Absolute measurements, using the manganese bath technique and prompt-neutron coincidence calibration of fission counters, have been carried out to obtain independent evaluations the total yield of neutrons in thermal fission of U²³⁵[ν̅(U²³⁵)] and spontaneous fission of Cf²⁵²[ν̅(Cf²⁵²)]. In this experiment, the neutron-fission coincidence phase was used to calibrate only the fission counter efficiency; this calibrated fission counter was then inserted in a large manganese bath where the fission rate and neutron rate were simultaneously monitored. The absolute efficiency of the manganese bath was determined with the aid of a series of supplementary experiments, including frequent comparison of absolute 4π beta-gamma coincidence counting with the liquid radio-assay system. The over-all neutron detection efficiency relies heavily on the published manganese/hydrogen cross-section ratio, now known to about 0.3%. Corroboration of the neutron efficiency is found by obtaining a source rate of (1.185 ± 0.007) x 10⁶ neutrons/ sec for the U.S. National Bureau of Standards secondary source (NBS-II), which has a most recent best value (1.180 ± 0.012) x 10⁶ neutrons/sec. It is believed that this method is free of certain possible systematic errors, namely (1) a priori with regard to the fission neutron spectrum; (2) calibration of a detector whose sensitivity is comparatively neutron-energy dependent; and (3) angular anisotropy of neutron emission in flat-foil fission chambers. Examination of the literature and of data obtained from specific experiments indicates that this latter problem may be responsible for the relatively large scatter compared to the reported precision of published values of the U²³⁵ fission cross section and v̅. The results of this experiment, ν̅(U²³⁵) = 2.407 ± 0.03 neutrons/fission and ν̅(Cf²⁵²) = 3.750 ± 0.028 neutrons/fission, are highly consistent with weighted averages determined by international data compilation centers. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Niyaz Fateh&dotbelow;puri (1884-1966 A.D./1302-1384 A.H.) was an accomplished literary critic, poet and religious scholar. He published a very successful magazine Nigar, primarily a literary journal, which soon became a platform for debating many of the most controversial religious, ideological, political and sociological issues of the time. It began publication in 1922 and continues to this day. / This thesis, the first detailed study in English, aims to put forward and analyze Fateh&dotbelow;puri's religious and social views in the context of the socio-political situation of the time. Through Nigar, Fateh&dotbelow;puri campaigned against the traditionalists, who he felt were responsible for the lack of both worldly and spiritual progress of Muslims because they fostered an unquestioning attitude on religious matters. / He discussed many religious concepts, for instance, revelation, free will and predestination, the hereafter, as well as the purpose of Islamic practices like prayer, fasting and charity. He believed that the basic purpose of religion was to teach akhlaq (ethical spirit) to people. Akhlaq, for him, meant doing good deeds for their own sake (as an individual's natural duty) and for the love of God. He offered what he believed to be the "rational" meaning of religion; his interpretation of religion was completely shorn of anything super-natural, and consisted of only those beliefs and actions which he thought were logical. / However, he defended the traditional role of women in society, which he saw as managing the household effectively. He considered this rational, since nature had made men and women different to enable them to perform different roles in society. Women, however, were equal to men, since their role in society was as important as that of men.

by L.A. Bassalygo, S.I. Gelfand, M.S. Pinsker. / "April 1990." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 9). / Research supported by an A.P. Sloan Foundation Grant. 88-10-1

D.Litt et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

No description available.

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The removal of water from fine coal (minus 3/8 inch, especially minus 48 mesh Tyler) has been a major problem of the coal industry. Thermal dryers have been used exclusively as a means of reducing the fine coal moisture. Because of its high capital, operating costs, and safety hazards, an alternate method of moisture reduction is highly desirable in the coal industry. The major effort of this thesis was directed towards the development of a method to dewater fine coal by the application of high temperature and pressure to a filter slurry. This method might have the possibility of replacing conventional thermal dryers for fine coal drying. In addition, the effect of temperature, pressure, dry cycle time, slurry density, cake thickness, and evaporation on filter cake moisture were studied simultaneously. The fine coal sample was obtained from The Itmann Coal Mine, Consolidation Coal Company. It contained 47.3 percent minus 100 mesh Tyler and 30 percent minus 200 mesh Tyler material in size. A small eight inch in diameter laboratory pressure filter with a heater and agitating device were used for this study. Filter cake moisture decreased with increasing temperature and pressure. The moisture reduction did not vary proportionally with increasing temperature and pressure, but diminished with increasing temperature and pressure. The effect of dry cycle time on filter cake moisture was substantially reduced as the dry cycle time was increased over 90 seconds. The filter cake moisture decreased at an average of 2.5 percent when the slurry density varied from 30 to 50 percent in 10 percent increments. The filter cake moisture decreased approximately one percent for 1/4 inch decrements from 1 1/4 to 1/2 inch cake thickness. Approximately three to five percent moisture reduction was effected by evaporation, depending upon the cake temperature and ambient conditions. Finally, results indicated that the filter cake moisture could be substantially reduced to 9.5 percent by using a temperature of 260 degrees Fahrenheit, a pressure of 60 pounds per square inch, and a cake thickness of 1/2 inch with a dry cycle time of two minutes. Evaporation resulting from the residual heat in the cake caused a further reduction in the moisture content from 9.5 percent to 5.1 percent. The highest capacity obtained from this study was 2905.66 pounds of dry coal per hour per square foot form rate. The total heat requirement to produce one ton of dry coal containing 5.1 percent moisture was 157,950 British Thermal Units if all the heat losses except the heat in the discharged cake could be saved. This level of heat requirement is significantly less than that of conventional thermal dryers. The proposed method of this investigation may be capable of replacing conventional thermal dryers for fine coal drying, if measures are taken to recover as much heat as possible by counter-current heating of the intake slurry with the hot filtrate. Less cost and concurrent advantages for safety and air pollution are additional advantages over conventional thermal dryers. / M.S.

This paper considers the problem of placing fiducial limits on an unknown parameter of a population, on the basis of a sample drawn from the population. The concept of fiducial limits is generalized to that of finding a fiducial distribution for the parameter. Necessary conditions for application of fiducial theory are considered. Examples are given to illustrate the methods used. Particular attention is given to the meaning which should be associated with a fiducial probability statement. It is shown that, in many cases, fiducial probability has a meaning related to frequency of events. An example is given to illustrate a case where fiducial probability cannot be given such an interpretation. The relationship of the fiducial distribution to a Bayesian posterior distribution is considered. The use of fiducial theory is shown by applying it to solve two important problems in statistical estimation. / M.S.

The investigation was involved with the reduction of the lining temperatures of a caliper disc brake by conversion of the standard mass produced wheel into a ventilated fan unit. The prerequisite was a newly designed vehicle wheel, fabricated in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Lining temperature comparison tests of the standard and newly designed Ventilated Fan Wheel were made, giving due consideration to various wheel speeds and particular conditions. The wheels were mounted simulating as nearly as possible the conditions one may find on an actual vehicle. Test speeds over a random spectrum in 10 MPH increments were selected. The cooling or heating rate data was acquired by using a General Electric cradle dynamometer. A manually operated hydraulic device was used to apply the normal braking force to the rotating brake disc. The energy absorption converted into heat and established a temperature gradient in the brake friction pads. The temperature of the pads was recorded with respect to time. The results were conclusive; the newly designed Ventilated Fan Wheel showed substantial reduction in the operating temperatures of the brake friction pads. / M.S.