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Background/objective: Headache in pupils is underestimated and has a negative impact on learning and life. The aim of this study was to investigate headache prevalence and its collateral effects, in pupils of different ages and school types in a German city. Methods: Anonymized questionnaires were distributed to 5419 pupils attending primary and secondary schools. Demographics, headache frequency, analgesic use, school absence and, for secondary school children, data on lifestyle were collected. Results: The questionnaire was returned by 2706 children (49%), 1362 (50.3%) girls, 1344 (49.7%) boys. Of these, 36.6% indicated a frequency of 1, and 31.5% a frequency of ≥ 2 headache days per month within the last 3 months. Headache prevalence increased with school grade, age and secondary school type: 63.6%, 67.2% and 79.5% for primary school children, pupils attending 8-year and pupils attending 6-year secondary schools, respectively. With secondary school level I certificates, pupils are prepared for general professional training in 6 years. Secondary school level II results, after 8 years of training, in university entrance level II certificates, which are the precondition for university studies. Girls reported significantly more headache than boys (73% vs. 63.1%). A significant relationship has been observed between headache frequency and school absence and between headache intensity and headache frequency. Of pupils with headache at least twice a month, 48.1% reported analgesic intake. Ibuprofen (49.1%) and paracetamol (32.8%) were the most frequently used analgesics. Of those pupils with headache ≥ 2 days/month, 68.3% did not have a specific headache diagnosis. Concomitant diseases and regular drug intake, analgesic intake for another reason than headache, caffeine consumption and lack of participation in sports were positively correlated with headache. Conclusions: The majority of pupils suffer from headache at least once a month. Since frequent headache results in educational and social limitations, pupils at risk should be identified and referred to headache education programs. Efforts are needed to improve the management of juvenile headache patients.

Assertions about metaphysical modality (hereafter modality) play central roles in philosophical theorizing. For example, when philosophers propose hypothetical counterexamples, they often are making a claim to the effect that some state of affairs is possible. Getting the epistemology of modality right is thus important. Debates have been preoccupied with assessing whether imaginability—or conceivability, insofar as it's different—is a guide to possibility, or whether it is rather intuitions of possibility—and modal intuitions more generally—that are evidence for possibility (modal) claims. The dissertation argues that the imagination plays a subtler role than the first view recognizes, and a more central one than the second view does. In particular, it defends an epistemology of metaphysical modality on which someone can acquire modal knowledge in virtue of having performed certain complex imaginative exercises.

