O presente estudo se propõe a fazer uma leitura de três romances de Chico Buarque, Estorvo, Benjamim e Budapeste. Para tanto, foram selecionadas três categorias para análise – o narrador, o personagem e a sociedade –, que foram estudadas a partir da análise das narrativas e, paralelamente, de alguns textos teóricos. O objetivo principal é investigar a visão do autor acerca da sociedade brasileira urbana atual e, além disso, identificar características que indicam unidade na obra do romancista. Para a realização dessa investigação, os três aspectos selecionados foram analisados com base em textos de Theodor W. Adorno, Roberto Schwarz, Edu Teruki Otsuka, entre outros. Após as pesquisas, foi possível perceber que a obra literária de Chico Buarque, embora não deva e não possa ser limitada a uma mera tentativa de retratar as mazelas da vida urbana contemporânea, nos faz refletir sobre seus diferentes níveis e aponta para uma visão pouco otimista a respeito do destino da sociedade. Não se pode deixar de lembrar que, sendo a literatura atravessada pela história de seu país, não há possibilidade de dissociar a obra de ficção do processo social que lhe dá forma. E, assim, identificamos a posição de destaque de Chico Buarque no quadro da literatura brasileira atual. / The present study offers a close reading of three novels by Chico Buarque, Estorvo, Benjamim and Budapeste. So, three categories were selected to be analyzed – the narrator, the character and the society –, which were studied through narrative analysis and, in a parallel way, theoretical texts. The main objective is to investigate the author’s view towards the present urban Brazilian society and, besides, to identify features that could indicate unity in the novelist’s work. In order to accomplish that, the three selected aspects were analyzed based on texts by Theodor W. Adorno, Roberto Schwarz, Edu Teruki Otsuka, among others. The research made possible to see that Chico Buarque’s literary work, although it should not be limited to a mere attempt to picture the wounds of the contemporary urban life, makes us reflect upon its different levels and points to a not very optimistic view about society’s destiny. We must remember that, being the literature crossed by its country’s history, there is no possibility of dissociating a work of fiction of the social process that gives it form. And, consequently, we identify Chico Buarque’s distinctive position in Brazilian literature.

O presente estudo se propõe a fazer uma leitura de três romances de Chico Buarque, Estorvo, Benjamim e Budapeste. Para tanto, foram selecionadas três categorias para análise – o narrador, o personagem e a sociedade –, que foram estudadas a partir da análise das narrativas e, paralelamente, de alguns textos teóricos. O objetivo principal é investigar a visão do autor acerca da sociedade brasileira urbana atual e, além disso, identificar características que indicam unidade na obra do romancista. Para a realização dessa investigação, os três aspectos selecionados foram analisados com base em textos de Theodor W. Adorno, Roberto Schwarz, Edu Teruki Otsuka, entre outros. Após as pesquisas, foi possível perceber que a obra literária de Chico Buarque, embora não deva e não possa ser limitada a uma mera tentativa de retratar as mazelas da vida urbana contemporânea, nos faz refletir sobre seus diferentes níveis e aponta para uma visão pouco otimista a respeito do destino da sociedade. Não se pode deixar de lembrar que, sendo a literatura atravessada pela história de seu país, não há possibilidade de dissociar a obra de ficção do processo social que lhe dá forma. E, assim, identificamos a posição de destaque de Chico Buarque no quadro da literatura brasileira atual. / The present study offers a close reading of three novels by Chico Buarque, Estorvo, Benjamim and Budapeste. So, three categories were selected to be analyzed – the narrator, the character and the society –, which were studied through narrative analysis and, in a parallel way, theoretical texts. The main objective is to investigate the author’s view towards the present urban Brazilian society and, besides, to identify features that could indicate unity in the novelist’s work. In order to accomplish that, the three selected aspects were analyzed based on texts by Theodor W. Adorno, Roberto Schwarz, Edu Teruki Otsuka, among others. The research made possible to see that Chico Buarque’s literary work, although it should not be limited to a mere attempt to picture the wounds of the contemporary urban life, makes us reflect upon its different levels and points to a not very optimistic view about society’s destiny. We must remember that, being the literature crossed by its country’s history, there is no possibility of dissociating a work of fiction of the social process that gives it form. And, consequently, we identify Chico Buarque’s distinctive position in Brazilian literature.

