La historia de las “relaciones fronterizas” en la región del Biobío, ha sido un tema abordado por diversos autores chilenos, durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX. No obstante lo anterior y las abundantes publicaciones al respecto, hay aspectos como la conflictividad, la mediación y el proceso de mestizaje, que no han sido debidamente abordados; resultando conveniente clarificarlos mediante la investigación, para ofrecer de este modo, nuevos antecedentes que contribuyan a una mejor comprensión, inclusive, del conflicto territorial actual. El principal exponente del comcepto “Relaciones fronterizas” ha sido el historiador Sergio Villalobos, quien ha insistido en el carácter intermitente de la beligerancia, echando por tierra la idea de una Guerra de Arauco ininterrumpida. A su juicio el conflicto habría presentado manifestaciones propias de un proceso de larga duración con marcada tendencia hacia las relaciones pacíficas, que con los años y las modificaciones sociales, económicas y políticas sufridas por las sociedades hispanocriolla y mapuche, habrían terminado por permitir la incorporación territorial, económica y por último “sanguínea” de los avencidados al sur del Biobío. Lo anterior ciertamente tiene un sesgo geográfico (circunscribir el Mundo Mapuche sólo al lado Oeste de la Cordillera o lo que se ha denominado Gulumapu), asunto que ha sido puesto de relieve y reafirmado a cabalidad por las investigaciones de Leonardo León, quien ha resaltado, el carácter ultracordillerano de la sociedad mapuche, sus vínculos y las complejas relaciones sociales y económicas de la misma. Restando importancia a lo anterior y aludiendo a una necesidad comercial y un mestizaje irreversible que progresivamente habría hecho desaparecer a quienes llama “araucanos”; Villalobos establece una periodificación de la Guerra de Arauco, que permitiría clasificar tal o cual coyuntura, como una de conflicto o de paz. En esta clasificación, los años posteriores a la Independencia de Chile, se tornan confusos no obstante se les identifique con una alta beligerancia. Es justamente este período (1817-1825) el que no abordan en profundidad sus trabajos, que se circunscriben en su mayoría, a la segunda mitad del siglo. […] Por mi parte, y como postulado central de esta investigación sostengo que durante el proceso denominado Independencia, se gestó en Araucanía un universo humano complejo que tomó particulares características, distintas de las del resto del país. Universo en el cual, se desenvolvieron los capitanes de amigos, comisarios de naciones y lenguaraces, que articularon el comercio, la guerra y la paz. Ellos, antiguos funcionarios reales durante los siglos coloniales, se transformaron de meros interlocutores e intérpretes en los principales conocedores de la zona, instigadores, cabecillas de levantamientos en armas y conspiradores, según su conveniencia, afectando con ello el panorama general de la guerra y las relaciones.

This diploma thesis contains the description of the polka dance, its origin and short history. The next part belongs to the opera of Bedřich Smetana „The Bartered Bride“ from its creation through to the next presentations in the National theatre in Prague until the actual performance. In the last part there are descriptions of three chosen choreographies of polka from this opera and their analysis according to the model of Janet Adshead – Lansdale. Supplements contain biographies of Bedřich Smetana and choreographers of chosen inscenations – Otto Šanda, Pavel Šmok and Ladislava Košíková.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Inglesa

In this work I wanted to focus on the personality of the Czech composer Bedrich Smetana, and analyze the composition " From my Homeland". I find this remarkable composition to be extremely important for the Czech violin repertoire. In my opinion, the significance mof Smetana´s music is still underrated.

