This thesis examines American perceptions of William Ewart Gladstone in the religious and secular press from 1868 to 1900. The scope of the study encompasses his role as a Christian apologist and his engagement in public affairs where religion and politics converged. The opinions of Americans are examined in the general categories of evangelicals, Roman Catholics, secular news organs and to a lesser extent Unitarians and agnostics. Gladstone’s reputation in the United States is followed through much of the latter half of the nineteenth century, beginning shortly after the close of the Civil War when Americans in the North held him in disrepute for his impolitic acknowledgement of Southern nationhood. This thesis demonstrates that American opinions of Gladstone were transformed as they increasingly perceived him to be a champion of Liberal reform and religious liberty and, especially for conservative evangelicals, a stalwart defender of Christian truth and civilisation against the rising tide of modern secularism. It also suggests that a pervasive anti-Catholicism inspired many in the United States to support Gladstone’s political causes. Finally, this study demonstrates that Americans projected their own values and myths on to the statesman. For many, he came to embody their progressive worldview with respect to the spread of religious and political liberty.

Sections of Haydn's piano sonatas chosen for study have been analyzed to determine the composer's technique in modulation and the key schemes resulting from these modulations, and to discover the consistent patterns and exceptional patterns in these sonata movements as a group. As revealed in this analysis, Haydn is consistent in that the key scheme patterns of several development sections are identical. Also modulations, as categorized according to key relationships, are often accomplished by the same or similar procedures. However, there are important and interesting exceptions to these consistent practices which add variety and seem to contribute to Haydn's growth as a composer

The key to an understanding of what Poe attempted to accomplish with his art lies in his depictions of order and disorder in the universe. Poe's explorations of order and disorder revolve around journey and abyss motifs exemplified in his imaginative approaches toward nature, conscience, art, intuition, and apocalypse. These imaginative approaches serve to unify Poe's- work as a whole and emphasize his importance as a questing artist who not only sought to define the shape of reality in terms of stability and chaos but also sought to formulate a final metaphysical ordering of chaos and finitude.

Although one of the best-known cases of intercultural literary partnership, Charles Baudelaire's translations of Edgar Allan Poe's works have been little analysed with a methodology appropriate to Translation Studies. Relying on a functionally target-oriented approach to translation and an empirical methodology, the present thesis undertakes this analysis. Positioning the prospective function(s) of the translations as intended by the translator within their historical context, Chapter One explores the para-discourse of the translator and its contemporary reception. Beyond the Romantic critical tradition of the whole project, Baudelaire's introductory writings on Poe appear to target in a propagandist way the literary elite of the time. On the contrary, the selection and organization of the five volumes of translations for publication suggest primarily a popularising strategy intended to capture, through the fictional genre, the attention of the growing mass audience of the Second Empire. In Chapters Two and Three, traditional appraisals of the translations in terms of quality assessment are questioned in favour of an explanation of interpretative frameworks and translation strategies as seen through the analyses of two translated tales and of textual variables throughout the corpus. Baudelaire's biographical interpretation of the narrative voice combines with clear strategies to normalize the stylistic authority of the texts and to increase their dramatic and expressive impact, offering in the end a less rhetorical, but aesthetically more Romantic and narratively more Realist reading of Poe's fantastic tales. Baudelaire would thus have managed to reconcile at a textual level the ambiguities of his para-discourse in terms of targeted readership as seen in Chapter One. It is finally argued that beyond the constraints of the receiving system and the strategies of the translator to accommodate these, the French image of Poe as produced by Baudelaire owes much to a French resistance to the narrative ambiguity and style that Poe's writing represents. Confirming or challenging existing criticism on the Poe-Baudelaire case, the present thesis thus hopes to contribute, not only to our relatively limited knowledge of mid-nineteenth-century French translation, but also to our understanding of French short fiction and its conflicting stakes in terms of aesthetics and readership.

