The experimental parameters controlling the rate and mechanism of the decomposition of compounds and the products formed, in a moving carrier gas stream were investigated. The parameters studied included the effects of pyrolysis temperature, sample size, sample weight, flow rate of the carrier gas, the method of introducing the sample into the pyrolysis unit. An apparatus for pyrolysis-gas chromatography, using tho commonly used boat and furnace technique, was developed. Commercial grade sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate was chosen for a model compound. The optimum conditions for the pyrolysis-gas chromatographic analysis of this material were established by the careful study of the experimental parameters. The most serious limitations to this method of pyrolysis-gas chromatography appeared to be the strong dependence on the sample size and tho dependence on pyrolysis temperature, i.e., on the rate at which the sample was brought to the pyrolysis temperature. As the size of the sample was increased the amount of residue in the boat also increased. Also, although the majority of the sample was pyrolyzed at 580°C the amount of residue would decrease as the temperature was raised to a maximum of 710°C. A certain amount of residue always remained in the boat. The residue can be explained as the product of secondary reactions occurring between the initial pyrolysis intermediates (free radicals) and the unpyrolyzed portion of the sample. In an attempt to eliminate these effects of secondary reactions a new technique of pyrolysis-gas chromatography by direct injection of solutions was developed. By handling the samples in dilute solution it was shown that a much smaller sample could be pyrolyzed such that the probability or secondary reactions was greatly reduced. Also the very small samples allow an apparent instantaneous heating of the samples to a given pyrolysis temperature. This approach offers a means of obtaining the simplest possible products from the pyrolysis of a compound, therefore offering a more accurate insight into the mechanism of the pyrolysis. These products then offer a means of establishing the structure of the original compound. Using this technique a method was developed for analyzing aqueous solutions containing the alkylbenzene sulfonates. This method provides not only a measure of the total detergent present but also differentiates between the various alkyl groups found in the commercial products. The alkyl groups form the 1-alkenes which can be easily identified chromatographically. The conditions for this analysis along with curves showing the products obtained from the pyrolysis of samples with both straight and branched alkyl groups are given. While the majority of the work done here was with aqueous solutions an attempt was made to determine the stability or some of the common organic solvents under such pyrolysis conditions. Those solvents studied were methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, methanol, ethanol, and acetone. All of these solvents were round to be stable up to 500°C; however, at temperatures greater than this the decomposition of the solvents limits their use. The technique of pyrolysis-gas chromatography by direct injection or solutions was also applied to certain amino acids in ethanol-water solutions. The results were again much more accurate than those found with the boat technique. This technique was also shown to be useful in determining the structure of organic chelates bound to metal atoms. Solutions of copper II and chromium III acetyl-acetonates in chloroform were pyrolyzed and the product identified as acetylacetone. This offers a means of determining both the number and type of chelates bound to a given metal atom. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this investigation is to present a new account of the genus Saprolegnia, to bring together in one paper the published studies dealing with the morphology and taxonomy of the various species, and to add to this information conclusions based upon observations of living material. The majority of living specimens was obtained from 864 collections of water and soil made by the writer and others in eleven states and in Australia, England and India. The procedures used in the isolation and propagation of these fungi is presented. All isolates studied were propagated on a chemically defined medium, as well as, on halves of sterilized hemp seed (Cannabis sativa). Reliable taxonomic criteria are used in the keys provided for the identification of species. As a result of this investigation, fifteen species are recognized as valid members. Three new combinations are proposed. Four species are doubtful and eighteen taxa are excluded from the genus. / Ph. D.

