem electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) has been widely studied, and due to its benefits was chosen as the topology of this thesis. To create an effective model of an OTDM system, the vector based mathematical simulation tool MatLab is used. Care was taken to create an accurate representation of an OTDM system, including: the development of a realistic pulse shape, the development of a true pseudo-random bit sequence in all transmitted channels, the optimization of the gating function, and the representation of system penalty. While posing impressive bit rates, various sources of system performance degradation pose issues in an OTDM system, owning to its ultra-narrow pulse widths. The presence of dispersion, timing jitter, polarization mode dispersion, and nonlinear effects, can sufficiently degrade the quality of the received data. This thesis gives a clear guideline to the tolerance an OTDM system exhibits to each of the aforementioned sources of system penalty. The theory behind each impairment is thoroughly discussed and simulated using MatLab. From the simulated results, a finite degree of sensitivity to each source of system penalty is realized. These contributions are of particular importance when attempting to implement an OTDM system in either the laboratory, or the field. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-05-17 22:51:56.471

Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht das vom Konsumenten wahrgenommene Risiko durch Angebotsinformationen im Internet und die Auswirkung der Risiken auf die maximal erzielbaren Preise. Hierfür bietet sich an, Internetauktionen näher zu betrachten, da die letztendlichen Preisfestlegungen durch die Bieter erfolgen. Die maximale Zahlungsbereitschaft kann daher unabhängig von einem vorgegebenen festen Verkaufspreis in Erfahrung gebracht werden. Es soll ein Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis von Online-Verkäufen geliefert und zu einer effizienteren Ressourcenallokation im Interesse der Käufer wie auch der Verkäufer erbracht werden. Die volkswirtschaftliche Relevanz dieses Themas liegt auf der Hand, wenn man aktuelle Entwicklungen im Online-Auktionsmarkt und das enorme wohlstandssteigernde Potenzial betrachtet. Beim Einsatz einer Online-Auktion werden zwei Vorteile vereint: Sowohl der Einsatz der Informationstechnologie und der Kommunikationstechnologie als auch der Allokationsmechanismus Auktion schaffen enorme Potenziale zur Effizienzsteigerung. Diese Arbeit soll helfen, durch das Anstreben einer pareto-effizienten Verteilung die Ressourcenallokation von Gütern zu verbessern und dadurch einen wohlstandssteigernden Beitrag für Konsumenten und auch Anbieter zu erreichen. Betrachtet werden hierzu neben volkswirtschaftlichen Hintergründen wie Auktionsformen, Preisbildungsprozesse und Auktionsmodelle auch informationstechnologische Aspekte und verschiedene Facetten von Risiko (Risikodimensionen) sowie deren Einflussfaktoren. Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung ist ein computergestütztes Experiment in Zusammenhang mit einem papierbasierten Fragebogen. Die erhobenen Daten werden anhand verschiedener Analysemethoden ausgewertet und interpretiert hinsichtlich des Zusammenhangs von wahrgenommenen Risiko und Preis, sowie angebotsspezifischen Informationen bzw. Informationsstrategien des Anbieters und der Wahrnehmung des Risikos durch den Interessenten. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse helfen, die Zusammenhänge von Informationen, Risiko und Preis nicht nur bei Online-Auktionen besser zu verstehen und Anbietern sowie Interessenten durch erhöhte Transparenz zu einer besseren Ressourcenallokation zu verhelfen. (Autorenref.)