Den här uppsatsen belyser den svenska nationalismens uttrycksformer, så som de framgår av Stockholmstidningarna Dagligt Allehanda, Inrikes Tidningar och Stockholms Posten i mars 1805. Nationalismen undersöks huvudsakligen utifrån Michael Billigs teorier om banal nationalism, vilket syftar till oreflekterade, vardagliga attityder som skiljer mellan ”oss” och ”dem” och formar en nationell gemenskap. Undersökningens sidospår är att reda ut vilket förhållningssätt till Finland som förekom i de tre tidningarna. Finlandsfrågans relevans är tydlig inte minst med tanke på den bristfälliga militära viljan att försvara det svenska rikets östra rikshalva under finska kriget 1808–1809. Undersökningen visar att flera tecken på banal nationalism förekommer, trots att nationerna som politisk-juridisk samhällsform etablerades i Europa först långt senare. De mest framträdande dragen är (1) upprepandet av epitetet ”kongl.” i samband med platser, institutioner och titlar, (2) ett särskiljande gentemot Finland, som trots att det officiellt sett är en del av riket vid den här tiden, ställvis betraktas som ett främmande land, (3) adjektivet ”swensk” som är synonymt med inhemsk, och ur ett merkantilistiskt perspektiv får en positiv innebörd, (4) stereotypisering av ”dem” (i synnerhet fransmän) i förhållande till ”oss” (svenskar), och (5) deiktiska uttryck som refererar till och tar för givet att läsaren känner till att kontexten för annonser är Stockholm, vilket här betraktas som en föregångare till nationell deixis. Av resultaten dras slutsatsen att nationalismen antar banala uttrycksformer redan innan nationalstaten är formerad. Michael Billigs tes är att nationalismen i ett första stadium är hård, för att sedan bli banal och alldaglig, medan min uppsats söker visa på att den hårda nationalismen likväl föregås av banal nationalism. Beträffande Finland är slutsatsen att det redan 1805 betraktades som en egen nation i kraft av språklig och geografisk gemenskap, trots att det hörde till Sverige.

Thomas Jefferson's political ideology centered on the importance of individual liberty and choice for the common person. Activities throughout his career were grounded on this concept. It is interesting, therefore, that events during the final years of his presidency appear to have prompted him to abandon this philosophy in favor of a more pragmatic, less democratic, approach. The embargo acts which Congress passed at Jefferson's request in between December 1807 and January 1809 outlawed all foreign commercial activities and provided harsh penalties for violations. The president's failure to communicate publicly the reasons he believed these drastic measures were required stand in stark contrast to his political philosophy and left a cloud over his presidency when he left office.

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The essential objective of this study was to reveal the degree to which one man, Nicholas Muraviev, was instrumental in bringing about Russia's annexation of The Amur basin, as well as the territory that became the Maritime Province of Siberia. Introductory chapters provide: a) a background summary of Muraviev's education and of his career prior to his service in Siberia and b) a brief historical survey of the area in which his achievements raised Russia to the position of a Far Eastern Power. The main body of the study comprises an analytical narrative of Muraviev's activities during the decade that culminated in the Chinese capitulation at Aigun in 1858. Closing chapters explain the factors that turned the newly acquired territories into a burden for the Russian Government until it decided to build the trans-Siberian railway, and set forth some conclusions regarding the historical significance of Muraviev's role as Russia's pro-consul in Eastern Siberia. Extensive use was made of the prime single source of information on Muraviev's life, Ivan Barsukov's Graf N. N. Muraviev-Amurskii, po ego pismam, ofitsialnym dokumentam, razskazam sovremmenikov it pechatnym istochnikam (materialy d1ia biografii). Also of significant assistance was the bibliography contained in J. L. Sullivan's doctoral dissertation, Count N. N. Muraviev-Amurskii, a full-scale biography. Sullivan's dissertation preceded two important works bearing on the Muraviev period in Siberia and drawn on extensively in the present study; R. K. I. Quested's The Expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1858-1860, and P. I. Kabanov's Amurskii Vopross. Among other particularly valuable sources was P. V. Schumacher's long article, K istorii priobretenia Amurai. Snoshenias Kitaem s 1848 po 1860 g.” contained in Russki Arkhiv, which, together with Russkaia Starina and Krasny Arkhiv, also contain numerous other documents, memoirs and contemporary accounts that were consulted. Of signal value, too, among the special studies, surveys and reference works consulted was the introductory chapter of Andrew Malozemoff's " Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881-1904. A complete selected bibliography is included. The research undertaken for this study has led to the conclusion that had it not been for Muraviev's imagination and ingenuity, his willingness, on occasion, to flout authority and his dedication and extraordinary stamina, the annexation to Eastern Siberia of almost 400,000 square miles of territory might never have taken place. Muraviev was sometimes impatient, perhaps sometimes insufficiently impressed by broader politico-military considerations that dictated what he regarded as an inexcusably over-cautious attitude toward Russo-Chinese relations in St. Petersburg. He also tended to exaggerate the immediate benefits that would accrue to Russia once she acted boldly on the Amur. Yet the salient fact remains that it was the intensity with which he pursued his idee fixe, both with words and actions, the years of his methodical preparation, with minimal support from the Russian Government, that made it possible for that Government to nullify the Treaty of Nerchinsk and to extend the Russian Empire's realms on the Pacific's shores down to the Korean frontier. It took important external factors, such as the Crimean War, and the resulting replacement of Muraviev's nemesis, Nesselrode, and his clique, with more capable and far sighted officials, to bring Muraviev's plans to fruition. But to say this is simply to say that the authorities in St. Petersburg, viewing the confluence of events on the international scene, finally recognized that in Muraviev they had the right man at the right place at the right time.