Panel flutter is an important design consideration for vehicles traveling at supersonic speeds. Most theoretical analyses of panel flutter consider the motion of the panel to be described adequately by classical thin plate theory. In such a theory, transverse shear deformations are neglected which is a reasonable assumption for solid plates. For a sandwich panel, neglect of transverse shear deformations may not be a good assumption in flutter analysis inasmuch as studies have indicated that the vibration and buckling behavior of such panels can be affected significantly by shear deformations. An analysis which considers transverse shear deformations is presented in order to determine the effect of finite transverse shear stiffness on the flutter behavior of sandwich plates. The sandwich theory used is due to Libove and Batdorf. The essential feature of this theory is that straight line elements perpendicular to the undeformed middle surface remain straight and of the same length but are not necessarily perpendicular to the deformed middle surface. The aerodynamic loading on the panel is given by two-dimensional static aerodynamics. The adequacy of such an approximation has been demonstrated for panels rigid in shear and the mathematical simplicity allows closed-form solutions to be found. The analysis proceeds from consideration of the equilibrium of an infinitesimal element. If equations are written in terms of the deflection and two shear deformations for equilibrium of forces in the z direction and equilibrium. of moments about the x and y axis, three differential equations involving the three unknown displacements are obtained. This system of equations is of sixth order with constant coefficients, but for simple support boundary conditions on the streamwise edges an exact solution can be obtained. The associated characteristics equation can be factored into a fourth degree equation and a second degree equation; thus an analytical expression can be obtained for the characteristic roots. The solution just described is a general solution for the motion of a sandwich panel simply supported along streamwise edges and subject to inertia loading and aerodynamic forces given by two-dimensional static aerodynamics. Any combination of boundary conditions consistent with the sandwich plate theory used can be applied at the leading and trailing edges. Two cases are considered: simply supported leading and trailing edges and clamped leading and trailing edges. With the use of either set of boundary condition, a transcendental equation is obtained which is satisfied by various combinations of frequency and dynamic pressure. The dynamic pressure necessary to cause the frequency to become complex corresponds to divergent oscillatory motion or flutter. Values of the flutter dynamic pressure have been calculated as a function of length-width ratio for a large range of shear stiffness. For infinite shear stiffness the results agree with those established by previous investigators. As shear stiffness decreases, the flutter dynamic pressure usually decreases also. An unusual result of the analysis is that at low length-width ratios, a clamped panel has a lower flutter dynamic pressure than a simply supported panel even though the vibration frequencies are higher for the clamped panel. Results are not presented for panels with normal inplane loadings but they can be obtained from the equations given. The analysis shows that flutter is independent of normal inplane loadings perpendicular to the flow direction just as was found for panels rigid in shear. An approximate two-mode Galerkin solution to the problem has been obtained by a previous investigator. Comparison of the exact solution to the approximate solution shows the approximate analysis to be in increasing error as length-width ratio increases or shear stiffness decreases. / Ph. D.

Topological groupoids with"approximate" inverses are studied. In the compact case, these"approximate" inverses turn out to be true inverses. Examples of groupoids wL:h"approximate" inverses are given in the section dealing with function spaces. Using the classical construction of Haar as a guide, we succeed in obtaining a (non-trivial) regular, right-invariant measure over a locally compact left group satisfying the conditions: a) open sets are preserved by left translation b) each group component is open. In the section dealing with integrals, we consider a compact metric topological semigroup that is right simple 3nd possesses a right contractive metric (ρ(xz,yz) ≤ ρ(x,y)). It is shown that such a structure always carries a non-trivial right-invariant integral. Throughout the entire development, associativity is invoked only once. The investigation concludes with a section dealing with sufficient conditions under which binary-topological systems become topological groups. A mob-group is defined to be a T_o-space which is also an algebraic group. A theorem in the last section states that a mob-group is a topological group iff given any open set W about the identity, W ∩ W⁻¹ has non-void interior. / Ph. D.

