The combination of ethics and physics in Seneca’s Natural Questions has frequently puzzled scholars. Although a number of studies have attempted to reconcile the work’s ethical and physical parts, others maintain that there is no substantial connection between them. Both positions are problematic. The former glosses over the quite obvious ways in which these vivid accounts of vice are thematically at odds with the physics; the latter results in a bifurcation of the aims of the work. This study argues that the incongruous character of these passages plays an integral part in the work’s overall goal: to defend the Stoic account of the ‘the good’. This account was under attack from Platonist rivals. The Stoics argue that the good is grounded ultimately in the wellbeing of the cosmos as a whole; Platonists maintain that conceptualising the good as such is impossible because, as empiricists, the Stoics can only account for a subjective understanding of the good, grounded first and foremost in the wellbeing of the body. Seneca’s engagement with this debate is indicated by the frequent allusions to Plato in the work, particularly the idea of ‘separating soul from body’. Seneca suggests that a carefully structured study of nature can achieve this ‘separation’. This process helps agents to overcome the subjective, body-focussed perspective that the Platonists associate with empiricism. Seneca thus demonstrates a therapeutic means through which an empiricist agent could come to conceive of the good as the Stoics envisage it. This same process of separation from one’s body, however, also provides an ideal opportunity to reflect critically on the objects that we tend to misidentify as goods. It is here that the moralising passages prove useful. These arresting accounts of vice serve to jar us into critical reflection on where we ground our understanding of the good.

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This thesis offers new philosophical and literary interpretations of Seneca's 'De ira'. It takes as its starting-point the observation that both the philosophical position on which the text relies and the way in which it is organised appear to be chaotic, and it investigates how far and why this is the case. It shows that a coherent philosophical position underlies the text but that the text presents it as incoherent, and that it does this for therapeutic purposes. Similarly, it shows that the text is organised in a far more orderly way than has been previously appreciated, and it explains how the (apparent) disruption of that organisational system serves the text's therapeutic function. In making these arguments, it presents new readings of the De ira that reveal the text's philosophical and literary qualities, arguing that it constitutes a more sophisticated response to Seneca's philosophical predecessors than previous accounts have claimed, and that the text, as it progresses, introduces new therapeutic strategies that provide 'safety nets' should its earlier principal strategies have failed. The thesis aims to be methodologically innovative in using Seneca's descriptions of emotional responses as well as more explicit theorising to reconstruct his philosophical position and in suggesting a new approach to interpreting the role of interlocutors and addressees in didactic and dialogic texts.

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Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est un des cancers les plus importants en termes de mortalité. D'ici à 2020, les prévisions indiquent une multiplication par trois du nombre de nouveaux cas à travers le monde. De nos jours, la grande majorité des cas diagnostiqués sont à un stade avancé, et les seuls traitements existants ont montré quelques limites (efficacité modérée, coût élevé...). D'autres alternatives ont été développées, notamment pour les métastases intrahépatiques (chimio-embolisation trans-artérielle ou radio-embolisation). Mais lorsque cela est associé à une dissémination extrahépatique, comme dans la plupart des cas, très peu de possibilités peuvent être proposées. De nombreuses études ont montré que les récepteurs de la somatostatine étaient sur-exprimés dans les tissus tumoraux, et en particulier dans les cas de CHC. Par conséquent, ces récepteurs semblent assez prometteurs pour le ciblage tumoral, que ce soit pour l'imagerie ou pour la thérapie. Basé sur leur propriété de reconnaissance (magic bullet concept), une alternative pourrait être de développer des radiotraceurs, aussi appelés radiopharmaceutiques, pour localiser ou détruire sélectivement les cellules cancéreuses. Cela consiste à concevoir un système en trois parties avec une biomolécule (analogue de la somatostatine), une agent bifonctionnel chélatant (BCA) et un radioélément qui émet un rayonnement gamma ou ß-. Pour être réellement efficace, ce système doit être stable in vivo afin de pouvoir imager et/ou irradier spécifiquement la masse tumorale visée. Parmi les radioisotopes utilisés pour les applications en imagerie/thérapie, le couple technétium-99m/rhénium-188 est très intéressant. Le technétium-99m est l'isotope de choix en médecine nucléaire pour l'imagerie, et le rhénium-188 est très prometteur pour la thérapie. Ce travail rapporte nos premiers résultats relatifs à chacune des étapes dans le développement de radiopharmaceutiques vectorisés. De la synthèse des ligands bifonctionnels chélatants, aux premières études in vitro, en passant par toute la partie de bioconjugaison et le radiomarquage au 99mTc et au 188Re. / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most important cancer in terms of mortality. By 2020, forecasts indicate a threefold increase of new HCC cases worldwide. Nowadays the large majority of diagnosed cases are advanced and the only existing treatments showed some drawbacks (expensive costs, low efficiency...). Different alternatives have been developed, especially for intrahepatic metastasis (radioembolization). But when there is also an extrahepatic dissemination, as in many cases, very few possibilities are available. Many studies showed that somatostatin receptors were over-expressed in tumor tissue, especially in the case of HCC, in contrast to healthy cells. Therefore, these receptors are promising for tumor targeting, either for imaging or for therapy. Based the recognition properties of these receptors, an alternative would be to develop radiotracers, so-called radiopharmaceuticals, to localize or destroy cancer cells selectively. This challenge consists in a three-parts system including a biomolecule (somatostatin analogue), a bifunctional chelating agent (BCA) and a radioactive isotope which delivers gamma or ß- emission. To be efficient, this system must be stable in vivo in order to imaging and/or irradiate selectively the targeted tumour mass. Among radioisotopes for targeted imaging/therapeutic applications, technetium-99m/rhenium-188 pair is very interesting, technetium-99m being the radioisotope of choice in nuclear medicine for imaging purposes (suitable physical properties), rhenium-188 being promising for therapeutic purposes. This work reports our first results related to each step of the development of the targeting radiopharmaceutical. From the synthesis of the chelating cavity, to the first in vitro studies, by way of all the bioconjugation work and the radiolabelling with 99mTc and 188Re.

