The purpose of this thesis is to determine the importance of biographical inreading to a study of Dante Gabriel Rossetti's The House of Life. Although most of Rossetti's critics have predicated a biographical imperative in examining this work, the validity of their approach can be seriously questioned. The tendency to employ biographical criticism perhaps stems from an excessive concern on the part of both biographers and critics with the sensational details of Rossetti's life. Because of this concern, The House of Life has been treated more as an autobiographical record than, as an integral work of art. It is necessary to re-examine the poem through some approach other than the biographical. Chapter One outlines three standard approaches to the study of literature. The first, the historical or extrinsic, includes the study of the poet's biography as well as the various external influences on him. The second, the organic or intrinsic, concentrates on internal aspects of the literature, such as imagery and form. The third, the synthetic, is a more fluid approach than the other two in that it attempts to employ all available tools of literary criticism, including biography. Chapter Two reviews certain pertinent facts about Rossetti's life and considers a number of biographies and biographical studies which have appeared since his death, and which, to a considerable extent, have created an inaccurate legend about him. Chapter Three considers the specific problem of biographical inreading in The House of Life, and discusses some of the criticism based on that inreading. It also traces the general development of The House of Life from the two essentially biographical preliminary versions (the Fortnightly Review sonnets, and the Kelmscott sonnets) to the complete version of 1881. Chapter Four examines The House of Life as a work of art rather than as a biographical document. A reading of the poem is suggested in which The House of Life is seen as a series of cycles depicting the "transfigured" life of the poet. An exegetical analysis of The House of Life necessarily involves the critic in an examination of biographical data. However, once the development of the sequence has been traced, the critic must employ intrinsic criteria in order to determine the essential structure of the poem. In other words, the best approach to The House of Life synthesizes both the extrinsic and intrinsic methods of criticism. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

Western plays were introduced to Korea in the early twentieth century. Although the Japanese cultural influence was evident in the interpretations, as the plays were initially translated into Japanese and performed by Japanese theatre, those productions of Western plays gave Korean theatre lovers a new insight about different conventions and traditions of Western plays. The strong influence of Western plays, particularly Realism, was dominant in playwrighting and production. Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House has proved to be one of the most influential foreign pieces of literature in Korea. In the cultural and social climate of Korea during the 1920's, the character Nora became a revolutionary figure who slammed shut the door to her house and marriage to go out into the world. She was worshipped and idolized by Korean readers—by both genders—who eagerly longed to leave the realm of their suffocating morality. There have been various Korean versions of Nora appearing in Korean plays and other literature, as a result of the strong impact of Nora in Korea. In the plays of the 1930's, Korean versions of Nora were given two choices: one was to slam shut the door to the male-dominant society, the other to kill herself, which is a somewhat Korean manifestation of Hedda Gabler. Although there was no record of translation of Hedda Gabler into Korean during the 1930's period, Hedda Gabler has been performed recently in Korea by various Korean theatre groups. The aim of this Korean translation of Hedda Gabler is to provide Korean readers and audiences with a faithful and competent translation as well as to promote a better understanding of Hedda Gabler. In spite of the wide cultural distance, Hedda Gabler and A Doll's House appeal to Korean readers and audiences. Neither Nora nor Hedda has the same predicament and qualification as a Korean woman, but their spiritual aspiration is similar to that of a Korean woman. There exists no private measurement to remedy their dilemma. However, Hedda's spiritual battle and the palpable consequence of her struggle still need to be told to Korean readers and audiences. In the course of the translation work, this need has been strongly sustained and the writer hopes this translation will be useful in Korea. / Arts, Faculty of / Theatre and Film, Department of / Graduate

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This thesis locates Ibsen within the intellectual context pertaining to gender that is provided by such influential nineteenth-century texts as Mill's The Subjection of Women and Bachofen's Das Mutterrecht, both of which seemingly feminist works in actuality foreground women only for their importance in the production of better-quality sons who will ensure the endurance of the patriarchy. The attraction of feminists to the dramas of a playwright who avowedly wrote from this patriarchal standpoint is elucidated by a consideration of the appropriation of the woman-centered texts of patriarchal "feminism" by recent feminists seeking material to reinforce their own movement. The apparently paradoxical project of the analysis of three Ibsen characters, Nora Helmer, Rebekka West and Hedda Gabler, in terms of contemporary feminist literary theory suggests a parallel means of appropriation. These potentially redefined female characters are afforded an added dimension of reality by their embodiment by actresses in stage performances that allows theatre history to be related to real-life history, in which, contemporaneously, nineteenth-century women were beginning to take part.