Lack of re-enrollment in 4-H Club work after one year participation is studied. / Master of Science

Le travail de notre thèse a porté sur la théologie de l'art expressionniste telle que le comprend Paul Tillich dans ses écrits du premier enseignement qui s'étendent de 1919 à 1926. Tillich développe deux perspectives principales dans la dynamique qui anime le lien entre la peinture expressionniste et la théologie de la culture. Il y a d'abord une signification socioculturelle dominée par l'élément de révolte qui nourrit l’art expressionniste, en réaction à la culture de la société bourgeoise. La pensée du socialisme religieux se veut une continuité de cette révolte mais elle la dépasse dans le principe du réalisme croyant. Mais il y a aussi une signification religieuse qui émerge des oeuvres expressionnistes bien que celles-ci soient considérées, par la plupart des critiques esthétiques, comme des peintures à thème profane.Tillich offre ainsi les perspectives d’une théologie visionnaire qui permet d ’envisager de nouveaux cadres de lectures pour la compréhension de l'art contemporain et de la société actuelle.

Este estudo visou realizar um resgate histórico e, através do método de modelagem acústica, reconstruir acusticamente as salas de cinema projetadas pelo arquiteto Rino Levi. Utilizando dados mensuráveis e relatos publicados por Rino e outros autores, modelos foram criados. A partir dos modelos, realizaram-se comparações e avaliações dos parâmetros acústicos e das respostas, obtidas através de mapas acústicos gerados por simulações, para verificar as técnicas e soluções empregadas pelo arquiteto. Comprovou-se que a metodologia desenvolvida pelo arquiteto para a realização do tratamento acústico da sala do cinema é pertinente e inovadora para a época, entretanto algumas técnicas e soluções, em função dos resultados apresentados, passam a ser questionadas. O Cine Ufa-Palácio, o primeiro cinema a ser projetado por Levi, apresentou o melhor desempenho acústico em função de soluções empregadas somente no seu projeto. Nos outros projetos, principalmente no Cine Universo e Piratininga, notou-se, através do desempenho acústico, que algumas soluções contribuíram para um resultado pouco satisfatório. A importância de Levi para a acústica no Brasil é incontestável, mas suas soluções, até divulgadas como muito eficientes, devem ser repensadas e tratadas com critérios para a correção de possíveis falhas. Finalmente, o contato com essas salas de cinema projetadas por Levi foi significativo, independente dos resultados, por constatar a sua visão sobre arquitetura, baseada na técnica e nos princípios científicos, enfatizando um raciocínio projetual que revela a clareza de sua arquitetura. / A historical virtual acoustical reconstruction was developed in five movie theaters designed by the architect Rino Levi from 1936 to 1941, in the cities of São Paulo and Recife, by means of computer simulations. Such approach was chosen because these movie theatres have been demised or are now used with different purposes. Rino Levi is recognized as one of the Brazilian greatest architects, and the present work shows that he was perhaps the first to introduce the scientific results of Sabine in the design of acoustical sensitive rooms. By means of the original drawings and reports published by Rino Levi and others, geometric models have been created to carry out the computer simulations. From these models, Reverberation Times and Early Decay Times were obtained, and maps of speech intelligibility parameters such as C50 and RaSTI throughout the audiences have been generated. These allowed the evaluation of the acoustical results that would have been achieved by Rino Levi in these cinemas. Although the approaches employed by Rino Levi was considered innovative at that time, it is shown that some of his solutions, particularly those related to the shapes of the internal surfaces and structures, may be questioned by the present day knowledge. It is shown that Cine-Ufa Palace, the first movie theater designed by Rino Levi, supposedly presented the best acoustic performance among the movie theatres that have been simulated, whereas the adopted solutions to other cinemas, such as Cine Universe and Cine Piratininga, may have contributed to unsatisfactory acoustical results. Finally, regardless of the criticisms that can now be made to his approaches in the acoustical design of rooms, the acoustical reconstruction of the movie theaters designed by Rino Levi was significant, because it has been possible to get acquainted with his views of architecture, which had been based on technical and scientific principles, emphasizing a project reasoning that reveals the clarity of his solutions.

