Four studies were conducted to determine if the copper requirement is effected by the dietary level of iron and if higher than normal levels of iron are beneficial when high dietary copper levels are fed. A factorial design utilizing 3 levels of copper and 2 levels of iron was used. Diets containing 257 ppm copper when fed to growing pigs tended to produce heavier weights when the pigs were limit-fed. The response was greater when the pigs were full-fed due to increased feed intake. Dietary copper at a level of 257 ppm significantly reduced hemoglobin values and serum iron values, in the absence of supplemental iron. Serum copper levels were significantly increased during early growth by feeding 257 ppm dietary copper. The low copper-high iron diet produced a high serum iron level which would indicate that 7 ppm dietary copper is adequate for normal iron metabolism. Copper accumulated in the liver, kidney and hair, when the pigs were fed the high copper diet. When the diet contained a high level of iron the accumulation of copper in the liver was depressed somewhat in trial IV. The iron content of the spleen, kidney and liver was significantly decreased by the high copper intake which would suggest impaired absorption of iron in the presence of high copper. / Master of Science

Sources and yields of nutrient and organic loadings in the Upper Roanoke River Basin were investigated during the summer low flow period of 1971. Parameters monitored at sampling stations in the basin included biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total phosphate, orthophosphate, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. These data were used in conjunction with flow and drainage area data to determine the relative magnitude and daily yields of nutrient and organic yields from various sources. Sources of nutrient and organic materials entering the basin included rural and urban land drainage, and domestic and industrial wastewater effluents. The yields of materials from the various sources were computed in order to determine the magnitude of each in contributing to the fertilization of Smith Mountain Lake. The domestic wastewater effluents were found to be the prime contributors of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the upper basin. Urban land drainage was found to be the major runoff source of· phosphorus, while rural land found to be the greatest drainage source of nitrogen. It was found that diversion of all wastewater effluents 'in the tributary watershed would not reduce the concentration.of macronutrients in the Roanoke River flow to the levels generally promulgated as being adequate to support excessive productivity in lenitic aquatic environments. / Master of Science

Using a split-ejaculate technique, two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of sperm exposure to seminal plasma on freeze-thaw injury. In Experiment I, 14 ejaculates from 10 Holstein bulls were held at 32°C for either 0, 20, 40, 60, 120 or 240 min followed by dilution in egg yolk-citrate. All treatments were maintained at 32°C for 240 min post-collection, at which time semen was cooled to 5°C, glycerolated, and then frozen in .5-ml French Straws using N₂ vapor. Experiment II, using 18 ejaculates from 10 bulls, was conducted identically to Experiment I, except semen was cooled to 5°C immediately after each dilution. Semen was thawed at 5°C and incubated at 37°C. Direct counts of intact acrosomes and estimates of percent motility were recorded at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 10 hrs of incubation. In Experiment I, there was a highly significant interaction (P < .01) between holding time x ejaculates to seminal plasma with regard to acrosomal retention. Optimum exposure time ranged from 20 to 120 min and 240-min exposure was deleterious for all ejaculates (P < .05). Variation in motility was not significant among treatments. In Experiment II, holding time x ejaculates interaction was again the most significant factor (P < .01). However, 20-min exposure to seminal plasma resulted in optimum acrosomal retention post-thaw for 15 ejaculates, while 40-min exposure was optimum for 2 ejaculates and 1 ejaculate did not respond favorably to any exposure time. While degree of response to seminal plasma exposure time varied among ejaculates, 20-min exposure was not deleterious to any ejaculate. Post-thaw motility was significantly (P < .01) reduced by 240-min exposure to seminal plasma. / Master of Science

Heat transfer coefficients were measured during film condensation of steam on horizontal tubes of 0.122, 0.182, 0.250, 0.375 inches in diameter. Scale effects were eliminated by repeated cleaning of the tubes. Filmwise, dropwise, mixed, and streaky condensation patterns of steam on the horizontal tubes were observed and photographed. The flow pattern in film condensation showed definite three-dimensional behaviour and was strongly affected by surface tension for the small tube diameters used. The measured heat transfer coefficients under film condensation showed differences as much as 50 percent from the two-dimensional analytical predictions. A dimensionless number representing the ratio of the surface tension force to the gravity force was obtained from a physical analysis. The experimental results showed that when the surface tension force was small in comparison to the gravity force., the surface tension force acts to suppress the heat transfer. When the surface tension and gravity forces were of comparable magnitude, the heat transfer was augmented. / Master of Science

As a writer concerned with the obligations and responsibilities of the individual in his society, Henry James frequently dwells on the consequences of delinquent moral behavior. In order to represent the moral shortcomings of modern society, he often resorts to character types to illustrate his judgments and evaluations of the human condition. Since the novelist deemed human relations an essential element in his development of theme and meaning, one such role that seems especially appropriate in this respect is the matchmaker, or one who arranges marriages. As a device to illustrate one facet of moral blindness, the matchmaker proves an excellent example throughout James's novels, and, at the same time, reveals his increasingly complex style. A study of the Jamesian matchmaker reveals first, the use of the matchmaker as a device for discovering meaning and interpreting moral values in James's fiction; and second, the changing attitude towards this character and the increasing significance that the matchmaker assumes in the chronological development of the novelist's work. In James's fictional world of highly sophisticated people, the matchmaker demonstrates the capacity for evil and human destruction, evident even in those with the greatest potential for good. / Master of Arts