by Shiow-Hwa Gau and Richard C. Larson. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 36). / Supported by the National Institute of Justice. 86-IJ-CX-0005

O interesse pelo 188Re para aplicações terapêuticas na medicina nuclear é devido à meia-vida de 16,9 horas, emissão de partículas βֿ com energia máxima de 2,12 MeV e raios-γ de 155 keV adequados para a aquisição de imagens. O estudo apresenta a radiomarcação do HEDP (etidronato) com o 188Re eluído de geradores de 188W/188Re a base de Al2O3 e tipo-gel 188WZr. A dependência do rendimento do 188Re-HEDP na concentração do agente redutor, pH, tempo de reação, temperatura e adição de carregador Re2O7 foram avaliados. A partir das condições ótimas de marcação os rendimentos do 188Re-HEDP foram ≥ 98% tanto para os kits líquidos como liofilizados. A formulação padrão que representou esses resultados contém: 30 mg de HEDP, 7 mg de SnCl2, 3 mg de ácido ascórbico e adição de 20 μg de Re2O7. As reações foram conduzidas sob aquecimento de 100 °C por 30 minutos, seguidos de 60 minutos de incubação. Outro aspecto importante do trabalho foi o controle de qualidade radioquímico, comparando os resultados de CP, CCD e cromatografia iônica, além dos experimentos com a CLAE. A distribuição biológica realizada comprovou a captação pelo esqueleto e a estabilidade in vivo dos complexos de 188Re-HEDP. / The widespread interest in 188Re for therapeutic applications, is due to its attractive 16,9 hours half-life, emission of a βֿ particle with maximum energy of 2.12 MeV and gama-ray of 155 keV suitable for imaging. This work presents the radiollabeling of HEDP (etidronate) with 188Re eluted from alumina-based 188W/188Re generators and tungstate-based 188W/188Re gel generators. Dependence of the yield of the 188Re-HEDP on the concentration of the reduction agent, pH, reaction time, temperature and addition of carrier Re2O7 were evaluated. The radiollabeling of 188Re-HEDP procedure using the optimum conditions resulted a yield ≥ 98% for liquid and lyophilized kits. This basic formulation contains: 30 mg de HEDP, 7 mg de SnCl2, 3 mg de ascorbic acid and addition of 20 μg of Re2O7. The reactions were carried out with heating in boiling water for 30 minutes followed by 60 minutes of incubation. Another important aspect of this work was the radiochemical quality control compairing the results of PC, TLC and ion chromatography, along with the experiments with HPLC. The biological distribution proved the adequate bone uptake and in vivo stability of 188Re-HEDP complexes.