Glucocorticoids are widely used in clinical therapy. However, they cause adverse effects including insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes, which are characterised by decreased glucose transport into the muscles and fat. How glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport remains unclear. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake via the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 / phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (AKT) pathway and promotes the redistribution of GLUT4 from intracellular storage compartments to the plasma membrane (PM). Insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), a Rab-GTPase activating protein is downstream of AKT and appears to be essential for exposure of GLUT4 at the PM and glucose uptake. This is mediated through the association of phosphorylated AS160 (at the key residue T642) with 14-3-3 in the cytosol. The mildly insulin-responsive GLUT1 mediates basal glucose uptake in adipocytes. It is also subject to regulated trafficking like GLUT4. This study aimed to determine the level at which glucocorticoids inhibit glucose uptake in adipocytes. Effects of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) and the natural glucocorticoid cortisol, on GLUT1 and GLUT4 function were examined. Candidates for the glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of GLUT1- and GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake were investigated. These were glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β (an AKT substrate) for GLUT1-mediated glucose transport; and adaptor protein containing PH domain, PTB domain, and leucine zipper motif (APPL)-1 (an AKT-interacting protein) and AS160 for GLUT4-mediated glucose transport. Dex and cortisol significantly decreased basal glucose uptake by 50% (p<0.05) in SGBS and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Similarly, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was decreased by 50% (p<0.001 for SGBS; p<0.05 for 3T3-L1) and 30% (p<0.05 for both) at 1 nM and 100 nM insulin respectively. Similar results were observed with differentiated primary human preadipocytes and human adipose explants. Dex-mediated inhibition of basal glucose uptake was limited to insulin-sensitive cell types implying that glucocorticoids may regulate GLUTs at steps common to GLUT1 and GLUT4 trafficking. Dex-mediated reduction in glucose uptake correlated with the reduction in basal and insulin-stimulated expression of GLUT1 and GLUT4 to the PM without changes in total GLUT1/4 expression. Dex did not alter total expression or phosphorylation of proximal insulin-signalling molecules up to and including AKT but increased FOXO1 expression, and modified GSK3β-S9 phosphorylation. Dex did not alter total APPL1 expression or subcellular distribution. Dex significantly decreased 1nM-insulin stimulated AS160-T642 phosphorylation by 50% (p<0.05) in SGBS and 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the glucocorticoid repector (GR). This correlated with reduced AS160:14-3-3 interaction. Similar results were obtained for AS160-T642 basal phosphorylation. At 1nM insulin, AS160-T642 phosphorylation is maximal at sub-maximal glucose uptake, i.e. AS160 phosphorylation significantly contributes to glucose uptake. RU486 significantly prevented but did not fully abrogate the Dex-mediated reduction in glucose uptake suggesting additional Dex-induced defects. In conclusion, glucocorticoids inhibit glucose uptake at a level distal to AKT by GR-dependent mechanisms. A role for GSK3β or APPL1 in glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of glucose uptake requires further investigations. FOXO1 represents a suitable candidate for mediating the Dex-induced defects. Of significance, perturbation in AS160-T642 phosphorylation contributes to Dex-mediated inhibition of glucose uptake. Thus, AS160 presents a novel therapeutic target in the improvement of glucocorticoid-mediated inhibition of glucose uptake.

Το Διαδίκτυο, γνωστό συνήθως και με την αγγλική άκλιτη ονομασία Internet, ανήκει στα μέσα μαζικής επικοινωνίας (ΜΜΕ). Ως μέσο έχει διπλή υπόσταση: υλική (που αποτελείται από τον συνδυασμό δικτύων βασισμένων σε λογισμικό και υλικό), και άϋλη (αυτό, δηλαδή, που "κάνει" / προσφέρει στην κοινωνία το Διαδίκτυο ως μέσο). Ο σκοπός αυτής της μελέτης είναι να παρουσιαστούν τα κριτήρια με τα οποία μπορεί ν’ αξιολογηθεί η ποιότητα μιας ιστοσελίδας με περιεχόμενα Κλινικής Ακτινοπροστασίας και Γενικής Ιατρικής και ο σχεδιασμός ενός πρότυπου ιστοτόπου που να παρέχει ακτινολογικές πληροφορίες στον Γενικό Ιατρό, έχοντας σαν βάση τον ιστότοπο της Εταιρείας Γενικής Ιατρικής. Το υλικό της ερευνητικής μελέτης αποτέλεσαν πέντε (5) ιστότοποι που είναι σχετικοί με περιεχόμενο Γενικής Ιατρικής και κλινικής Ακτινοπροστασίας. Επελέγησαν με βάση την επισκεψιμότητά τους. Αξιολογήθηκαν με βάση πρώτον τα κριτήρια της ποιότητας ενός site σχετιζόμενο με ιατρικό περιεχόμενο, δεύτερον με τα τεχνικά κριτήρια και τρίτον με τα κριτήρια ποιότητας ενός ιστοτόπου από το