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The aim of this mini-thesis was to investigate if the Spanish artist Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828) was aware of the progress that enlightened thought brought to Spain during the late eighteenth-century, and to see whether this had any effect on his series Los Caprichos (1797-1799). According to some contemporary historians, such as Dowling (1985, p. 347), the " ... specific subject-matter of the Caprichos came directly from the ideology of the Spanish Enlightenment. " The contemporary historian Jeremy Black (1990, p. 208) described the Enlightenment as a " ... tendency towards critical enquiry and the application of reason." Enlightened thinkers were primarily critics who used reason as a goal and a method to create a better society. Reason was believed to be a characteristic trait of the human species, human development and social organisation. The Enlightenment is not a purely seventeenth and eighteenth century phenomenon, but originated in the ideas of the classical civilizations and also the humanism of the Middle Ages and Renaissance in Europe. Many intellectuals were responsible for this new direction of thinking. The ideas of these scientists and philosophers are discussed in some detail, especially those beliefs which are clearly seen in the subject-matter of Los Caprichos. In addition, consideration is given to the possible effects of some of the historical events on the life and work of Goya, for example, the French Revolution (1789) and the Reign of Terror (1793-1794) which followed the Revolution. In order to understand the background of the environment into which Goya was born and in which he developed, research was done on Spanish life and the monarchs of the eighteenth century. Specific attention is given to two Spanish kings from the House of Bourbon: Charles 3, who began numerous enlightened reforms in Spain and reigned around the time of Goya's early artistic and social development, and Charles 4 who did not continue the reforming policies of his father and ruled Spain when the Caprichos were produced. The extent to which the Enlightenment spread to Spain is investigated, especially during the period in which Goya lived. Notable progressive thinkers of this European country are discussed, and special attention is given to those open-minded people whom Goya met. There appears to be proof that Goya may have been inspired by numerous of these learned Spaniards, and where this has motivated the Caprichos, special mention is made. The general census of the twentieth century, however, seems to be that Goya was not a towering intellectual thinker, but he was most certainly not an illiterate, unintelligent person either. The themes of Los Caprichos strongly suggest that he was influenced by enlightened individuals many of whom were his friends, such as the wealthy businessman and art-collector Sebastian Martinez (17 ?-1800) (with whom Goya stayed during a serious illness in 1792-1793). The letters written by Goya to his childhood friend Martin Zapater (1746-18 ?) and selected prints from the Caprichos provide sufficient proof to indicate that enlightened thought inspired the work of Goya. It must be recognised, however, that there were other events that could have been influential such as: his appointment as Painter to the King in 1786, which provided Goya with a regular salary and released him from the demands of patrons, giving his imagination free reign; the illness that he suffered from 1792 until 1793, which could have caused Goya to view his life in perspective and could have given him the courage to criticise society. On a smaller scale, the possible love affair that Goya had with the Duchess of Alba, which turned sour, was possibly a blow to his self esteem. This is a subject which is seen in a few of the prints from Los Caprichos. The research gathered for this mini-thesis is from the ex post facto source-material available through Rhodes University library, and any other attainable published data connected to Goya. This information consists of secondary sources which include copies of manuscripts dating from the time of Goya as well as first-hand observations of Goya's art.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar una análisis acabado de la Constitución Política de la República de Chile de 1828. Para ello se ha trabajado sobre la base de una hipótesis (La Constitución de 1828 fue muy bien lograda desde un punto de vista doctrinario, pero adoleció de falta de asidero en la realidad del Chile de la época), nacida de la impresión que tenía este memorista respecto de dicha Carta antes de iniciar la investigación que culmina con este trabajo, hipótesis que obviamente se pretende comprobar o refutar a lo largo de esta Memoria. Con dicho objetivo en mente, he dividido el trabajo en cuatro partes, que reflejan la doble perspectiva histórico – política y jurídica que se ha querido dar al estudio de la Carta de 1828. Así, en una primera instancia se pretende situar la Carta Fundamental de 1828 en un contexto histórico, político, económico y social, al tiempo que se describe genéricamente el marco jurídico positivo de Chile durante el período histórico que la precede, haciendo breve referencia a los mismos aspectos de otros países del continente. En un segundo momento, se analizarán los antecedentes y elementos de hecho que dan origen directo a la Constitución en comento; la creación e integrantes de la Comisión Redactora, deteniéndose particularmente en la persona de Don José Joaquín de Mora; el desarrollo y contingencias de la etapa de discusión en el Congreso, y, finalmente, su aprobación y entrada en vigencia. Acto seguido, se hará un análisis de la Carta de 1828, tanto en su contenido global, como de cada una de sus disposiciones, haciendo mayor hincapié en los aspectos jurídico doctrinarios, pero con proyección a su eficacia y consecuencias en la vida político institucional de Chile bajo su vigencia, así como su trascendencia o influencia en constituciones posteriores. Finalmente, se expondrán las conclusiones a las que he llegado, comprobando o rebatiendo la hipótesis de trabajo.