O presente estudo se propõe a fazer uma leitura de três romances de Chico Buarque, Estorvo, Benjamim e Budapeste. Para tanto, foram selecionadas três categorias para análise – o narrador, o personagem e a sociedade –, que foram estudadas a partir da análise das narrativas e, paralelamente, de alguns textos teóricos. O objetivo principal é investigar a visão do autor acerca da sociedade brasileira urbana atual e, além disso, identificar características que indicam unidade na obra do romancista. Para a realização dessa investigação, os três aspectos selecionados foram analisados com base em textos de Theodor W. Adorno, Roberto Schwarz, Edu Teruki Otsuka, entre outros. Após as pesquisas, foi possível perceber que a obra literária de Chico Buarque, embora não deva e não possa ser limitada a uma mera tentativa de retratar as mazelas da vida urbana contemporânea, nos faz refletir sobre seus diferentes níveis e aponta para uma visão pouco otimista a respeito do destino da sociedade. Não se pode deixar de lembrar que, sendo a literatura atravessada pela história de seu país, não há possibilidade de dissociar a obra de ficção do processo social que lhe dá forma. E, assim, identificamos a posição de destaque de Chico Buarque no quadro da literatura brasileira atual. / The present study offers a close reading of three novels by Chico Buarque, Estorvo, Benjamim and Budapeste. So, three categories were selected to be analyzed – the narrator, the character and the society –, which were studied through narrative analysis and, in a parallel way, theoretical texts. The main objective is to investigate the author’s view towards the present urban Brazilian society and, besides, to identify features that could indicate unity in the novelist’s work. In order to accomplish that, the three selected aspects were analyzed based on texts by Theodor W. Adorno, Roberto Schwarz, Edu Teruki Otsuka, among others. The research made possible to see that Chico Buarque’s literary work, although it should not be limited to a mere attempt to picture the wounds of the contemporary urban life, makes us reflect upon its different levels and points to a not very optimistic view about society’s destiny. We must remember that, being the literature crossed by its country’s history, there is no possibility of dissociating a work of fiction of the social process that gives it form. And, consequently, we identify Chico Buarque’s distinctive position in Brazilian literature.

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The defeat of 1940 and its aftermath stimulated a wide-ranging debate in France about the causes of national decline and the possible sources of renewal. During the period between 1940 and 1946, and in particular in the two years after the liberation in 1944, most of the nation's political, social and economic structures were re-examined. A multitude of plans and programmes were elaborated with a view to carrying through significant reforms after the war had ended. The aim of this dissertation is to review the process of rethinking. Its major focus is on the ideas of national political elites, although it also attempts, wherever possible, to draw on sources nearer the grass roots. The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part considers the postwar plans formulated, in the months around the Liberation, by the new elites of 1944: the Resistance movements, the Free France organisation, General de Gaulle, and the three dominant political parties (the Communist party, the Socialist party, and the Christian Democratic M.R.P.). These chapters deal, in general terms, with the reformist ideologies of the above groups, and also, in particular, with the ways in which they approached the problems of planning for the postwar period. A second group of chapters examines the rethinking in a thematic sense. This part traces the development of reformist ideas on a number of the issues which were identified as particularly crucial to a future national recovery: the political and constitutional regime; the form of the French empire and its relation to the <i>metropole</i>; the structures of the French economy; and the problems of French society (specifically, of the educational system and of relations between labour and capital). A thematic approach places the views of the national political leaders in a broader context by including the ideas of civil servants, intellectuals, pamphleteers, and other non-political figures. It also permits some observations about the political vocabulary of renewal - a vocabulary which reflected both consensus and ambiguity.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir duas questões independentes, porém correlatas. Primeiro, o conceito de evidência da história e suas significações desde as primeiras formas de análise do passado na Antiguidade, passando pela emergência das formas modernas de se ver a história até as questões contemporâneas que colocaram a noção de prova, a relação entre história e ficção e o problema da verdade na história. Em segundo lugar, a partir desse quadro teórico da evidência história, pretende-se investigar a prática historiográfica de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, principalmente em Visão do Paraíso, sua tese de doutorado de 1958, quando o autor mesclou as atividades de historiador e de crítico literário. A ideia central, portanto, é analisar Visão do Paraíso sob o referencial teórico da evidência histórica e perscrutar quais são seus princípios geradores da evidência, trazendo a problemática da história entre a ciência e a ficção. / This paper aims to discuss two independent but correlated questions. Firstly, the concept of historical evidence and its significations since the first ways of analyzing the past in the Antiquity, studying, then, the emergence of the modern ways of seeing history and, finally, addressing the contemporary questions about the notion of proof, the relation between history and fiction and the problem of the historical truth. In second place, having the historical evidence theory in mind, the text tends to investigate the historian’s practice in Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, mainly in Visão do Paraíso, his doctoral thesis of 1958, which shows his work between the historian and the literary critic. Therefore, the core idea is to analyze Visão do Paraíso under the theoretical references of the evidence of history and seek which are its generating principles of evidence, debating the problem of history between science and fiction.