A Medicina Nuclear é uma modalidade de particular importância em oncologia e a investigação de novos radiofármacos direcionados a tumores, seja para diagnóstico e/ou terapia, é uma área de interesse para os pesquisadores. Rituximab (RTX) é um anticorpo monoclonal (AcM) quimérico (IgG 1) que se liga especificamente ao antígeno CD20 com alta afinidade e tem sido usado com sucesso para tratar Linfoma Não-Hodgkin (LNH) de células-B. O antígeno CD20 é expresso sobre mais de 90% dos LNH de células-B. Tecnécio-99m (99mTc) e rênio-188 (188Re) representam um atrativo par de radionuclídeos para uso médico devido as favoráveis propriedades de decaimento para diagnóstico (99mTc: T1/2 = 6 h, radiação γ = 140 keV) e terapia (188Re: T1/2 = 17 h, radiação máxima = 2,12 MeV) e por causa de sua disponibilidade graças aos sistemas de geradores correspondentes 99Mo/99mTc e 188W/188Re. Estes dois radionuclídeos podem ser conjugados aos anticorpos usando métodos químicos similares. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estudar a marcação do AcM anti-CD20 (Rituximab) com o radioisótopo 188Re usando duas técnicas: método direto de marcação [188Re(V)] e método de marcação via núcleo carbonila [188Re(I)]. Além do controle de qualidade, o anticorpo radiomarcado foi submetido a estudo biológico in vivo, in vitro e ex vivo. Para a marcação direta, o RTX foi reduzido pela incubação com o agente redutor 2-mercaptoetanol para a geração de grupos sulfidrilas (-SH) e posteriormente marcado com 188Re(V), fazendo-se um amplo estudo de variáveis para se chegar a uma formulação otimizada. Para a marcação usando o núcleo carbonila foram usados os radioisótopos 99mTc e 188Re e dois procedimentos de radiomarcação: (1) RTX nativo marcado com 99mTc(I) e (2) RTX reduzido (RTXred) marcado com 99mTc(I)/188Re(I). Também foi feito um estudo de variáveis para se chegar a formulação otimizada. O método de controle de qualidade para avaliação da pureza radioquímica mostrou um bom rendimento de marcação (93%) para o método direto. Na marcação com o núcleo carbonila, os resultados mostraram que os grupos -SH do anticorpo reduzido são uma possível via de ligação. A formação do composto 99mTc(I)-RTXred foi mais rápida do que 188Re(I)- RTXred, que por sua vez mostrou melhor estabilidade em plasma humano e nenhuma transquelação no desafio a histidina ou cisteína. Os dois compostos mostraram boa afinidade de ligação e uma biodistribuição em camundongos portadores de tumor coerente com a biodistribuição normal do anticorpo e razoável captação no tumor provando a eficiência do método de marcação e potencial uso clínico. / Nuclear Medicine is an unique and important modality in oncology and the development of new tumor-targeted radiopharmaceuticals for both diagnosis and therapy is an area of interest for researchers. Rituximab (RTX) is a quimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) (IgG 1) that specifically binds to CD20 antigen with high affinity and has been successfully used for the treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) of cell B. The CD20 antigen is expressed over more than 90% of cell B NHL. Technetium-99m (99mTc) and rhenium-188 (188Re) are an attractive radionuclide pair for clinical use due to their favorable decay properties for diagnosis (99mTc: T1/2 = 6 h, γ radiation = 140 keV) and therapy (188Re: T1/2 = 17 h, maximum energy = 2.12 MeV) and to their availability in the form of 99Mo/99mTc and 188W/188Re generators. The radionuclides can be conjugated to mAb using similar chemical procedures. The aim of this work was to study the labeling of anti-CD20 mAb (RTX) with 188Re using two techniques: the direct labeling method [188Re(V)] and the labeling method via the carbonyl nucleus [188Re(I)]. Besides the quality control, the radiolabeled mAb was submitted to in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo biological studies. For the direct labeling, RTX was reducing by incubation with 2-mercaptoethanol for generating sulphydryl groups (-SH) and further labeled with 188Re(V), in a study of several parameters in order to reach an optimized formulation. The labeling via the carbonyl nucleus both 99mTc and 188Re were employed through 2 different procedures: (1) labeling of intact RTX with 99mTc(I) and (2) reduced RTX (RTXred) labeled with 99mTc(I)/188Re(I). Also a parameter study was performed to obtain an optimized formulation. The quality control method for evaluating the radiochemical purity showed a good labeling yield (93%) for the direct method. The labeling method via carbonyl group, the results showed that the SH groups of RTXred are a possible way of labeling. The formulation of 99mTc(I)-RTXred was faster than 188Re(I)-RTXred, that on the other hand showed better stability in human plasma and no transquelation in the cysteine or histidine challenge studies. Both compounds showed good binding affinity and a biodistribution in mice bearing tumor compatible with the normal mAb distribution and a reasonable tumor uptake proving the efficiency of the labeling and the potential clinical use.