Entre le traité de Berlin de 1878 et le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances européennes tentent d'empêcher les désordres balkaniques de compromettre la paix continentale et mondiale. Pour cette raison, et parce que leurs diplomates interprètent les violences balkaniques essentiellement comme des faits de brigandage et non comme l'expression de mouvements politiques indépendantistes, les puissances européennes vont imposer à l'empire ottoman de réformer les gendarmeries de ses provinces de Roumélie orientale, de Crète, de Macédoine et d'Albanie par le truchement de leurs propres officiers. Cette thèse d'histoire militaire se veut tout à la fois une histoire institutionnelle et une histoire des acteurs. Il s'agit en effet de savoir dans quelles conditions le modèle gendarmique occidental a pu être greffé et adapté aux réalités sociales et culturelles orientales au travers de l'action de quelques officiers européens chargés de collaborer les uns avec les autres et de se confronter à une réalité balkanique qui leur était souvent étrangère. Cette approche permet de renouveler l'étude du concert européen et de son grippage progressif en soulignant la méfiance réciproque des puissances les unes vis-à-vis des autres et l’ambiguïté des ordres que chacune d'elle donne à ses propres officiers. Elle permet également de saisir la dynamique des opérations d'ingérence internationale et la façon dont l’État cible peut chercher à s'y soustraire. Elle donne enfin à voir la difficulté d'une institution de maintien de l'ordre, dont les traditions administratives sont issues du modèle de l’État-nation français, à s'adapter à des sociétés politiques fragmentées et en construction afin d'assurer la protection de toutes les minorités. / Between the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 and the outbreak of the First World War, the European powers tried to prevent the Balkan disorders from compromising continental and world peace. For this reason, and because their diplomats interpreted the Balkan violences essentially as acts of brigandage and not as the expression of independentist political movements, the European powers imposed on the Ottoman Empire reforms of the gendarmeries of its provinces of Eastern Rumelia, Crete, Macedonia and Albania implemented by their own officers.This thesis of military history is both an institutional history and a history of the actors. One has tried to determin under what conditions the western gendarmic model could be grafted and adapted to the Eastern social and cultural realities through the action of a few European officers in charge of collaborating with each other and confronting the Balkan reality that was often foreign to them. This approach makes it possible to renew the study of the European concert and its progressive seizure by highlighting the mutual mistrust of the powers one against the other and the ambiguity of the orders that each one gave to its own officers.It also captures the dynamics of international interference and how the target state can seek to escape from it. Finally, it reveals the difficulty of an institution of policing, whose administrative traditions stem from the model of the French nation-state, to adapt to fragmented political societies under construction in order to ensure the protection of all minorities.

The period between 1878 and 1914 was the moment that took place in Alagoas hinterland of the most effective actions to integrate the region to the world market. The first initiative in this direction was the construction of the Paulo Afonso railway, between the municipalities of Piranhas and Jatoba AL-PE. Begun in 1878 and completed five years later, the work included the use of the workforce of thousands of refugees refugees of the great drought of 1877, who worked for the daily ration. Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the region has experienced considerable population growth, there was also a significant economic expansion, especially the cultivation of cotton and livestock. We believe that this structural situation, combined with the economic benefits guaranteed by the oligarchy Malta have solid the main reasons to change the capitalist Delmiro Gouveia of Recife for the Alagoas hinterland. Delmiro ascended economically and socially with the fur trade, buying them in the interior for export, mainly to Europe and the United States. However, when switching to the village Stone was declared bankrupt. In the backwoods of Alagoas Delmiro recompose its capital, and invests in the construction of a hydroelectric plant and a textile industry, the first opened in 1912 and the second in 1914. At around the factory stands an industrial core to house the workers, most of these It consisted of drought refugees emigrants 1915. The core of the stone was presented as an example "model" society, where everything and everyone were on commodity production, including women and children. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O período entre 1878 e 1914 foi o momento em que se realizaram no sertão de Alagoas as ações mais efetivas de integração da região ao mercado mundial. A primeira iniciativa neste sentido foi a construção da ferrovia Paulo Afonso, entre os munícipios de Piranhas-AL e Jatobá PE. Iniciada em 1878 e concluída cinco anos depois, a obra contou com a utilização da força de trabalho de milhares de retirantes refugiados da grande seca de 1877, que trabalhavam pela ração diária. Entre o final do século XIX e início do XX, a região vivenciou considerável crescimento populacional, houve também uma significativa expansão econômica, com destaque para o cultivo do algodão e a pecuária. Acreditamos que essa situação estrutural, aliada às vantagens econômicas garantidas pela oligarquia Malta tenham sidos os principais motivos para mudança do capitalista Delmiro Gouveia do Recife para o sertão alagoano. Delmiro ascendeu econômica e socialmente com o comércio de peles, comprando-as nos interiores para exportação, principalmente para a Europa e os Estados Unidos. Porém, quando se muda para a vila da Pedra era declarado falido. No sertão de Alagoas Delmiro recompõe seu capital, e investe na construção de uma usina hidrelétrica e numa indústria têxtil, a primeira inaugurada em 1912 e a segunda em 1914. Ao entorno da fábrica ergue um núcleo fabril para alojar os operários, a maior parte desses era composta por emigrantes refugiados da seca de 1915. O núcleo da Pedra era apresentado como um exemplo ―modelar‖ de sociedade, onde tudo e todos estavam voltados para produção de mercadorias, inclusive mulheres e crianças