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Note: / In the history of Islam in Indonesia, the Islamic movement of Nahdlatul Ulama may be regarded as a unique one. A bit more than a quarter of a century ago it rose to face “the endangering elements” from reformist-modernist group who introduced and carried on the ideas of Abduh and Al Afghani in Indonesia. The N. U. suspected that this group intended not only to lead Indonesian Islam away from the idea and principles of mazhabite teachings, but also to weaken the traditional position of ulama in the ymmat society. From one angle, the N.U. movement, therefore, was similar to the one of the Azharite ulama which fiercely opposed the new ideas carried out by the two leading figures mentioned above. The pages of the history of Islam in Indonesia since then may be said to have been 'decorated' by conflicts and reconciliations between these two blocs. Actions and reactions from both sides will continue so long a s the two ideological and Weltanschauung generators rotate on different axes.

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I denna studie studeras sex sagoböcker för barn ur ett genusperspektiv. Studien syftar till att undersöka och jämföra hur kön framställs och hur fördelningen mellan könen ser ut i sagoböcker ur serien Bland tomtar och troll. Böckerna är utgivna 1966, 1974, 1983, 1993, 2003 och 2012. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har en kvantitativ innehållsanalys och kvalitativ textanalys genomförs. Vi har räknat förekomsten av båda könen och studerat vad könen framställs med för egenskaper. Resultatet av denna studie visar att det finns en förändring mellan fördelning och förekomst av könen från 1966 till 2012, då det 2012 till skillnad mot tidigare finns nästan lika många kvinnliga karaktärer som manliga. Flickor har fått en mer framträdande roll och framställs med egenskaper som tidigare varit förbehållna pojkar. Pojkar framställas fortfarande som äventyrliga och modiga. Även om det skett en förändring från 1966 är fortfarande manliga karaktärer i majoritet 2012 och traditionella könsroller är fortsatt framträdande.

Through an examination of the life and writings of the Egyptian Islamist Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), this dissertation seeks to determine the conceptual bases of the Islamic movement in twentieth-century Egypt. It is argued that the central factor in the rise of islamically-oriented opposition to the elite order has been the gradual emergence in Egypt of the distinctively modern form of the nation-state. Specifically, the processes of Egyptian State formation are seen as responsible not only for the creation of conditions conducive to oppositional Islamism, but for engendering notions of national community and historical transformation which, through the processes of discursive transmutation, have provided the core of political sentiment undergirding this particular form of dissent.

Axmatova wrote the poem Primorskij park Pobedy in 1950 for Slava miru, a collection of verses that glorified Stalin. This poem was included in all her books that were published before her death (1966), apparently to please her censors. A few specialists that are trying today to establish a canonical and definitive version of her poetical works believe that Primorskij park Pobedy cannot be treated as a real Axmatova poem. The exclusion of a "parasitical" element seems unjustified if we conceive Axmatova's poetical works not as a complete Book, that is a definite and homogenous whole, but as a variable unity with undetermined limits. / When we read Primorskij park Pobedy through an intertextual network, the superficial meaning of the poem cracks and collapses. The text becomes open: under a trivial and official meaning is concealed an infinity of possible meanings. Our thesis explores this polysemy by showing how Axmatova's poem can generate a system of intertextual relations.

This Master's thesis proposes to examine the place of space in five works by Andre Breton which are: Nadja (1928); Les Vases communicants (1932); L'Amour fou (1937); Arcane 17 (1945); Martinique charmeuse de serpents (1948). The first chapter of this thesis deals with the problem of space and its definitions through a sequence of seven authors who propose different perspectives. The second chapter explores the literary, the imaginary and the textual spaces in the aforementionned works while taking into account numerous surrealist concepts proposed by Breton.

Until recently, criticism has dismissed Flann O'Brien's journalism (written under the pseudonym "Myles na gCopaleen") as not worthy of study, and has tended to focus on the elements of satire in his novels. This thesis demonstrates the importance of O'Brien's Cruiskeen Lawn column, written for the Irish Times between 1940 and 1966, by studying the column's use of the satirical parody. After presenting a brief history of the critical reaction to the column, I discuss how satirical parody is employed in O'Brien's novels, grounding my argument in previous critical studies of O'Brien's satire. I then apply this understanding of O'Brien's fiction to his journalism, establishing the column as a significant body of writing worthy of continued critical study.

Anna Akhmatova's poetical works have been heard of a lot in the past few years, mainly because of the celebration in 1989 of her 100th birthday. But if literary analyses of her works can be counted by the hundreds, to find something written about her in, let's say, a more semantical fashion can prove very difficult. A writer is nothing without his words, and among these words, the verbs play an important role, since their mission is to convey the action of a sentence. If one can dispose of all the verbs of a given writer, one is in a better position to analyse this writer. Furthermore, if this list of verbs comprises all the conjugated forms of these verbs, then one has a fantastic data base with illimited possibilities. A frequency dictionnary is a first rate tool in order to establish comparisons, and this is what I attempted to do in this work.

This thesis is an ethnographic study of five women???s organisations in Malang, Indonesia. The contemporary significance of local women???s organisations in the lives of kampung women in Indonesia is revealed through an investigation of the relationship between the Indonesian state, local communities and women. This study sets contemporary women???s organisations in the context of their changing historical role and relationship with the state. Women???s organisations have been a part of the Indonesian political and social landscape since the early twentieth century. They played an important role in mobilising women during the struggle for independence. Under Sukarno???s policy of Guided Democracy, restrictions were placed on the political mobilising role of all organisations, including those for women. These restrictions were taken much further under Suharto???s New Order government when many were proscribed. Only state-approved and controlled organisations were accepted. The New Order era essentially undermined the credibility of women???s organisations as vehicles for promoting women???s interests, instead they were generally regarded as ???tools of the state???. Indonesianists and feminists have been especially critical of state-run women???s organisations arguing they have offered Indonesian women ???no path to female power???. This perception of state-sponsored women???s organisations has continued in the post-Suharto era even though their links to the state have changed radically. They now exist alongside a range of NGOs, religious and social women???s organisations. The crucial question that this thesis addresses is why these state-sponsored organisations continue to exist and what motivates women???s participation in these organisations? Through membership in local women???s organisations women enter into a complex relationship with the state, local society and the socio-religious and political institutions within the wider society. The membership status women enjoy provides them with opportunities to engage in a social bargain. Through this bargaining process, local women make social, religious, personal and romantic gains for themselves. The results of the social bargaining process depend largely on the particular organisation to which women belong but they remain strongly oriented towards their local kampung worlds. The thesis provides an alternative way of thinking about the complex role that women???s organisations play in Indonesian society and what function they may continue to have within Indonesia???s post-Suharto future.