Soybeans within a specific seed size range are often preferred for the manufacture of specialty soy products. This study examined the influence of row spacing and seeding rate on seed yield, average seed size, and seed size uniformity of Camp (small seeded) and V71-370 (large seeded) soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 at Kentland Farm near Blacksburg, Virginia. Row widths of 38 and 76 cm and seeding rates of 125, 250, 500, and 750 thousand seeds ha⁻¹ were used. Averaged over treatments, 38-cm row spacings yielded higher than 76-cm row spacing by 11.6%. Additionally, each increase in seeding rate resulted in increased yield up to 500,000 seeds ha and then leveled off. Yield of useful seed of Camp (total yield multiplied by the proportion of seed between 4.8 and 5.6 mm in diameter) was maximized at narrow row spacings and 500,000 seeds ha⁻¹. Neither row spacing nor seeding rate influenced V71-370 yield of usable seed (larger than 7.9 mm). Averaged over years and cultivars, soybean seed size was not influenced by row spacings or seeding rates. However, in 1993, smaller Camp seed was favored by narrow rows and low seeding rate. Seed size uniformity, as determined by analysis of variance of individual seed weights was, in general, not influenced by row spacing or seeding rates. In a separate investigation in 1992, heritabilities were estimated by two methods using plot data from two replications of lines from crosses of Camp with Jizuka, MD87L-0198, and Stafford soybean cultivars. Heritabilities based on F₃ progeny means regressed on F₂ parental means ranged from 24% to 41% and were lower than the corresponding heritability estimates based on analysis of variance which ranged from 43% to 83%. Correlations of seed size with other agronomic traits were generally low. Although low in magnitude, significant positive correlations of seed size with yield in some crosses might hinder progress of breeders when selecting for small-seeded, high yielding cultivars. / Ph. D.

Due to its relatively cool, humid summers, southwestern Virginia provides an ideal climate for European earwigs, Forficula auricularia. In 1990 - 1992, nymphs were captured in wooden groove-board traps beginning in late May, adults were captured beginning in mid-June, and disappeared from sampling sites by September or October. Sex ratios were significantly female-biased most of the season, becoming more marked by the fall. The pest status of F. auncularia is exacerbated by its gregarious nature. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and accompanying behavioral bioassays showed that aggregation occurred as a result of a pheromone located on the male cuticle, which is probably a minor component of the hydrocarbon profile. Approximately 88% of the detected volatiles on the cuticle were identified as a series of normal and branched alkanes. Fatty acids and hydrocarbons were also identified in nymphal and adult legs, but these extracts were not attractive. Frass, which also contained fatty acids and hydrocarbons, was attractive, but likely acquired its attractancy through the earwigs' proclivity for consuming carcasses and exuviae. The defensive quinones produced by F aunculana repel conspecifics. A study of the behavioral repertoire of F. aunculana showed that, contrary to previous reports, only nymphs are nocturnal. Many differences in behavior were due to gender, age, and partner age. (e.g., females spent more time feeding than did males, adults fed more when paired with nymphs than when paired with adults). Social behaviors (communal feeding, aggression, contact, and dorsal palpation) comprised <10% of the insect's behavioral repertoire. Since dorsal palpation, a previously undescribed behavior and a form of allogrooming, occurred more frequently during reproductive periods, it may have a sexual significance. Dorsal palpation also may augment the distribution of defensive quinones on the cuticle of F. auricularia. An analysis of nymphal group dynamics demonstrated that as group size increased, nymphs spent significantly less time feeding alone and grooming, but more time resting. Antennal contact rates between group members increased significantly with group size. Detailed observations of the courtship and mating of F. auricularia revealed a complex of sexual behaviors for both males and females. Receptive females were behaviorally active during courtship. The significance of the male cerci was demonstrated by their use in early courtship with displays, and later use as a tactile stimulus for the female; and study of males from which the cerci had been removed, which showed no mating by amputated males. Male forcep length was bimodally distributed and positively allometric, while female forcep length was normally distributed. Males with longer forceps did not have a mating advantage. Further research is needed to identify the chemical composition of the aggregation pheromone, and to quantify any advantages of body and forcep size on mating success. / Ph. D.

The purposes of this study were to examine how a voluntary compliance school uniform policy was implemented at a public elementary school, what the results of the implementation were, and why the policy was rescinded. Utilizing a descriptive case study design, data were collected through document collection and interviews with a minimum sample (N = 25) of teachers, parents, and administrators who most intensely manifested an interest in the school uniform policy. Through interviewing the minimum sample, an additional information-rich sample (N = 2) was identified. Data were organized utilizing summary sheets and pattern coding, and matrices were used to display data and draw conclusions. Findings were presented in full narrative text and display, and conclusions were drawn from the data and the empirical framework established in the conceptual framework. An analysis of data indicated that the organization's adoption and implementation decisions were decentralized decisions in which decisions were shared by a wide variety of stakeholders. Individual decisions to adopt or reject occurred through the diffusion of information between and among opinion leaders and interpersonal networks. A "moderate plan" for implementation was in place, and the organization utilized regular feedback to reshape and develop the uniform policy. Initial compliance rates averaged 70%, and findings showed that no measurable outcomes were evident from the effects of uniforms. Initial compliance rates waned to a range between 30% and 40%; however, findings indicated that the decline was due to a variety of reasons other than outright rejection of the policy. As compliance waned, power and conflict were strategically used to create a dominant view and to influence rescission of the policy. The undesirable and unanticipated consequences of the policy outweighed those of the desirable and anticipated, and the policy was rescinded. / Ed. D.