Ίδρυμα Health on Net Fountation (HON). Επίσης αξιολογήθηκαν με βάση την επισκεψιμότητά τους παγκοσμίως – αλλά και στη χώρα τους. Παράλληλα παρατηρήθηκε η δημοτικότητά τους από τον αριθμό των sites που τα έχουν ως link. Επιπλέον καταμετρήθηκε το upstream link των υπό παρακολούθηση ιστοτόπων με κάποιες από τις παγκόσμιες μηχανές αναζήτησης. Αξιολογήθηκε επίσης το επίσημο site της Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Γενικής Ιατρικής (ΕΛΕΓΕΙΑ) για στοιχεία κλινικής ακτινοπροστασίας. Μόνο 4 ιστότοποι πληρούσαν τα 18 από τα 19 κριτήρια. Και τα 5 sites πληρούσαν τα τεχνικά κριτήρια και τα κριτήρια του HON. Βάση επισκεψιμότητάς και δημοτικότητάς τους, πρώτο βρέθηκε το site της Αμερικάνικης Εταιρείας Προστασίας του Περιβάλλοντος, με δεύτερο της Αμερικανικής Ακαδημίας των Οικογενειακών Ιατρών. Το site της ΕΛΕΓΕΙΑ δεν παρείχε καμία πληροφορία ακτινολογικού περιεχομένου. Παρατηρείται θετικότατη εφαρμογή στα τεχνικά κριτήρια αξιολόγησης και ποιότητας καθώς και στα κριτήρια του HON. Μεγάλη είναι και η επισκεψιμότητα και η δημοτικότητα των υπό αξιολόγηση sites. Εύκολη και χρηστική η λειτουργικότητα τους με άμεση παρουσίαση στοιχείων – απαντήσεων. Οι προτάσεις για δημιουργία πρότυπου ιστοτόπου βασιζόμενες στο site της ΕΛΕΓΕΙΑΣ (αφού δεν παρείχε καμία πληροφορία) είναι η συνεργασία με τους Ακτινολόγους (Ελληνικής Εταιρείας Ακτινολογίας) για την συγγραφή θεμάτων κοινού ενδιαφέροντος. Παρουσίαση του συνόλου των ακτινολογικών εξετάσεων για κάθε πιθανό παθολογικό – χειρουργικό θέμα. Παράλληλα αναφορά στην σωστή χρήση των σκιαγραφικών, στην σωστή συνταγογράφησή τους, στην σωστή προετοιμασία (αν χρειαζόταν και πότε) του ασθενούς, σε πιθανά προβλήματα από την χρήση των σκιαγραφικών (π.χ. αλλεργία), στις εν δυνάμει παρενέργειες στον ασθενή και στο περιβάλλον του κλπ. Η ανακοίνωση νέων τεχνολογιών και μεθόδων απεικόνισης. Δημιουργία e-learning (συνεχιζόμενη ιατρική εκπαίδευση) για ειδικευόμενους και ειδικευμένους Γενικούς Ιατρούς. Επίσης δημιουργία link με παροχή πληροφοριών με θεωρία και εικόνες, ημερομηνία τελευταίας ενημέρωσης, δημιουργία μηχανής αναζήτησης, χωρίς log in, καταμέτρηση επισκεπτών του link ημερησίως και ετήσια. Ένα τέτοιο link θα βελτίωνε την καθημέρα πράξη των Γενικών / Οικογενειακών Ιατρών. / The Internet, commonly known with the English name Internet, belongs to the media. As an instrument has a dual personality: the material (which consists of a combination of network-based software and hardware) and intangible (that is, to "do" / offers society the Internet as a medium). The purpose of this study is to present the criteria which can be evaluated by the quality of a website with content clinical radiation protection and General Medicine and design a standard website. The research material consisted of five (5) sites that are relevant to content clinical radiation protection and General Medicine. Selected based on their trafficing. Evaluated on the basis of firstly quality criteria for a site related to medical content, secondly the technical criteria and thirdly, the quality criteria of the website of the Health on Net Fountation (HON). Also evaluated based on their traffic worldwide - and at home. Occurred while the popularity of the number of sites who have them as a link. Moreover surveyed upstream link of the monitored sites with some of the world's search engines. Also evaluated the official site of the Greek Society of General Medicine (ELEGEIA) for clinical radiation protection. Only 4 (out of 18 met the 19 criteria) from 5 sites did not meet in full the 19 quality criteria. And 5 sites met the technical criteria and criteria of HON. Base traffic and popularity, first found the site of the American Association for protection of the environment in second the American Academy of Family Physicians. The site's ELEGEIA provided no information radiological nature. There is a very positive implementation of the technical evaluation criteria and quality criteria and the HON’s criteria. Great is the traffic and the popularity of the evaluated sites. Simple and utilitarian functionality with immediate display of data - responses. Proposals to create a standard site in the site of ELEGEIA (having provided no information) is a collaboration with radiologists (Greek Society of Radiology) for writing topics of common interest. Presentation of all radiological examinations every possible pathological - surgical issue. Also reference to the proper use of contrast substances, the right prescription, the proper preparation (if needed and when) the patient to possible problems with the use of contrast substances (eg allergy), the potential side effects to the patient and the environment etc. The announcement of new imaging technologies and methods. Create e-learning (continuing medical education) for junior and qualified general practitioners. Also creation a link with information theory and images, date of last update, creation of a search engine, free log in, counting visitors to link daily and annual. Such a link would improve the daily lives of General practice / Family Physicians.