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Paru à Francfort en 1845, le Struwwelpeter de Heinrich Hoffmann se présente comme le précurseur des albums illustrés pour la jeunesse, ayant pour principal objectif d'amuser l'enfant : le texte est conçu sous forme de comptines, et accompagné d'illustrations qui permettent à son destinataire de comprendre l'histoire même s'il n'est pas en âge de lire. L'œuvre, destinée au jeune lecteur (ou auditeur), n'est pas dépourvue d'enseignement moral ni de cruauté ; au contraire, les scénarios surprennent par leur violence, celle-ci étant justement fonction du comique. Ce que montre notre mémoire, c'est comment les manifestations de la corporéité, mise en mots comme en images, créent cette émergence du comique à travers le plaisir pulsionnel (sadisme, oralité, castration, etc.). Dans un premier chapitre, nous jetons un regard sur la manière dont la poésie enfantine d'Hoffmann déclenche le comique par sa mise en scène de la corporéité, par ses effets de répétition. Des jeux de langage tels que les rimes, les onomatopées, les assonances et les allitérations sont omniprésents dans le Struwwelpeter, et il est nécessaire d'observer leur fonctionnement pour voir à quel point la forme est prédominante, ou, pour le dire comme Bergson, à quel point « le corps pren[d] le pas sur l'âme ». De même, nous analysons les images en concordance avec le discours, pour montrer que les personnages illustrés, aux allures de marionnettes ou d'automates, désamorcent la violence des récits pour laisser place au rire. Le deuxième chapitre fait quant à lui ressortir le côté irrévérencieux du comique d'Hoffmann, en inversant le haut et le bas corporel (Bakhtine). Notre objet présente ce caractère grotesque du corps qui fascine l'enfant : images caricaturales, extrémités prolongées et exagérées, postures scatologiques et hygiène négligée, et nous voyons que c'est aussi le grobianisme, pendant germanique du grotesque, qui est mis à l'œuvre dans le Struwwelpeter. Enfin, le dernier chapitre s'attarde à la transgression des tabous, qui passe elle aussi par la question du corps : corps morcelé, battu, castré, enterré... et pourtant drôle. Nous voyons à partir des théories freudiennes que la sexualité, la mort et la violence occupent toutes trois des places de choix dans l'album, et qu'en représentant ces thèmes de façon aussi explicite, Hoffmann suscite le plaisir d'une transgression de l'interdit, d'autant qu'il daube dans son œuvre certains rites et cérémonials associés au deuil. Cette levée de nombreux tabous a soulevé des questions chez plusieurs critiques, mais elle n'en reste pas moins la raison première du succès rapide et durable du Struwwelpeter auprès des enfants d'Allemagne et d'ailleurs, bien qu'il reste encore méconnu au Québec. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Struwwelpeter, Crasse-tignasse, Pierre l'ébouriffé, littérature pour la jeunesse, album illustré, comique, sadisme, corporéité, culture germanique.