The axial temperature distribution and average heat transfer coefficients were measured for a coiled tube heat exchanger. Water was heated inside the tube under turbulent flow conditions by low pressure steam condensing on the outside. Inside and outside film coefficients were determined at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Consequently, inside convection coefficients were of the same order of magnitude as the outside condensation coefficients. The inside coefficients were found to be in agreement with recent analytical solutions. Even with large variations in fluid transport properties, the axial temperature distribution was essentially linear and therefore may be represented by previous analytical solutions. Initial measurement of convective dispersion in coiled tubes was attempted using magnetic flowmeters. This approach was not successful and yielded only preliminary qualitative information as a result of an unexpected experimental problem. Recommendations are presented for an improved flowmeter design that could be used for future dispersion measurements. / Master of Science

Public land acquisition for wildlife-related purposes was studied, using land acquisition under the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act between 1947 and 1970 for the analysis. On the basis of a literature review, variables were selected for graphing and for regression analysis. Data was compiled from Federal Aid and other sources. Stepwise multiple linear regressions were run for selected land acquisition and other pertinent variables. Of 31 subproblems, 21 produced equations significant at the 0.99 probability level; 5 produced equations significant at the 0.95 probability level; 3 did-not produce significant equations; and 2 produced no equations. Land acquisition under the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act appeared to be strongly related to fund availability, competing uses for funds, increasing land prices, decreasing opportunity to buy suitable land, and increasing hunter demand for public hunting areas. / Master of Science

Many industrial operations produce phenolic wastes which are objectionable to receiving waters by conventional biological treatment, It has been established that some actinomycetes, especially Streptomyces species, are capable of decomposing a wide variety of aromatic compounds, including phenols, The.purpose of this investigation was to determine the growth characteristics of an aquatic actinomycete and to evaluate its potential for degrading o-chlorophenol. Results of the investigation showed that this Streptomyces species has two growth stages, primary and secondary. In the primary stage, growth was restricted to the bottom or subsurface of both liquid and solid media, Secondary growth occurred extensively on the medium surface, Orthochlorophenol degradation was evaluated by adding it in different concentrations to the developing cultures of the organism. The rate of degradation was increased by increasing the dose of o-chlorophenol up to a concentration of 400 milligrams per liter, Growth inhibition was clearly evident at a concentration of 500 milligrams per liter. / Master of Science

This thesis attempts to demonstrate the harmony between technique and meaning in the work of James Purdy, a contemporary American short story writer and novelist. Four major themes are explored and examined in depth: the universal human need for love and recognition; the desire to escape the past and achieve rebirth; the failure of the family unit to promote the growth of its children; and the dream-like perception of internal human reality. Purdy's use of dialogue, imagery, characterization, grotesque scenes, and written versions serves to complement the analysis of the themes. Among the works discussed are five novels and a novella: Malcolm, The Nephew, Cabot Wright Begins, Eustace Chisholm and the Works, Jeremy's Version, and "63: Dream Palace." Some attention is given to selected short stories in Color of Darkness and Children Is All. In addition, Purdy's importance as a significant voice in American fiction is given consideration. / Master of Arts

The method of Neutron Activation Analysis has been used in a test case for the development of a technique for using trace elements in plants as pollution indicators for automobile exhaust effects. The plant study in the present work is a pilot program to develop sample collection, preparation, and analysis techniques. The results obtained indicate that natural growth plants can be used successfully as indicators of automobile pollution incorporating the methods of analysis of this study. This work has been a test case for the computer program, which was used in the VPI&SU Neutron Activation Analysis Laboratory and was developed during the course of this study. The peak finding and area calculation routines incorporate uncomplicated techniques which have been shown by the test data to produce consistent results. A versatile feature of the program is that it can determine simultaneously, both . qualitatively and quantitatively, the presence of the more than 60 different elements contained in the program library. It has been shown that neutron activation analysis, employed in conjunction with the computer program described herein, using the analytical techniques developed in the VPI&SU Laboratory can provide an effective tool for defining the environmental impact area of automobile traffic. / Master of Science

The semimembranosus muscles from eight U. S. Choice beef top rounds from four carcasses were used to study the effect of oven roasting and oven braising methods on selected beef characteristics. Roasts from different locations in the muscle were randomly allotted to the four methods of cooking: oven roasted, wrapped in foil, cooked in a thermal polyester bag, and wrapped in a thermal polyester wrap. Tho roasts were cooked to an internal temperature of 66 C. (150 F.) in two electric ovens set at 149 C. (300 F.) Mean percentage total cooking loss was less for oven roasts than the oven braised methods. Volatile loss was higher for the oven roasts, and mean drip losses were more than four times greater for oven braised roasts. Determination of moisture by using a Brabender Moisture Tester and of press fluid by using a Carver Press were not significant. Roasts cooked in thermal polyester bags·and wraps increased approximately 10 C. (20 F.) when removed from the oven as compared to 5 C. (10 F.) for foil wrapped roasts and 3 C. (5 F.) for oven roasts. Mean scores for tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and overall acceptability were higher for oven roasts. The descending order for the other treatments was foil wrap, polyester bag, and polyester wrap. The mean shear value was slightly less for the oven roast than the oven braised methods. / Master of Science