This master’s thesis contains basic description od ADAHRS system, DO-160 standard and mainly focuses on power supply desing with supercapacitors backup. It initialy deals with power supply requirements and continues with block diagram and multiple 5 V supply solutions. For selected 5 V supply it describes more deeply its properities and options. As the main theme it deals with providing power supply backup using supercapacitors – selecting particular method and configuring supercapacitor charging/discharging controller. It also includes tolerance and stress analysis of the components used in design. Lastly it describes testing of the final product.

This dissertation proposes a novel treatment of deontic modals such as permission, obligation and prohibition with special attention to applicability to legal language.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through the eyes of the Catholic Church, one usually looks at Montanism as a second-century heretical sect. This prevailed orthodox view has devalued the Catholic Tertullian as a schismatic when he had accepted Montanism as his theological verification. The recent scholarship, however, has challenged that Tertullian’s transition to Montanism had not necessarily resulted from his theological conclusion. Rather this suggests that Tertullian, from the very beginning, was much more sympathetic to the new prophets than to the Catholic priests; the Montanist Tertullian had always taken precedence over the Catholic Tertullian. Given this new perspective, the thesis is developed as follows; Chapter 1, the topic and title are introduced with four critical research questions; (1) Why were the original Montanists condemned? (2) Why did Tertullian become a Montanist? (3) Why does Montanism exclude the present day Pentecostalism as Neo- Montanism? (4) Why does Montanism include the present day Pentecostalism as Neo- Montanism? Here particular interest is Tertullian’s intermediate position; as a point of contact, Tertullian stands not only between the Montanists and the Catholics, but also between the original Montanists and the present day Pentecostals as Neo-Montanism. Chapter 2 seeks to find an answer to the first research question of “Why were the original Montanists condemned?” Then, the researcher focuses on the root cause of the original condemnation of Montanism in three aspects. (1) Montanism was condemned as the victim of the institutionalization of the church, (2) Montanism was condemned as the pagan inspiration including controversial manifestations, such as ecstatic prophecy (and speaking in tongues), fanatical millenarianism, and strict puritanism, and (3) Montanism was condemned as the power struggle between the urban and rural church leadership. The point is that these three reasons are interrelated as a whole and, not as a separate entity. Yet, the conflict in the church regarding church government had taken the lead in the original condemnation of Montanism. The victory of urban church leadership had justified the victimization of the Montanists, the representative of the rural leadership. Chapter 3, the thesis has dealt with the second question; “Why did Tertullian become a Montanist?” The researcher acknowledges of the uneasy connection between the apologist Tertullian and the Montanist Tertullian. Yet, if Montanism was accused of its political conflict, not of its theological deviances, the relationship of Tertullian with Montanism needs to be reconsidered. Then, the researcher tries to vindicate Tertullian’s position through two methodological approaches. First, the researcher reconstructs the new image of Tertullian as the lay leader born into Montanism by deconstructing the conventional portrayal of Tertullian; (1) as the son of an officer of the Roman army, (2) as the professional Jurist, (3) as the Catholic priest at Carthage, and (4) as the schismatic. Second, the researcher also takes into account of Tertullian’s identity in the concept of the transitional correlation. By applying Tertullian’s transitional period as the Pagan-Catholic-Montanist to the concentric circles of concern, the previous view of Tertullian can be transformed into the new formula of Pagan as caterpillar- Catholic as cocoon-Montanist as butterfly. This three-fold structure then opens the way for a newborn image of Tertullian. Chapter 4 is dealing with the relationship