At various intervals there have appeared on the American scene unique individuals whose ideals and principles have shaped the course of American history and the destiny of the American people. More often than not, they have appeared, as if providentially, in times of stress and turmoil, or at the least, during periods that were particularly decisive to the nation's history.Such individuals have always had certain characteristics in common. They were men of integrity and principle. They had a deep and abiding love for their country and an unfaltering faith in her future under a democratic system of government. They were men of vision whose ideas were usually far ahead of the times in which they lived. And they were not content merely to espouse their particular principles in theory alone, they also had the necessary devotion to duty to work tirelessly to make those ideals a reality, and the courage and fortitude to remain constant in the face of the adversity which they encountered in the process. Most of them had an empathy for the common man which transcended the normal sphere of interpersonal relationships and elevated it to the plane which recognizes the human kinship and brotherhood of all men. And finally, all of them left a legacy of ideas which are universally viable, and which serve as a constant source for the renewal of those ideals which are the foundation and supporting strength of the nation.In the days when the Republic was new, America was fortunate in having more than a few men of this caliber--men like Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton. And later, at decisive moments when the need was great, other men like Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson arose to lead their country and to plead the cause of liberalism and humanitarianism. Wendell Willkie was another such man. He believed in the integrity and worth of the individual, in his right to the basic human freedoms regardless of race, creed, or color, and in the ability of an enlightened citizenry to govern itself politically under a democratic system of government, and economically under the free-enterprise system.His contributions reflected these basic beliefs. At home he strove to lift American politics out of the realm of narrow, petty partisanship and expediency, and to elevate it to a system, regulated by high moral conduct, which would be responsive to the needs of the American people. In a broader sense, he fought imperialism both at home and abroad by working to establish those civil liberties which guarantee freedom, equal opportunity, and dignity to all human beings. He worked to rally the free world against the perils of a totalitarianism which threatened to destroy that freedom, and above all, to rally it in support of a system of international cooperation which not only would keep world peace, but also provide a forum where the brotherhood of man could become a reality.It is the purpose of this dissertation to examine the principles and ideals which guided Wendell Willkie's thinking and motivated his actions, to note the nineteenth-century background which fostered them, to follow the active crusade he made in their behalf, and finally, to summarize briefly the contribution of those ideals and principles to the American democratic system and to the concept of "one world."

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The present master's thesis includes an essay and a fiction based on the theme of the ennemy. The essay relies on Antoine de Saint-Exupery's works: it shows the main three steps leading the warrior to a fall understanding of the meaning of his combat. / First, the warrior must recognize and confront the outer ennemy, in order to attain certain virtues which will lead him to a first degree of personal growth. But the warrior who wishes to go beyond that limit must then point towards himself the faults attributed to the outer ennemy: he will thereby discover his own inner ennemy. Finally, the evacuation of hatred will be possible only if he accepts to challenge himself to the limit of his combat, by sacrifying himself for the sake of mankind. / The fiction tells the story of a young teacher who decides to declare war on his own principal for having done something absolutely immoral: the plagiarism of a philosophical essay in an editorial sent to the parents. Progressively, the troubling events that this teacher will go through will force him to admit that cowardness and dishonesty, faults first attributed to his boss, are in fact vices that he was never able to recognize in himself until then. / The discovery of his inner ennemy will change everything. The teacher won't accept anymore to fight in this war that has degenerated into hatred. Facing his responsibilities towards those who, just like him, challenged the principal and put themselves in a precarious situation, he will surrender to the only fraternal action left: his own sacrifice.