M.S.

M.S.

In conclusion it may be said that contrary to the results of the fractionation obtained from the fractionation of cellulose xanthate diethylacetamide by Fink, Stahn, and Matthes; the results obtained here indicate that there is a definite variation of the degree of substitution from fraction to fraction. And that therefore cellulose xanthate as commercially prepared is heterogeneous with respect to degree of polymerization and degree of substitution. There does seem to be a definite relationship of some sort between the two factors, the degrees of polymerization and substitution. Fractionation as accomplished here is controlled by both the degree of polymerization and the degree of substitution and at no time is it likely that either factor is independent of the other. In fact, there is a strong probability that the degrees of polymerization determined are only apparent degrees of polymerizations controlled by the variations in substitution. It is known that the viscosity of compound in solution is a function of the degree of substitution; to what extent is unknown. / M.S.

Many of the properties of ethyl cellulose that make it useful in different ways are a result of the varying lengths of the cellulose chains arranged within the chain bundles. This investigation was undertaken in order to find a method of separating these ethyl cellulose chains into more homogeneous groupings and to determine the distribution of chain lengths. The conditions and procedure are to be so determined that the results from one fractionation may be duplicated in succeeding ones. A commercial grade of ethyl cellulose can be fractionated according to length of the chain, degree of polymerization, by the method worked out in this investigation. At the present time is it not known what effect dissolving the ethyl cellulose in 80% acetic acid and the subsequent treatments have had on the ethoxy content. It is possible for the degree of substitution to decrease from the first through the last fraction, but this is not considered likely in view of the distribution curve obtained. / M.S.

The analysis of trussed bents can be very satisfactorily executed by using the Cross method of moment distribution in conjunction with a method of distributing thrust. The use of such a method as this may be realized when we think of the contrasting time element involved in the solution of the problem by this method and the older method of least work. In the case of the first method, the problem may be solved, once the distribution constants are known, in a matter of minutes. The least work process may take hours, and not infrequently, days. It was the purpose of this thesis to determine what effect the fixed end thrust in trusses has on the solution of the problem by distributing moments. The results of this investigation empathetically warn us that when we are dealing with fixed supports, we must consider these thrusts, whereas, when we are concerned with a trussed bent that has only hinged supports, the effect of the thrust may be neglected. It is the opinion of the writer that, whereas, the effect of the thrusts in parallel chord trusses may not be of such great influence on the final results, the truss sections which approach the shape of an arch (Fink roof truss with knee bracing, for instance) will be seriously affected, whether the supports or hinged or fixed. This method of analysis would be very greatly benefitted if some future investigator would strive to develop a tool which would make for more rapid convergences in the distribution process, and would develop tables which could be used for finding carry-over and stiffness factors and fixed-end moments and thrust for different truss sections. / Master of Science

Thèse 3 cycle--Histoire--Montpellier III, 1975. / Bibliogr. p. I-XVI.

The thesis submitted deals with the period of 1945 {--} 1948, the period of the end of the World War II and the beginning of the communist regime. It follows the events in the Czechoslovak Republic since its liberation by the American and Soviet Armies, the punishment of the collaborators and the withdrawal of the German inhabitants, the establishment of the National Front and People{\crq}s committees as new administrative and authority units, further the Constitutive National Assembly elections in May of 1946, gradual fall of the National Front, communist coup d{\crq}état of February 1948 and subsequent May election, with all the events focused on the region of the chosen South Bohemian town {--} Písek. The events start to be followed in May of 1945, in the long{--}awaited days of liberation from Nazism. It deals with the restoration of autonomous authorities in the form of the Local and the District people{\crq}s committee as well as the restoration of the activities of political parties which peaked during the election campaign of 1946 reflecting in the results of the election. It also pays attention to the disputes among the parties and their members that culminate in the February events of 1948 and oncoming new socio{--}political arrangements. Least but not last, it also deals with a severe post{--}war situation of the Czech inhabitants, supply cut-off difficulties as well as the restoration of the remained town ruins.

Il n’est pas étonnant que l’on ait pu appeler Berdiaeff un « historiosophe ». En effet, la quasi totalité de son œuvre philosophique fut orientée vers l’histoire, encore que, plus spécifiquement, vers l’eschatologie. C’est de cette dernière qu’il est question dans le présent travail. Au sens où Berdiaeff entendait l’histoire, c’est-à-dire en tant que « corps historique », ou « chaire historique », l’histoire devra prendre fin. Une histoire sans fin serait absurde, devait-il avouer. Et si l’histoire a un sens, (et elle en a un puisque sinon elle serait absurde), ce n’est qu’en tant qu’espoir messianique qu’il devra être compris. La fin de l’histoire, c’est précisément la fin de l’objectivation, la réalisation effective de la subjectivité. Mais plus précisément, de toutes les subjectivités. Car seule une fraternité de tout moi, c’est-à-dire de toutes les personnes, peut être souhaitable en tant que « Royaume de Dieu ». Car le Royaume de Dieu suppose nécessairement l’abolition complète et totale de tout exclusivisme, de toute négation de l’autre, et par conséquent de l’Homme, voire de Dieu lui-même - de toute exclusion témoignant en somme d’un désir éternel de vengeance, « d’égoïsme transcendant » aurait dit Berdiaeff. La philosophie eschatologique de Berdiaeff est une philosophie de la justice; non pas au sens judiciaire traditionnel du terme, mais bien plutôt en accordant toute la place qui leur est due au pardon et à l’amour universel.

The debate in progress in 2015 in Sweden is very much about whether Swedish neutrality shall be retained or replaced by a NATO membership. In 1948-49 there was a similar debate at the highest level in Sweden, whether the country should join in a Nordic alliance with Norway and Denmark, or whether they would join the western Atlantic Alliance. The study analyses the debate of the topic in parliament by a given school analysis via political actors representing all parliamentary parties. The parliamentary parties at the time, the Social Democrats, the Agrarian Party, the parliamentary Conservatives, the Liberal Party and the Swedish Communist Party. The Schools were divided by 1948 and 1949, and have but a slight difference. In 1948 there was three schools of thought where the first one was pro-Soviet Union and neutrality, one that was pro US West and for Nordic alliance, but against NATO and the last one was against the Soviet Union, the Nordic alliance and for a discussion concerning NATO. The difference in 1949 was that one school of thought came about as clearly argued for NATO. Events like the Berlin blockade and the Prague coup influenced public opinion and thus the Parliament. The debate in parliament was relatively abundant but with clear dividing lines of which the Social Democrats held the majority and chose the Swedish neutrality when the negotiations with Norway, Denmark fell through.

The thesis deals with Czech translations of Swedish literature and their reception between 1948 and 1989. Against the background of contemporary societal changes and culture policy, it tries to answer the questions who, why, when and under which circumstances translated Swedish literature and how the political situation influenced the selection, the translation process and the publishing of the works. The thesis describes individual translations in their contemporary historical, cultural and social context. It also includes reactions to Swedish literature in Czech press, most notably reactions were published in the Světová literatura journal. The thesis also contains a bibliography of the translations that were published during the period and profiles of the most prominent translators.