between Montanism, the Montanist Tertullian, and the present-day Pentecostalism in order to answer the final question; “Why does Montanism include/exclude the present-day Pentecostalism as Neo-Montanism?” Tertullian’s Montanism, like a hinge, closely interconnects the present-day Pentecostalism to the original Montanism in historical, theological and ecclesiological sense of the word. First, the first generation of Pentecostals, regardless of whether they are the proponents of the Azusa Street or Topeka revival, they find their historical identity in the first generation of the apostolic church and this includes the second-century Montanists and the Montanist Tertullian. Second, from the theological point of view, the Montanist distinctive theological fashions, such as ecstatic prophecy, speaking in tongues, and the impending eschatological hope, has clearly re-echoed in the diadem of the current Pentecostal theology.. Third, the original Montanists and the present-day Pentecostals are both ecclesiologically the strong advocates of the pneumatological theocracy. For both, the priority is to return to the apostolic primitive church.. So, the current Pentecostals is convinced that they trace their root from the second-century spirit-filled Montanists. Chapter 5 summarizes the relationship between Montanism, the Montanist Tertullian, and the present day Pentecostalism by answering to the following four research questions; (1) “Why were the original Montanists condemned?” The answer is the ecclesiastical power struggle between the urban and rural leadership made the Montanist crisis a highly politically charged affair rather than a theologically controversial issue. (2) “Why did Tertullian become a Montanist?” The answer is Tertullian, as natural born Montanist, is determined to be a self-sacrificing mediator in order to bring reconciliation between the two rivals, namely, the city-priest and the countryside prophets. (3) “Why does Montanism include/exclude the present-day Pentecostalism as Neo- Montanism?” The answer is Montanism is the antecedent of the present-day Pentecostalism. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die oë van die Rooms Katolieke Kerk is Montanisme niks anders nie as ʼn tweede-eeuse ketterse sekte. Hierdie ortodokse seining het die Katolieke Tertullianus as skismatikus gedevalueer, in besonders toe hy Montanisme as sy teologiese standpuntname aanvaar het. Deesdae is geleerdes van mening dat Tertullianus se oorgang na Montanisme is nie noodwendig die gevolg van sy teologiese stellingname nie. Dit suggereer eerder dat Tertullianus van die begin af, meer simpatiekgesind teenoor die nuwe profete as teenoor die Katolieke priesters was. Dit blyk dat die Montanus Tertullianus altyd voorkeur bo die Katolieke Tertullianus gekry het. Gegewe hierdie perspektief, het die tesis soos volg ontwikkel: Hoofstuk 1, die onderwerp en titel word ingelei met vier kritiese navorsing vrae; (1) Hoekom was die oorspronklike Montanisme veroordeel? (2) Hoekom het Tertullianus 'n Montanus geword? (3) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo -Montanisme uit? (4) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo-Montanisme in? Hier is veral van belang Tertullianus se intermediêre posisie as 'n punt van kontak. Tertullianus staan nie net tussen die Montanisme en die Katolieke nie, maar staan ook tussen die oorspronklike Montanisme en die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme as Neo-Montanisme. Hoofstuk 2 beoog om 'n antwoord op die eerste navorsingsvraag te vind: “Hoekom is die oorspronklike Montanisme veroordeel?" Die navorser het vervolgens drie aspekte wat betrekking het op die oorsaak van die oorspronklike veroordeling van Montanisme gefokus. (1) Montanisme was veroordeel as die slagoffer van die institusionalisering van die kerk, (2) die Montanisme was veroordeel as ʼn heidense inspirasie, byvoorbeeld die omstrede manifestasies: soos in ekstase, profesie (spreek in tale), fanatiese millennialisme, en streng Puritanisme, en (3) Montanisme was veroordeel as die stryd tussen leierskap in die stedelike en plattelandse kerk. Hierdie drie redes is interafhanklik van mekaar as 'n geheel en is dus nie 'n aparte entiteit nie. Die oorwinning van die stedelike kerk leierskap die veroordeling van die Montanisme, wat die landelike leierskap verteenwoordig het, geregverdig. Hoofstuk 