Master of Science

Market development is that function of commercial chemical development which develops uses for products and makes the initial introductory sales for such uses. Large chemical companies have expanded their marketing activities through the use of market development departments. However, the information available for a complete market development study is widely scattered. By gathering this information into an organized program it may be used as a guide for small chemical companies in their marketing activities. / Master of Science

Four rapid soil test extracting procedures for potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, and one absorption procedure for potassium and phosphorus were compared. The soils studied represented important agricultural soils in the Coastal Plains, Piedmont and the Limestone Valley areas of Virginia. Extracting and testing procedures were evaluated on the basis of laboratory performance by correlation with supplemental yield data from 49 field experiments. Four systems of soil test interpretation were applied in correlating soil tests with crop response to current fertilizer applications. It appeared that only an empirical correlation could be made between crop response and a soil testing procedure which attempts to simulate seasonal crop removal of soil nutrients. A more basic, more tenable correlation appeared possible with soi1 testing procedures which approach total measurement of exchangeable K₂O, CaO and MgO, and adsorbed and acid soluble P₂O₅. With certain modifications, Bray's sodium perchlorate solution was the most promising of the extractants tested for measuring total exchangeable K₂O, CaO and MgO. Neither the acetate or the chloride ion adequately measured adsorbed P₂O₅. No other anions were tested in the phosphorus extractions. It appeared questionable that absorption techniques could be adapted to a correlation with the response of general field crops to fertilizer applications. The chemical testing procedures used for determining K₂O, P₂O₅ and MgO in the soil extracts were found quite satisfactory. Calcium tests on soil extracts were erratic. The variability of calcium readings appeared to result from pH relationships involved both in the extraction and in the developed test solutions. The "high-low-medium" interpretation and the interpretation based upon simple response or non-response permitted only a general correlation to be made. Their potential value appeared to be chiefly that of giving support to fertilizer recommendations arrived at on the basis of more specific information regarding the soil type, soil pH, the crop to be grown, the location, and the cropping and fertilization history of the field. The balance sheet interpretation must, of necessity, be based upon fractional extraction. Such a correlation must be strictly empirical. A balance sheet correlation, using any the extracting procedures that were tested, did not appear to be possible for corn on the heavy soils of the Limestone Valley. The growth curve interpretation as developed by Bray in Illinois appeared moat promising as a means for resolving fertilizer practice based upon rapid soil tests to a simple formula which takes into consideration current soU productivity and the specific behavior of specific crops to soil and fertilizer nutrients in specific soils. The accurate determination of the constants involved will permit a quantitative relationship between soil teats and fertilizer recommendations. / Master of Science

The effect of acetic acid on the cellulose content of viscose is negligible upon standing. The sodium zincate method fails to give satisfactory results in the determination of initial sulfur:cellulose a ratio in the crumbs. / Master of Science

Three reaction paths (Charts II, III and IV) have been shown for the preparation of the following three compounds which are of interest because they are structurally related to DB2: 9â tri-chlormethylanthracene, 3-chloro-9-â ¢trichlomethylanthracene and 2,7-dichloro·10-trichlomethylanthracene. / Master of Science

Investigations were conducted of the statistical aspects of basic research, engineering development, and economic problems pertinent to the Lane Company, Altavista, Virginia, cedar chest manufacturer. Estimations were made of the quality level and variability of various manufacturing operations, e.g., the veneer slicer, gang saws, hot plate press, planers, sanders, top panel inspection, and finish inspection. Statistical quality control procedures were established at points in the processes most feasible for and responsive to their application. A thorough study was made of available data on chests returned by consumers because of open corners. The percentage of returned chests was related to differences in case size and to differences in the predicted equilibrium moisture content of wood in the plant during manufacture. These relationships were presented as a basis for determining the months of the year during which it will be economically profitable to 3-ply chests of various sizes as a protective action against returned chests. An experiment was designed to estimate the effects of high humidity conditions on the rupture of the corners of cedar chests having different panel constructions, corner constructions, and glue treatments. A proposed design with an outline of the analysis was presented. Some thought was directed to the measurement of the moisture content of cedar wood. It was proposed that a combination of both oven-dry and electrometric methods, rather than by an extraction-distillation method alone, might be employed to estimate more precisely the true moisture content under industrial conditions. / Master of Science

