Issued also as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania. / A study of war-time attitudes and activities of the churches and the clergy of the United States, 1914-1918. Bibliography: p. 281-288.

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For the past fifteen months, I have been attached to the Third Australian General Hospital as Anaesthetist, and now record my experiences gleaned from somewhere over a thousand cases of anaesthesia in war surgery. I may conveniently divide up the time in question into three equal periods of four months each. During the transfer of the hospital from England to France, and its subsequent establishment as a base hospital on the lines of communication, no surgery was possible for a period of about three months. During my first four months with this unit we existed as a General Hospital at Brighton in England, where practically all our patients arrived from the Base Hospitals in France. From the end of July to the end of November, 1917, I was attached to a Casualty Clearing Station in Flanders, where I gave anaesthetics for one of our own hospital surgeons, working together as "a team" all through the Flanders offensive. There remains a period of four months during which I have either been giving anaesthetics or instructing others in their use, at our Base. Although it is not my intention to quote figures extensively, it may be of interest to give the number of anaesthetics given by me in those three periods. I find at Brighton I gave just under 300 anaesthetics. At the Casualty Clearing Station (c.c.s.) exactly 660. At the Base Hospital upwards of 150, so that my experience of war anaesthesia is derived from a variety of operations in 1100 cases. In considering the experience gained by those anaesthetics, I think my object will be best attained by considering.- 1. The type of Patient. 2. The type of Anaesthetic given. 3. The type of wound and operation for which the anaesthetic was required.

The Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps numbered among its members some of the most important American writers of World War I, Including E. E. Cummings and John Dos Passos. What is less well-known is that the ambulance corps had strong tIes to a pre-war generation of American expatriates, whose participation first created the elite aura of the unit known as the "gentlemen volunteers." Henry James served as chairman until his final illness, and the family of the late Charles Eliot Norton operated the organization in France and America. This study, making use of unpublished archival material, outlines the history of the Norton-Harjes during the war, from its beginnings in Paris and London, to its activities on the Western Front, and its dissolution in late 1917. Around this historical context, the foundations of the unit are traced to Harvard University and an ideal of humanitarian service and social duty drawing from the late nineteenth-century concept of the gentleman. The war writings of the Norton-Harjes authors are examined in view of this historical and cultural evidence. Affirmation of the artist's role in society and criticism of American industrial-commercialism feature in the work of the authors connected with the unit, themes which gained new impetus from the war. A discussion of Charles Eliot Norton's moral aestheticism, expatriation, teaching at Harvard, and attitudes towards war, along with an outline of the Harvard careers of Norton's sons Eliot and Richard and of the future Norton-Harjes writers Cummings, Dos Passos, and Robert Hillyer, make up the chapter following the Introduction, which establishes the background of early American involvement in the war. Henry James' work for the ambulance corps and his move from intense observer to direct participant in war-time is explored in the third chapter. The fourth chapter presents the bulk of the historical information about the unit's war activities while examining the career and writings of Richard Norton, founder and leader of the corps. The succeeding three chapters are devoted to the ambulance volunteers who studied together at Harvard. E. E. Cummings' The Enormous Room is interpreted in light of the author's whole experience with the Norton-Harjes, emphasizing his use of primitivism in support of aesthetic individualism. Robert Hillyer's traditionalism stands opposed to Cummings' Modernist experimentation, but the Harvard professor-poet was equally critical of American industrialism. John Dos Passos' war novels attack the commercial basis of American culture and present as alternatives the rural culture of Spain and the ideal of the gentlemen volunteers as represented by Richard Norton. A brief Epilogue describes the last stage of Norton's war career and the post-war attempts to organize former volunteers into an association and to produce a history of the ambulance service.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Historical Studies / Master / Master of Arts

This dissertation is a combined digital history-narrative history project. It takes advantage of newly digitized historical newspapers and soldier files to explore how the people of Victoria B.C. Canada, over 8000 kilometers from the front, experienced the Great War 1914-1918. Although that experience was similar to other Canadian cities in many ways, in other respects it was quite different. Victoria’s geographical location on the very fringe of the Empire sets it apart. Demographic and ethnic differences from the rest of Canada and a very different history of indigenous-settler relations had a dramatic effect on who went to war, who resisted and how war was commemorated in Victoria. This study of Victoria will also provide an opportunity to examine several important thematic areas that may impact the broader understanding of Canada in the Great War not covered in earlier works. These themes include the recruiting of under-age soldiers, the response to the naval threat in the Pacific, resistance by indigenous peoples, and the highly effective response to the threat of influenza at the end of the war. As the project manager for the City Goes to War web-site, I directed the development of an extensive on-line archive of supporting documents and articles about Victoria during the Great War that supports this work (http://acitygoestowar.ca/). Once reviewed by the committee, this paper will be converted to web format and added to that project. / Graduate

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Este trabalho pretende analisar a «questão das subsistências» em Portugal, no período da Primeira Guerra Mundial, a partir do estudo do caso portuense. Com o deflagrar da Grande Guerra acentuaram-se as debilidades que o país apresentava no que respeitava à produção de bens alimentares, nomeadamente dos cereais. Os preços aumentaram, começaram a aparecer fenómenos de açambarcamento e de contrabando. Por fim, depois do inverno de 1916-1917, a fome fez a sua aparição. Nesse inverno, os Aliados tinham reforçado o bloqueio à Alemanha, tendo esta reagido violentamente, coma guerra submarina no Atlântico, procurando cortar o abastecimento aos países aliados Em todo o lado faltavam matérias-primas e alimentos. Todos os países, beligerantes ou não, mergulharam no caos. Uns mais que outros, mas a maioria, como Portugal, sofreram uma grave crise de subsistências, inflação e fome, acompanhadas por uma crescente agitação operária e popular, greves, motins de rua, insurreições militares e revoluções. Tendo em conta este contexto geral e depois de analisada a legislação produzida para fazer face à questão das subsistências, bem como o grau de eficácia dessa legislação, esta dissertação entra no cerne da problemática em estudo: a situação no Porto, tendo em conta os aspectos particulares da crise nesta cidade, a acção do Governo Civil, a génese da Comissão Municipal de Subsistências e os seus objectivos. [...]

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This dissertation is about a group of influential British publicists on the left-wing of the Liberal Party known as Radicals. The focus is on the year 1917 during the First World War and the Radical publicist’s belief in the necessity of a negotiated settlement as an essential ingredient to achieving a just and lasting peace. These publicists also believed that the United States could play a unique role in mediating an end to the war and reforming the international system. Radical publicists tirelessly campaigned for a revision of Allied war aims and were convinced that alliances, the arms race, secret diplomacy, imperialism and militarism, played a large part in the outbreak of war and its prolongation. They believed that when the peace settlement came, it should not be a peace of vengeance but a just peace that addressed these flaws in the international system. The Radical publicists looked increasingly to the American President Wilson for leadership, while Wilson was drawn to the Radical publicist’s progressive internationalist ideas, particularly the concept of a league of nations. The Conclusion examines the reason for the failure of the Wilsonian strategy to achieve a just and lasting peace in 1919, but points to the enduring legacy of the Radical publicist’s ideas about creating a stable world order. This dissertation finishes by looking at contemporary commentators who advocate an approach to world order in the tradition of the Radical publicists of the First World War / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)