The figure of Shaka (c. 1780-1828) looms massively in the historical and symbolic landscapes of Southern Africa. He has been unquestioningly credited, in varying degrees, with creating the Zulu nation, murderous bloodlust, and military genius, so launching waves of violence across the subcontinent (the "mfecane"). The empirical evidence for this is slight and controversial. More importantly, however, Shaka has attained a mythical reputation on which not only Zulu self-conceptions, but to a significant degree white settler self-identifications have been built. This study describes as comprehensively as possible the genealogy of white Shakan literature, including eyewitness accounts, histories, fictions and poetry. The study argues that the vast majority of these works are characterised by a high degree of incestuous borrowing from one another, and by processes of mythologising catering primarily to the social-psychological needs of the writers. So coherent is this genealogy that the formation of an idealised notion of settler identity can be discerned, especially through the common use of particular textual "gestures". At the same time, while conforming largely to unquestioning modes of discourse such as popularised history and romance fiction, individual writers have attempted to adjust to socio-political circumstances; this study includes four close studies of individual texts. Such close stylistic attention serves to underline the textually-constructed nature of both the figure of Shaka and the "selves" of the writers. The study makes no attempt to reduce its explorations to a single Grand Unified Explanation, and takes eclectic theoretical positions, but it does seek throughout to explore the social-psychological meanings of textual productions of Shaka - in short, to explore the question, Why have white writers written about Shaka in these particular ways?

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Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool KG (1770-1828), was First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister for almost fifteen years in the early nineteenth century. He survived in the premiership for longer than all but two of his predecessors and longer than all of his successors, at least so far. Liverpool is, however, one the most overlooked and underestimated of Prime Ministers. Norman Gash's book is the first and so far only modem biography of Liverpool. This study, however, is less than three hundred pages in length, is based on only seven of the hundreds of volumes of the Liverpool Papers in the custody of the British Library and is far from exhaustive in its use of printed sources. There is evidently considerable scope and need for further research on the subject of Liverpool's life and career especially during the period of his premiership and based on a trawl through all the manuscript sources now available. This doctoral dissertation seeks to examine Liverpool during his early premiership between 1812 and 1815, one of the least studied but most significant periods of both Liverpool's life and career, and his administration, from the point Liverpool succeeded to the highest office to the resettlement of Europe after the long war with France. The opening section aims to place Liverpool in his historical context. There is a particular emphasis here on an analysis of the political system that Liverpool was required to master. Liverpool's early life and career before he rose to the premiership is the focus of the next section. The main body of the thesis is divided into two parts. One part examines Liverpool during his early premiership in a mainly chronological style and is concerned almost entirely with the issues of war and peace, and the other part seeks to examine a number of major themes that are most satisfactorily looked at in isolation from the main narrative. For example, one chapter covers the premier's relationship with the monarchy.

This thesis examines the content and reception of Ibsen's Peer Gynt. Chapter I begins with a summary of Ibsen's life and influences, placing Ibsen and his plays into a historical context. Chapter II is a detailed explication of .Peer Gynt, which illustrates the correlation between Ibsen's biography and Peer's life, the extensive use of Nordic folklore and the philosophy of Kierkegaard, Goethe, and Hegel. These issues and ideas are examined in order to create a theory of Ibsen's intended message to the public. In chapter III the immediate reception of Peer Gynt in Scandinavia is discussed, as well as the extended reception of Peer Gynt in Germany. This demonstrates the difference in the critics' reception, in relation to their time period, culture, and translation. The nationalistic German Dietrich Eckart is an extreme example of how a trusted translator of Peer Gynt produced a falsified translation of the dramatic poem, which he used to promote an ideal specific to his time period and culture, thus illustrating how a falsified translation can affect the interpretation and criticism of a text. The thesis concludes by demonstrating how important translation is as a factor in the critical reception of a text.

Die Untersuchung beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung der Berichterstattung über das Judentum in Seesen. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt auf auf Israel Jacobson, der einst Begründer des Reformjudentums in Seesen war, in Vergessenheit geriet und seit einigen Jahren wieder von einigen engagierten Seesenern mit Ausstellungen, Büchern und Vorträgen geehrt wird. Zudem stellt sich der Arbeit die Frage, wie es zu dem "Vergessen" dieser berühmten Seesener Persönlichkeit kam und was zu einem Umdenken geführt haben könnte.

Ce mémoire se penche sur la série des Taureaux de Bordeaux, réalisée en 1824 et 1825 par l'artiste espagnol Francisco Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828) lors de son exil dans la ville de Bordeaux. Elle est composée de quatre lithographies : El famoso Americano Mariano Ceballos, [Bravo toro], Divertissement espagnol et [Arène divisée] qui représentent chacune un épisode tauromachique. Le regard de ces œuvres sur la corrida est indissociable d'une violence incarnée par des spectateurs qui, au centre de l'arène, prennent part aux combats. Cette représentation des spectateurs s'avère particulière par rapport aux changements qui s'opèrent dans la corrida au XVIIIe siècle. Par exemple, son déroulement se codifie et le public doit maintenant rester dans les estrades. L'objectif de ce mémoire vise à comprendre pourquoi les Taureaux de Bordeaux s'attachent à une dimension violente pour aborder le thème tauromachique. Pour y parvenir, les approches historique, iconographique et anthropologique seront utilisées : la première montrera que l'artiste, en vivant dans un contexte violent (guerre d'Indépendance, par exemple), a pu en observer les répercussions sur les hommes; la seconde servira à déceler comment les lithographies représentent la corrida et la violence; la troisième posera les assises théoriques pour déterminer le type de violence propre à cette série, notamment par le biais de la pensée de l'anthropologue René Girard développée dans La Violence et le Sacré (1972). L'hypothèse défendue est que les Taureaux de Bordeaux représentent une violence destructive, propre aux conflits armés, plutôt qu'à celle qui est intrinsèque au spectacle tauromachique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Francisco Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828), Taureaux de Bordeaux, lithographie, violence, René Girard, La Violence et le sacré, guerre d'Indépendance.

Franz Peter Schubert (1797-1828) began composition of the Sonata in C Major, D. 840 (“Reliquie”) during April of 1825. It was first published in Leipzig in 1861 and dubbed the “Reliquie” by the publisher K.F. Whistling, based on the mistaken assumption that it was Schubert’s last piano sonata. Following the complete Moderato and Andante movements, Schubert left the Minuetto: Allegretto and Rondo: Allegro movements unfinished. The primary purpose of this treatise is to compare and contrast the published completions of the unfinished Minuetto: Allegretto and Rondo: Allegro movements as finished by Ludwig Stark, Ernst Krenek, Walter Rehberg, Harold Truscott, Armin Knab, Paul Badura-Skoda, Dieter Einfeldt, Noël Lee, Martino Tirimo, Geoffrey Poole and Brian Newbould. / text