Several decades of study have shown that school reform is a difficult process. Sharing the decision-making in a school and changing a school’s culture appear to be areas that promise some hope for making school reform a reality. It was the intent of this study to examine the use of action research in one school setting in addressing a school problem and its effectiveness in bringing about school reform or renewal. Data for the study were obtained from the investigator’s field notes and from participants’ journal entries, anonymous reflections, surveys, transcripts of meetings, and documents produced during the study. The investigator assumed both a participant and observer role in the study thus allowing an insider’s view of the process. Multiple sources of evidence and triangulation of data assured reasonable validity to the study. The results of this study indicated that action research is a vehicle to use to cross the disciplines in addressing a school problem. Action research 1s an effective route to increased collegiality, and professional and personal growth. It is a means of sharing leadership within a school. Although action research does not necessarily mean immediate student outcomes will be realized, it does have the potential for long-term change. This form of examining a school’s values and beliefs has implications for changing a school’s culture and thus leading to more long lasting reform. / Ed. D.

This study describes the students, educators, and programmatic thrusts of travel and tourism education programs at the public high school level in the United States. Specifically, it looked at 39 educators in 30 high school travel and tourism programs. Reviewing literature revealed that descriptions of these programs did not exist. Therefore, this study is exploratory in nature. The research population included regular members of the Society of Travel and Tourism Educators (STTE) and the Council for Hospitality, Restaurant, and Institutional Education (CHRIE). Questionnaires were mailed to a total of 87 members who were active in 1994. A total of 39 or 45% of the members were included in the data. The data were transcribed for statistical analysis; frequency and percentages were employed to describe these students, educators and programmatic thrusts. Based on the data the following conclusions were reached: 1. Travel and tourism programs at the secondary school level utilize articulation agreements; 2. The location of secondary school travel and tourism programs and significant tourism sites is high; 3. There is a need for ongoing staff development and/or vocational institutes in secondary school travel and tourism programs; 4. There are similarities of mission, structure, and curriculum among travel and tourism educational programs at the secondary school level, and 5. Travel and tourism programs at the secondary school level should be marketed more to the non-college bound, males, minorities, and to students with disabilities. / Ed. D.

Student activities accounting procedures are carried out in all public school systems throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia. These accounts are created to allow individual educational agencies to deposit, disburse, and account for all funds relating to school activities. In 1954 the original manual for Student Activities Accounting was developed by the Virginia State Department of Education and was revised in 1989. The policies and procedures contained in this manual are intended for application throughout all public schools in Virginia, and are not considered regulatory. However, local school board policies should be reviewed so that they meet the objectives of the manual while conforming to the policies and procedures that are unique to each school system. The purpose of this manual is to provide assistance to those persons who are involved in the financial accounting and management of school activity funds for all Virginia Public Schools. It reflects the newest legislation concerning school accounting and considers the opinions of the Executive Director of the Association of School Business Officials and Virginia Certified Public Accountants. Recommendations were solicited from assistant superintendents of finance representing small, medium and large school divisions as well as elementary, middle and high school bookkeepers. Additionally, Attorneys’ General opinions relative to the management of school activity funds were obtained and are included in the revised manual. All aspects of student activities accounting procedures and practices are covered. The manual is designed to be a user-friendly guide that allows school personnel easy access to accounting information. It offers recommendations to ensure proper accounting policies and procedures as related to student activity accounting, guidance for accurate disposition and accounting for all funds, and explicit explanation of the forms needed to carry out day-to- day business practices. It is available in binder form and disk to all public school systems throughout Virginia. There are several accounting software packages available at reasonable costs that will save time and will help to eliminate careless accounting errors. Technology will also provide the principal and bookkeeper with immediate information through detailed printed reports, receipts and check printing. The manual contains examples of all necessary forms which may be duplicated or may be purchased through the State Department of Education. The forms have been revised to allow utility for bookkeepers who use a ledger or computer software. / Ed. D.