Progress in Industrial Engineering has consistently been closely associated with progress in measurement. The accuracy required for interchangeable parts in modern precision equipment became a reality only after years of development, refinement, and research in the field of measurement. The Standard Units for linear dimensions were at one period in history such inaccurate measures as “width of a man's hand", "the length of a man's foot", or "the normal reach of a man’s arm", When accurate standards based on the Standard Yard were comparatively recently accepted universally, there remained a serious problem in developing instruments that would measure small divisions accurately. Mass production has emphasised the paramount importance of human relations in industry. Understanding and agreement between individuals demand an accurate measure of human effort and accomplishment. Time Study with primary emphasis on Work Simplification has proven so near the answer that it has been subject to unwarranted claims and therefore unjust criticism. Instruments for measuring the accomplishment of individuals have been developed to securities beyond ordinary demand. However, the level of performance of the individual remains purely a matter of human judgement, unless supported by extensive data taken from the measurement of a large number of individuals representing a true cross section of industrial workers. Industrial Engineers have developed remarkable skill in judging the performance of individuals in relation to that which can be expected from the average worker who has been reasonably selected and reasonably trained, but similar skill might have been developed in judging the ”width of the average man's hand" or "the length of the average man's arm". An equitable measure of the time required to perform specific tasks demands a generally accepted standard that can be applied directly to the motions used in performing the task. We would then have a unit of measure with no more reason for objection than there might be today by someone who thought the yard should be somewhat longer or somewhat shorter than the accepted standard. / Master of Science

The original objectives of this thesis were two: 1.) to investigate the accuracy of standard time values for cranking motions determined by other persons and groups, and, 2.) to establish standard time values for cranking motions of diameters 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, and 24 inches respectively. / Master of Science

In the past few years, great strides have been made toward simplification and improvement of the classical methods of the design of circular tanks. The need for a fast and efficient method by which engineers may determine the "indeterminate" stresses that exist in the walls and floors of circular tanks, of steel and concrete, has long been recognized. A simplified approach to the problem, which has been used by engineers for many years, merely employs the basic history of liquid pressure on the walls of pipes of large diameter. However, the use of this theory results in great waste of structural material. The advent of modern methods of placing reinforce concrete and the use of large, shallow settling tanks, has necessitated a more thorough investigation of the stress distribution both in tension and in bending, which exists in the tank wall, through the continuity between floor and wall. Credit for the introduction of a more rigorous analysis of the stresses in circular concrete tanks may be given to Mr. George S. Salter (1), whose theory has become quite popular since 1940, although the U.S. Navy (2) published charts and tables of tank stress distribution as early as 1924. A few existing theories will be discussed in Section II. Although there have been very few failures of tank structures, a more thorough study of tank design is still needed by the engineering profession. It is hoped that this thesis may, to some extent, contribute to forming a basis for future improvement and simplification of the popular methods of tank design. / Master of Science

“...the truest way to an honest and inspiring architecture is through a sincere attempt to gain beauty in a simple way.”¹⁾ Talbot Hamlin The work contained herein does not attempt to be a solution to church design problems. It is, rather, a step in the direction of design with a sound philosophical background, related to our present-day and anticipated needs. The first purpose of this study is to relate the buildings to the people and their surroundings. In essence, this is architecture and city planning as one. The buildings of our cities must be related to their surroundings, they must be built with regard to the future, and must satisfy the emotions of the people. If these requirements are not fully met, our architecture and cities will continue to decay. The second purpose of this study is to review the best and latest sources of information on ecclesiastical architecture, to analyze this information, and from the acquired knowledge to formulate a program for the design of a church which shall be a design for worship. The resultant design is not intended to be the ultimate in church architecture, but to be a reference of direction in church architecture controlled by a philosophy which is the foundation of the design. Its basic principles strive toward a church for daily use, possessing an atmosphere suited to the use. This church will grow in size and will grow in the heart of the people as they realize the advantages of a variety of activities within the church. The result is a church to meet the daily needs of the congregation and those reached by its influence. 1) Talbot Hamlin: Architecture, An Art For All Men, Columbia University Press, 1947, p. 244. / Master of Science