Este estudo visou realizar um resgate histórico e, através do método de modelagem acústica, reconstruir acusticamente as salas de cinema projetadas pelo arquiteto Rino Levi. Utilizando dados mensuráveis e relatos publicados por Rino e outros autores, modelos foram criados. A partir dos modelos, realizaram-se comparações e avaliações dos parâmetros acústicos e das respostas, obtidas através de mapas acústicos gerados por simulações, para verificar as técnicas e soluções empregadas pelo arquiteto. Comprovou-se que a metodologia desenvolvida pelo arquiteto para a realização do tratamento acústico da sala do cinema é pertinente e inovadora para a época, entretanto algumas técnicas e soluções, em função dos resultados apresentados, passam a ser questionadas. O Cine Ufa-Palácio, o primeiro cinema a ser projetado por Levi, apresentou o melhor desempenho acústico em função de soluções empregadas somente no seu projeto. Nos outros projetos, principalmente no Cine Universo e Piratininga, notou-se, através do desempenho acústico, que algumas soluções contribuíram para um resultado pouco satisfatório. A importância de Levi para a acústica no Brasil é incontestável, mas suas soluções, até divulgadas como muito eficientes, devem ser repensadas e tratadas com critérios para a correção de possíveis falhas. Finalmente, o contato com essas salas de cinema projetadas por Levi foi significativo, independente dos resultados, por constatar a sua visão sobre arquitetura, baseada na técnica e nos princípios científicos, enfatizando um raciocínio projetual que revela a clareza de sua arquitetura. / A historical virtual acoustical reconstruction was developed in five movie theaters designed by the architect Rino Levi from 1936 to 1941, in the cities of São Paulo and Recife, by means of computer simulations. Such approach was chosen because these movie theatres have been demised or are now used with different purposes. Rino Levi is recognized as one of the Brazilian greatest architects, and the present work shows that he was perhaps the first to introduce the scientific results of Sabine in the design of acoustical sensitive rooms. By means of the original drawings and reports published by Rino Levi and others, geometric models have been created to carry out the computer simulations. From these models, Reverberation Times and Early Decay Times were obtained, and maps of speech intelligibility parameters such as C50 and RaSTI throughout the audiences have been generated. These allowed the evaluation of the acoustical results that would have been achieved by Rino Levi in these cinemas. Although the approaches employed by Rino Levi was considered innovative at that time, it is shown that some of his solutions, particularly those related to the shapes of the internal surfaces and structures, may be questioned by the present day knowledge. It is shown that Cine-Ufa Palace, the first movie theater designed by Rino Levi, supposedly presented the best acoustic performance among the movie theatres that have been simulated, whereas the adopted solutions to other cinemas, such as Cine Universe and Cine Piratininga, may have contributed to unsatisfactory acoustical results. Finally, regardless of the criticisms that can now be made to his approaches in the acoustical design of rooms, the acoustical reconstruction of the movie theaters designed by Rino Levi was significant, because it has been possible to get acquainted with his views of architecture, which had been based on technical and scientific principles, emphasizing a project reasoning that reveals the clarity of his solutions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the changes in countries of origin and occupational groups of immigrants to the United States after the implementation of the 1965 Immigration Act. The basic policy change in the 1965 Immigration Act was essentially the abolition of the National Origins Quota System. The new law led to obvious changes in the origins of immigrants. The number of Southern European, Asian and Caribbean immigrants significantly increased since the implementation of the Act. The sources of the various occupational groups shifted to some extent. The number of immigrants in the professional and highly skilled categories increased significantly. The impact of the changes aggravated the "brain drain" problem.

This essay discusses Le Corbusier's Modulor through its appearance in the Poeme de l'angle droit. The Poeme reveals the architect's later thinking in a synthetic and precise way, offering precious help for its comprehension. A study of the Modulor in such context demonstrates that it was more than an attempt to develop a modular methodology. Embodied in the Poeme, the Modulor discloses Le Corbusier's struggle to create a framework for his practice, providing invaluable insights into our present condition.