3 handel oor die tweede vraag, "Hoekom het Tertullianus ʼn Montanus geword?" Die navorser erken die ongemaklike verband tussen die apologeet Tertullianus en die Montanus Tertullianus. Tog, as Montanisme daarvan beskuldig word van politieke konflik en nie van teologiese afwykings nie, dan behoort die verhouding van Tertullianus met Montanisme in heroorweging geneem te word. Die navorser het Tertullianus se posisie deur middel van twee metodologiese benaderings probeer verdedig. Eerstens, het die navorser die nuwe beeld van Tertullianus gerekonstrueer as leke leier wat in die tydperk van Montanisme gebore deur die konvensionele uitbeelding van Tertullianus te dekonstrueer; (1) as die seun van die Romeinse offisier, (2) as die professionele regsgeleerde, (3) as die Katolieke priester van Kartago, en (4) as die skismatikus. Tweedens, die navorser het ook Tertullianus se identiteit insake die konsep van die oorgang korrelasie in ag geneem. Deur Tertullianus se oorgang as die Heiden – Katolieke – Montanus in konsentriese sirkels aan te dui, kan die vorige siening van Tertullianus omskep word in die nuwe formule van die ruspe Katoliek – kokon – Montanus na vlinder. Hierdie drieledige struktuur baan die weg vir 'n nuwe beeld van Tertullianus. Hoofstuk 4 hanteer die verhouding tussen die Montanisme, die Montanus Tertullianus en die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme om sodoende die laaste twee vrae te beantwoord: "Hoekom is Montanisme in/uit gesluit in die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme as Neo-Montanisme?" Tertullianus se Montanisme, soos 'n skarnier, verbind die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme aan die oorspronklike Montanisme in historiese, teologiese en ekklesiologiese sin van die woord met mekaar. Eerstens, die eerste generasie van Pentekostalisme, ongeag of hulle voorstanders van die Azusa Straat herlewing of die Topeka herlewing is, vind hulle hul historiese identiteit in die eerste generasie van die apostoliese kerk en dit sluit in die tweede-eeuse Montanisme asook die Montanus Tertullianus. Tweedens, uit ʼn teologiese vertrekpunt, die Montanus se eiesoortige teologiese modes: soos in ekstase, profesie, spreek in tale, en die eskatologiese hoop, eggo duidelik die hedendaagse Pinkster teologie. Derdens, die oorspronklike montanisme en hedendaagse Pentekostalisme is beide ekklesiologies sterk voorstanders van die Pneumatologiese teokrasie. Vir beide van hulle is dit die prioriteit om na die primitiewe apostoliese kerk terug te keer. So, is die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme is daarvan oortuig dat hul, hul ontstaan kan terugspoor van die tweede-eeuse geesvervulde Montaniste. Hoofstuk 5 som die verhouding tussen die Montanisme, die Montanus Tertullianus en die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme op en beantwoord die volgende vier navorsingsvrae; (1) Hoekom was die oorspronklike Montaniste veroordeel? Die antwoord lê daarin opgesluit dat die kerklike magstryd tussen die stedelike en landelike leierskap het Montanisme ʼn hoogs polities gelaaide aangeleentheid gemaak eerder as 'n teologies omstrede kwessie. (2) Hoekom het Tertullianus 'n Montanus geword? Tertullianus, as gebore Montanus, was vasbeslote om 'n selfopofferende bemiddelaar te wees om sodoende versoening te bring tussen die twee opponerende groepe, naamlik, die stedelike – priester en die plattelandse profete. (3) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo -Montanisme uit? (4) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo -Montanisme in? Montanisme is die voorloper van die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme.

Multiple group memberships are the rule rather than the exception. Locally operating groups frequently offer the advantage of providing social recognition and higher marginal benefits to the individual, whereas globally operating groups may be more beneficial from a social perspective. Within a voluntary contribution environment we experimentally investigate the tension that arises when subjects belong to a smaller local and a larger global group. When the global public good is more efficient individuals first attempt to cooperate in the global public good. However, this tendency quickly unravels and cooperation in the local public good builds up. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series