Notre projet de recherche consiste à analyser les relations étroites qu’entretiennent la logique juridique et le raisonnement probabiliste dans la constitution du calcul des probabilités, c’est à dire depuis son origine au XVIIe siècle jusqu’au siècle des Lumières.L’étude de la logique juridique pousse inévitablement à examiner les rapports entre logique et rhétorique, et à repenser la rhétorique à la lumière de son incontournable rôle logique et, de même, à montrer que toute étude sur la logique juridique doit passer inévitablement par l’étude de la logique de l’argumentation.J'ai montré, contre la thèse qui réduit le raisonnement juridique à une simple rhétorique, que celui-ci répond à une exigence de vérité, ce qui exige de repenser la relation essentielle entre logique et rhétorique dans le champ juridique. La logique ici mobilisée est une logique de la probabilité, laquelle est appropriée à la rationalité pragmatique.C’est du même coup la relation entre logique juridique et logique probabiliste qui se trouve interrogée, à la fois dans une perspective historique, mais surtout du point de vue de philosophie de la science, puisque ces éléments constituent un bon point de départ pour se poser la question de la signification de la gnoséologie et, plus largement, de la validité des théories gnoséologiques. Mais pas seulement : en effet, nombre de philosophes contemporains des sciences ont mis l’accent sur le rôle des métaphores humanistes et des « sciences humaines » dans le développement des théories scientifiques.C’est en quoi consistent l’actualité de ces études et l’utilité de ces questions qui sont intéressantes parce qu’elles se posent à la limite entre la philosophie des sciences et la philosophie morale, brisant ainsi l’ancien dualisme qui a fait écran à la théorie de la connaissance pendant des siècles et qui a encore ses défenseurs dans le monde de certains philosophes analytiques.Nous avons donc montré que logique juridique et logique probabiliste peuvent être considérées comme des paradigmes gnoséologiques tout à fait nouveaux. / When I started to study the relationship between legal logic and probabilistic logic, I immediately realized that this relationship could not really be understood without investigating more specifically the link logic-rhetoric included in it. A long philosophical tradition has accustomed us to consider the legal logic as essentially tied to the rhetoric and the latter as completely detached from the logic.With the word "rhetoric" we usually refers to the '"art of speaking well." But ρητορική τέχνη (retoriké tekne) that arises in the fifth century BC on empirical grounds of the art court has, from its birth, a practical purpose : it wants to be an instrument of persuasion, and the medium he uses is the εικός (eikόs), the plausible. One of the foundations of Greek logic is thus to be found on the empirical grounds of judicial logic. But even if the rhetoric was born with practical and not theoretical purposes, however, this fact requires a study of argumentation theory and its evidence, apart from the prejudice that, even if logic and rhetoric are both related to the argument, the logic should deal with the correct arguments while rhetoric deals with only persuasive arguments.Through historical and logical analysis drawn from Aristotle and which comes to consider the positions of prominent contemporary scholars such as Giuliani, Taruffo, Capozzi, Cellucci, Spranzi, etc., in this article I will show that, instead, logic and rhetoric have a strong bond which should be rethought so as to better understand the essence of legal logic, but also because the break of dualism logical-rhetoric can open much wider perspectives of reflection. Particularly I refer to the reflection of logical and moral relationship that, in turn, would lead us to reflect on the opposition between mind and body. In fact, when we turn a look at the history of logic, we will realize that, since ancient times, there were no sharp and radicals divisions between logical and rhetorical field and that, even in modern times, it is possible to draw a line of continuity between the field of rigorous proof and the field of demonstration of rhetoric, thanks to the recognizable theoretical role of metaphor.

This book is a contribution to the flourishing field of formal and philosophical work on truth and the semantic paradoxes. Our aim is to present several theories of truth, to investigate some of their model-theoretic, recursion-theoretic and proof-theoretic aspects, and to evaluate their philosophical significance. In Part I we first outline some motivations for studying formal theories of truth, fix some terminology, provide some background on Tarski’s and Kripke’s theories of truth, and then discuss the prospects of classical type-free truth. In Chapter 4 we discuss some minimal adequacy conditions on a satisfactory theory of truth based on the function that the truth predicate is intended to fulfil on the deflationist account. We cast doubt on the adequacy of some non-classical theories of truth and argue in favor of classical theories of truth. Part II is devoted to grounded truth. In chapter 5 we introduce a game-theoretic semantics for Kripke’s theory of truth. Strategies in these games can be interpreted as reference-graphs (or dependency-graphs) of the sentences in question. Using that framework, we give a graph-theoretic analysis of the Kripke-paradoxical sentences. In chapter 6 we provide simultaneous axiomatizations of groundedness and truth, and analyze the proof-theoretic strength of the resulting theories. These range from conservative extensions of Peano arithmetic to theories that have the full strength of the impredicative system ID1. Part III investigates the relationship between truth and set-theoretic comprehen- sion. In chapter 7 we canonically associate extensions of the truth predicate with Henkin-models of second-order arithmetic. This relationship will be employed to determine the recursion-theoretic complexity of several theories of grounded truth and to show the consistency of the latter with principles of generalized induction. In chapter 8 it is shown that the sets definable over the standard model of the Tarskian hierarchy are exactly the hyperarithmetical sets. Finally, we try to apply a certain solution to the set-theoretic paradoxes to the case of truth, namely Quine’s idea of stratification. This will yield classical disquotational theories that interpret full second-order arithmetic without set parameters, Z2- (chapter 9). We also indicate a method to recover the parameters. An appendix provides some background on ordinal notations, recursion theory and graph theory.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Lungarzo / Tese (doutorado)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T21:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guerzoni_JoseAlexandreDurry_D.pdf: 16832642 bytes, checksum: cf21f16c851f949466f36f0fcbc0dc58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1989 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Doutor em Lógica e Filosofia da Ciência