Two methods of removing sulfates from sulfuric acid wastewater through the addition of barium carbonate and the formation of a barium sulfate precipitant were investigated. Optimization of barium carbonate dosage, reaction time and mixing conditions was accomplished for each method prior to evaluating the treatability of the reaction products. A synthetic wastewater consisting of 9 gm/l H2S04 was treated. A soluble sulfate content of 250 mg/l or less remaining after one hour of reaction time was the criterion for the optimization tests. The first method of sulfate removal consisted of utilizing barium carbonate in directly neutralizing sulfuric acid wastewater. Almost twice the theoretical amount of barium carbonate was required at a paddle mix speed of 250 rpm for completion of the reaction within an hour. The supernatant remaining after settling was highly turbid. This turbidity was easily removed by coagulation using an anionic 150 polyelectrolyte. The sludge was dewatered efficiently by both vacuum filtration and gravity drainage. Optimum sulfate removal was accomplished by the second method which consisted of adding barium carbonate to the wastewater after neutralization with high calcium hydrated lime. Only the theoretical amount of barium carbonate was required at a paddle mix speed of 500 rpm for completion of the BaCO₃ - CaSO₄ reaction within an hour. The supernatant after settling was acceptable. Experimental values of specific resistance for this sludge were found to be much lower than those values determined for the sludge from the first method. This sludge, however, blinded the sand bed during gravity dewatering. / Master of Science

A total expected cost model for multivariate acceptance sampling is developed. The components of cost included in the model are presented in two phases: the cost of making the quality control decision (sampling inspection) and the cost of implementing the quality control decision (accept the inspection lot, scrap the lot, or screen the lot). Several variables are to be controlled within their given specification limits, where the sample mean for each of the variables in the criterion by which lot acceptance for that variable is determined. The decision variables are the sample size and the lower and upper control limits for each of the characteristics subjected to the control. The pattern search is used to determine the values of the decision variables which minimize the total expected cost of quality control per inspection lot submitted for control. The lot mean, sample mean, and individual unit measurements for each of the quality characteristics are considered to be random variables. Sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the robustness of the model to changes in the form of the distributions on the lot means given that the desired mean and variance of these distributions has been accurately estimated. / Master of Science

The rapid deterioration of the water quality in the upper end of the Roanoke River arm of Smith Mountain Lake has caused much concern. Eutrophic conditions have been established in this portion of the lake since 1965, when it was first brought to operating level. A multiphase productivity study was conducted on Smith Mountain Lake and lower Leesville Lake during July, August and September of 1971. Parameters monitored in this study included oxygen, temperature, algae, bacteria, specific conductance, light and primary productivity. The effect of each of these parameters on the trophic levels in the reservoirs was studied. The results of this investigation showed that the inflow of the nutrient rich Roanoke River had caused eutrophic conditions to develop on the upper reaches of Smith Mountain Lake. High suspended solids levels had greatly reduced light penetration, causing productivity to be limited in the uppermost portions of the lake. Evaluation of the productivity potential of the hypolimnion of Smith Mountain Lake indicated that destratification would be detrimental to water quality. Stratification in Smith Mountain Lake was only slightly affected by the pump-back from lower Leesville Lake. Equations were developed in this study for predicting the level of productivity from light extinction coefficients. These equations showed good correlation with observed levels of productivity in the lower half of Smith Mountain Lake. / Master of Science

The in vivo effects of triiodothyronine on the synthesis of hepatic purine nucleotides was investigated in sulfaguanidine-fed hypothyroid rats. To prevent the rapid destruction of nucleotides caused by anoxia and ischemia an apparatus was designed to maintain ether anesthesia while providing normal levels of oxygen. Liver samples were obtained from anesthetized rats by freezing in situ. Administration of 15 µg of triiodothyronine to hypothyroid rats weighing 110-120 g resulted in stimulation of the incorporation of [1-¹⁴C]glycine into the total soluble adenine and guanine nucleotide pools as early as l hour following injection. The increase in the specific activity of adenine was greater than that of guanine for up to 4 hours. No increases were detected in the levels of total adenine or guanine. Hormone treatment stimulated the rate of incorporation of glycine into AMP and NAD⁺ within 1.5 hours. The magnitude of the observed increases in specific activity of AMP and NAD⁺ were dependent upon the relative timing of administration of hormone and glycine. The greatest increase in specific activity was observed in NAD⁺. The effect of the hormone on the synthesis of GMP was variable and dependent upon relative timing of administration of hormone and glycine. At the shortest times studied there was no apparent effect of the hormone on the specific activity of GMP. At longer times of hormone treatment a moderate decrease in specific activity was observed in the GMP. Treatment of rats with actinomycin D prior to hormone injection did not prevent the stimulation of synthesis due to triiodothyronine. Actinomycin D alone stimulated the incorporation of the precursor into the soluble nucleotides and magnified the effects of the hormone in increasing the specific activities of AMP and NAD⁺. / Master of Science