The study was undertaken as a replication of an earlier work of G.A. Hillery. It was his contention that within an organization, perceived deprivation of freedom increased conflict. He also found that a communal organization tends to maximize freedom, whereas a formal organization does not. The object of this study was to use the same procedures and methodology in an attempt to see if the author’s results were compatible with Hillery’s findings. Under the heading of formal organization, a total institution was chosen whereas under the heading of communal organization, an intentional community was chosen. The unit of analysis was each whole system. Two different methodological tools were used: participant-observation and a structured questionnaire. In the final analysis, it was concluded that freedom can be maximized in a communal organization for all its members, whereas in a formal organization, freedom can be maximized for a certain segment of its members who are superordinates rather than subordinates. It was also found that an essential criterion for maximizing freedom in an organization is whether or not the members are there under their own volition. With a particular social setting, therefore, perceived deprivation of freedom increases conflict. However, the relationship was found to be non-reversible, that is, members were violent that it is the attitude or position of those entering an organization that is essential toward a feeling of perceived deprivation of freedom. / Master of Science

The applications of the extent of separation and the extent of purification to multistage separation processes have been studied in detail. Neither index is suitable for stage-to-stage calculations in such processes. This is due to the fact that, at any stage, both indices depend only on the outlet stream compositions. It is not possible to reconstruct the inlet stream compositions knowing only the equilibrium compositions of the outlet streams, i.e., both indices represent an underspecification of the single stage within a multistage system. A new index, E_m= abs X₁₁/X₂₂ X₁₁/X₂₂ is proposed. The application of this new index to a multistage distillation process gives a much more realistic comparison of the contribution of individual stages to the observed separation. Applications to other types of multistage separation processes as well as a single stage system have also been studied. / Master of Science

A balance study was carried out to determine the utilization of coconut flour protein when used to replace a proportionate amount of wheat flour and dry skimmed milk protein in the formulation of a special milk bread called the Nutribun. This bread is used in the Philippines to supplement the protein-deficient diet of children. Six young women were placed on a low protein, high fruit and vegetable diet supplemented with two types of Nutribun. One type used wheat flour and the other type contained coconut flour at an 11 percent level in its formulation. Each subject acted as her own control to compare specific response to each Nutribun supplement. Both diets were isonitrogenous. Nitrogen determinations were made on the Nutribuns, the food composite, the feces, and the urine. Daily urinary creatinine analysis was also carried out. Observations were made on the nitrogen retention of the subjects given the two diet supplements during the study. No significant difference was found on the mean nitrogen retention of subjects fed the two diets. The use of coconut flour at 11 percent level in the Nutribun formulation did not adversely affect the acceptability or the protein utilization of the product as supplied in this experimental diet. / Master of Science

George A. Hillery's model of the city was created inductively from five case studies representing four different cultures. The model was an extension of his earlier folk-village model which assumed that the traits which were present in the folk-village were exemplary of the phenomenon community. This thesis attempted to evaluate the presence of Hillery's nineteen component traits and his integrating construct in six different cultures other than Hillery's original four. All the traits, except power, were shown to exist in the different case studies. A single example of government predominantly by power was found in a city in South Africa. The integrating construct composed of space, family, and contacts was present in all six cases. An attempt was made to elaborate upon the existing model and demonstrate interrelated hypothesis which could possibly be expanded upon in a quantitative manner. Hillery's original nineteen traits were divided into forty-four concepts which were shown to be interrelated when placed in propositional form. The propositions which contributed to the degree of urbanity contained the elements of Hillery's integrating construct. A description of the methodology, a detailed examination of each trait, a summary of the results, and an elaboration of the model are included in the thesis. / Master of Science

Field experiments were conducted with the tomato cultivar Manapal during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons to test the effects of mulching, pinching, and vine spreading on production of groundgrown, fresh market tomatoes. Pinching out the apex of tomato plants 7 days after field setting in 1971 delayed fruit harvest but did not affect total yield or fruit quality. Pinching gave no better natural distribution of foliage over the soil surface than non-pinching and made spreading more difficult by stimulating vegetative growth. Hand spreading the main branches of mature tomato vines prior to the first fruit harvest increased early season yield both years and increased total season yield in 1972 without affecting average fruit weight, percent marketable fruit, or percent ground scar and rot. Mulching with polyethylene coated kraft paper in 1971 did not influence average fruit weight or yield for either the early or total harvest season. Mulching increased the percent marketable fruit for the cumulative harvest through August but did not affect quality for the total harvest season. Mulching with black plastic in 1972 did not affect average fruit weight, yield, percent marketable fruit, or percent ground scar and rot for either the early or total harvest season. Mulching with a combination of plastic and straw decreased the percent of ground scar and rot compared to non-mulching for the total harvest season without influencing average fruit weight or percent marketable fruit. / Master of Science