The aim of this thesis is to propose and design the production of the cap. The cap is welded to the tube of roller regal and is used for closing the tube. They together make a fixed assembly. There is a bearing molded from inside the cap and shaft passes through the center of the cap. The main function of whole assembly is to rotate the tube around its own axis. The cap will made from deep - drawing steel DC04 with a thickness of 2 mm. After consideration various possible variants for the cap production, there was chosen deep drawing without reduction of thickness as the most profitable technology. The shape of the component was modified from the technology review. There is proposed a tool that will be used for production the caps. The caps will be produced within three operations: the first two operations form a central cup and the third operation makes the final shape of the cap. Drawings for the tool are created and delivered as part of this thesis. Based on the necessary force and work calculation, it was chosen eccentric press machine S 160 E from the ŠMERAL company. With the 25 000 series, the costs of production one piece are 51,65 CZK.

The thesis solves the design of the technology of manufacturing the furniture wheel holder from a sheet thickness of 11 321 with a thickness of 2 mm. On the basis of the variant cutting and bending solution, a production solution was chosen in a process proggressive die. As a blank, a sheet metal strip is selected from a 64.1 mm roll. After the technology evaluation, the distances of the openings from the edge of the part and the bend were adjusted and the technological calculations determined the necessary total forces, work and other parameters. On the basis of the previous calculations, the S 160 E eccentric press of Šmeral was chosen as the most suitable machine. The designed tool works in six steps and includes nine cutting and one bending section together with two viewers and one spring retainer. Economic recovery has shown profitable production of the given series where the total profit is CZK 999 310,61 and the reversal point occurs after production 58 382 pieces.

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A mezzanine is an extra floor which is used to be able to use more area both below and above the mezzanine plane. The Mezzanine is used in many various places, but this thesis is focusing on a mezzanine which will be used in in warehouses. A mezzanine concept is designed to fulfill a need within Brännhylte lagersystems AB, which is a mezzanine plane with Z-160 beams as a main component. A requirement specification is developed to help understanding what requirement the mezzanine should fulfill. With the help of the requirement specification a mezzanine concept is developed which fulfill these requirements. Because the mezzanine will have to withstand a lot of forces from different loads and people walking on it therefore it must be steady and secure. The maximum forces when the mezzanine reaches its maximum bending limit of beam length divided by 400 is calculated. This information can be used in the future to adapt the mezzanine depending on what weight it needs be able to withstand. / Ett entresolplan är ett extra våningsplan som man kan montera upp för att utnyttja mer yta både under och över entresolplanet. En entresol används på många olika platser, detta examensarbete fokuserar dock på ett entresolplan som kommer att användas i lagerlokaler. Ett entresolkoncept designades för att uppfylla ett behov ifrån Brännhylte lagersystems AB som ville ha ett entresolplan som använder sig utav Z-160 balkar som huvudkomponent. En kravspecifikation utvecklades för att få konkreta uppgifter vad som skulle uppnås med entresolen. Med hjälp av kravspecifikationen utvecklades ett entresolkoncept som uppfyller dessa krav. Eftersom entresolen kommer att utsättas för massa olika vikter under användning samt att människor ska kunna gå på den så är den tvungen att vara tillräcklig stadig för att kunna användas säkert. Därför analyserades den maximala kraften som entresolplanet kan klara av innan den når sin nedböjningsgräns som är balklängden delat på 400. För att den informationen ska kunna användas i framtiden och för att kunna anpassa entresolen utifrån hur mycket vikt man vill att den ska klara av.