The purpose of this thesis is to identify the implications of Paulo Freire's philosophy for education in North America. To appreciate fully the value of Freire's philosophy, this study will review six themes which are commonly found throughout his work and are significant for education. The implications of his ideas will be identified by reviewing specific case-studies conducted in the United States and Canada. / Freire's ideas are developed within the context of Latin American societies. Elements of oppression and injustice in his homeland differ from the dehumanizing elements in North America. Yet, his insistence upon reflection and action as a means to emancipate people from social and political oppression has direct implications for education in the United States and Canada. North American educators have adopted, modified, and applied Freire's methodology with remarkable results.

Generally the Courts have a discretion to impose sentence. Violent crime was rampant in South Africa. The response of the legislature in dealing with crime was to enact legislation in 1997 like sections 51 to 53 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 which prescribe severe mandatory sentences for a large number of serious offences like murder, rape and armed robbery. This legislation come into effect on 1 May 1998 and was to have effect for two years. The President could with the concurrence of Parliament by proclamation extend its operation for one year, that was in fact done. The latest extension of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 was for a further two years making the minimum sentence provisions valid until 30 April 2005. The Courts did not like these mandatory sentences because of the limitation it places on judicial discretion and dealt with this legislation that limited their judicial discretion restrictively in order to defend their sentencing discretion. Although the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 105 of 1997 was held not to be unconstitutional the Courts stll sought to give it a narrow interpretation. This research paper include an outline of the Criminal Law Amendment Act / the Constitutional challenges that were brought against the Criminal Law Amendment Act / the judicial interpretation of the Criminal Law Amendment Act as well as the applicability of the Criminal Law Amendment Act to District Courts and juvenile ovenders / the procedural requirements that must be complied with in the Criminal Law Amendment Act and its consequences if not complied with. This paper examined how the Courts defined substantial and compelling circumstances, the approaches adopted by the Courts and when deviation from the Criminal Law Amendment Act can take place. It also include the challenges posed by mandatory minimum sentence legislation as well as recommendations for the improved implementation of the Criminal Law Amendment Act.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-117). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 139-140).

Thesis (M.B.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 92-93).

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 87-90).

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 99-106).

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-109).

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2000. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-106). Also available in print.