Two structural models which can be used to predict the buckling, post buckling and vibration behavior of flat and curved composite panels under thermomechanical loadings are developed in this work. Both models are based on higher-order transverse shear deformation theories of shallow shells that include the effects of geometric nonlinearities and initial geometric imperfections. Within the first model (Model I), the kinematic continuity at the contact surfaces between the contiguous layers and the free shear traction condition on the outer bounding surfaces are satisfied, whereas in the second model (Model II), in addition to these conditions, the static interlaminae continuity requirement is also fulfilled. Based on the two models, results which cover a variety of problems concerning the postbuckling behaviors of flat and curved composite panels are obtained and displayed. These problems include: i) buckling and postbuckling behavior of flat and curved laminated structures subjected to mechanical and thermal loadings; ii)frequency-load/temperature interaction in laminated structures in both pre-buckling and post buckling range; iii) the influence of a linear/nonlinear elastic foundation on static and dynamic post buckling behavior of flat/curved laminated structures exposed to mechanical and temperature fields; iv) implication of edge constraints upon the temperature/load carrying capacity and frequencyload/ temperature interaction of flat/curved structures; v) elaboration of a number of methodologies enabling one to attenuate the intensity of the snap-through buckling and even to suppress it as well as of appropriate ways enabling one to enhance the load/temperature carrying capacity of structures. / Ph. D.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner la nature et l’efficacité des stratégies d’adaptation utilisées par un individu pour faire face à ses problèmes conjugaux. Une première série de travaux porte sur les modèles théoriques des stratégies d’adaptation. La réalisation d’analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires, auprès d’un large échantillon de couples, permet ainsi de mettre à jour deux modèles de stratégies d’adaptation représentant adéquatement les réponses d’adaptation à la vie conjugale. Une deuxième série de travaux a trait à la validité prévisionnelle des stratégies d’adaptation conjugale sur la satisfaction au sein du couple et ce, dans le cadre de deux études, l’une transversale, l’autre longitudinale. Les résultats révèlent d’abord, dans une perspective transversale, que les stratégies d’adaptation utilisées par un individu pour faire face à ses difficultés de couple constituent un prédicteur de sa satisfaction conjugale. Sur le plan longitudinal, des relations entre les stratégies d’adaptation et la satisfaction ultérieure sont observées auprès de l’échantillon de femmes seulement.

La présente étude a poursuivi deux objectifs principaux: (1) déterminer l'influence sur l'intimité de cinq craintes intrapsychiques postulées par Feldman (1979) et (2) examiner le rôle potentiellement médiateur des craintes intrapsychiques dans la relation entre la psychopathologie et l'intimité. Ces évaluations ont tenu compte de l'influence sur l'intimité de six variables sociodémographiques. Deux objectifs secondaires ont été (1) de comparer les relations entre la psychopathologie, les craintes et l'intimité observées chez des individus suivis par un professionnel en santé mentale à celles observées chez des individus non consultants et (2) d'examiner l'influence du statut marital sur l'intimité et sur la présence de craintes auprès de ces mêmes groupes. Enfin, l'expérience de l'intimité est explorée selon une perspective phénoménologique. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré que les craintes de se dévoiler, de la fusion et d'être attaqué contribuent significativement, bien que modestement, à la prédiction de l'intimité et que les craintes intrapsychiques n'exercent pas un rôle médiateur dans la relation entre la pathologie et l'intimité. De plus, le revenu, le sexe, la scolarité et le statut marital des participants contribuent également à la prédiction de l'intimité. Les relations entre la pathologie, les craintes et l'intimité ne s'avèrent pas significativement plus élevées chez les individus suivis par un professionnel en santé mentale que chez les individus non suivis. De même, le statut marital ne s'avère pas influencer significativement ni le niveau d'intimité ni la présence de craintes chez ces deux groupes. Enfin, l'analyse qualitative a révélé que l'intimité représente essentiellement une proximité affective où l'on se sent à l'aise de se révéler complètement.

Fortin, Rousseau, Bourque, et Kirouac (1993) ont démontré que des sujets entraînés à produire des intervalles temporels de deux secondes allongent l'intervalle produit lorsqu'ils doivent effectuer en même temps une tâche de prospection mnémonique. Cet allongement les a amené à proposer que la production d'intervalles temporels était sous le contrôle de la mémoire à court terme (MCT). Par ailleurs, Rammsayer & Lima, (1992) suggèrent que les mécanismes supportant la discrimination de la durée diffèrent selon la durée des intervalles à discriminer. Des mécanismes cognitifs, comme la MCT, opéreraient pour des durées longues (1,000ms), alors que des mécanismes sensoriels opéreraient pour des durées courtes (100ms). La présente étude veut vérifier le rôle de la MCT dans la production d'intervalles de 1,000ms et moins. Douze sujets ont produit des séries de happes cadencées du doigt à des intervalles de 1,000, 500, et 250ms. Avant chaque série, ils mémorisaient un ensemble de 2 ou 5 lettres. Ils débutaient la série et des lettre-sondes apparaissaient à un rythme d'environ 1 à la seconde. Ils devaient compter le nombre de sondes faisant partie de l'ensemble mémorisé. Les résultats montrent que la durée produite augmente de façon significative en fonction de la taille de l'ensemble mémorisé pour les intervalles de500ms et 1,000ms et non pour l'intervalle de 250ms. Il semble que la production de frappes rapides ne soit pas sous le contrôle de la MCT.