This thesis is a critical study of Lord Byron's poetic drama, Cain. Most critics in the past have seen the work as a personal statement of religious skepticism on the part of Lord Byron, and hence as an out-and-out attack on traditional, Christian doctrine. With this preconception in mind, they have concerned themselves with pointing out attitudes and ideas in the play which may be said to be antithetical to the Christian world view, and they have then assessed the play simply in these terms. It is the contention of this paper that this presupposition has led the critics away from the realm of meaning intended by Lord Byron, and that a proper understanding of the play can only arise from a full, critical study of the central issue with which this "metaphysical" drama is concerned. The method followed is to analyse the differences in form, structure and argument between two accounts of this story - that found in the Bible, and Byron's poetic drama - on the assumption that such radical changes as we shall note are essential to the conveyance of Byron's peculiar meaning, and that a study of them must reveal the proper coherence and unity of Byron's work. We shall see that Cain is not a mere recounting of this story, but rather that it is a reconceptualization of the predicament facing Adam and Eve and the first family, structured so as to focus upon the human situation, so chat in the work Byron is not concerned with religious values, but with human values; not concerned to advance or refute traditional, religious concepts, but to reveal his insights into the common, human predicament. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Kerr frequency combs enable compact and robust platforms for applications such as data communications and spectroscopy. Initial demonstrations used dissipative soliton combs operating in the anomalous group velocity dispersion (GVD) regime to illustrate the promising capabilities of Kerr-comb-based technologies. However, many real-world applications, such as wavelength division multiplexing and LiDAR, benefit from higher comb-line powers that are inherently inaccessible to Kerr frequency combs. Nevertheless, nonsolitonic Kerr combs operating in the normal GVD regime offer promise as a platform for the integration of such applications due to their ability to easily access high pump-to-comb conversion efficiencies and spectral profiles with slower power falloffs. Unlike a dissipative Kerr soliton which is a single cycle periodic pattern on top of a homogenous background, a nonsolitonic Kerr comb arises through the interlocking of two switching waves of opposite polarity, each of which connects the two homogenous state solutions of the bistable cavity response. Here, we present a systematic approach for turn-key generation of Kerr combs in the normal GVD regime. We use a coupled ring geometry to induce and control avoided mode crossings for the generation of low-noise frequency combs with conversion efficiencies of up to 57%. Moreover, we explore the regime of synchronization for these nonsolitonic Kerr combs. Synchronization is a universal mechanism of coupled nonlinear oscillators that manifests itself as the spontaneous appearance of order within nature's tendency for disorder and chaos. It is a process by which the natural rhythms of interacting oscillators adjust to a common frequency and produce a mutually phase-locked state. In the realm of Kerr frequency combs, synchronization allows for the repetition rates, or equivalently the comb-line spacings, of individual Kerr combs to become identical. We reveal the universality of Kerr comb synchronization by synchronizing two nonsolitonic Kerr combs and thereby extending the scope of synchronization beyond the soliton regime. Furthermore, we introduce a method to overcome the inherently low output power of Kerr combs while maintaining the high conversion efficiency of a normal GVD Kerr comb. We demonstrate efficient comb-line power enhancement by coherently combining two nonsolitonic Kerr combs via on-chip synchronization. Our on-chip synchronization design removes the requirement for dispersion compensation of the coupling signal while increasing the overall stability of the system. Our techniques of comb generation, synchronization, and coherent combining enable nonsolitonic Kerr combs as a platform to achieve a fully integrated, high-power Kerr comb source.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento. / El objetivo general de esta tesis es establecer en qué medida el militarismo y la insubordinación castrense del período 1823-1828 se relacionan con el contexto general de inestabilidad política que vivía el país en el marco del proceso de formación de la República. En particular, con el fenómeno de sucesión irregular de gobiernos y con la carencia de un orden constitucional definitivo. Para cumplir este objetivo, se estudia la regulación constitucional de las fuerzas armadas —poniendo especial atención en los sistemas de control civil sobre los cuerpos militares— y un conjunto de acciones de insubordinación castrense, desglosándolas en económicas, o’higginistas y con tinte federalista. En términos metodológicos, se recogen diversas categorías de análisis que forman parte de los estudios sobre relaciones civiles-militares.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia / Seminario de grado: Historia de las mujeres y sociedad

John Hancock was a Texas Unionist. After the Civil War, he became an opponent of the Radical Republicans. He was elected to Congress in 1871 and had some success working on issues important to Texas. As the state was redeemed from Radical Republican rule, Hancock was increasingly attacked for his Unionism. This led to a tough fight for renomination in 1874, and losses in races for the U.S. Senate and renomination in 1876. He was an unsuccessful congressional candidate in 1878, but was elected again in 1882. By then his political influence had waned and he did not seek renomination in 1884. Hancock had the potential to be a major political leader, but lingering resentment to his Unionism hampered his political career.

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