The Art Nouveau ecclesiastical architecture in Czech Republic (Bohemia) The diploma thesis focusses on Art Nouveau religious architecture in Bohemia. It deals with the cultural and art movements between 1890-1920 which íncludes the late Historicism, Art Nouveau, and Modernism. The first part of the diploma thesis presents the influences which affected the development of Art Nouveau religious architecture in Bohemia and its architects. It also introduces architectural elements that are typical for Art Nouveau religious architecture. The second part of the diploma thesis presents religious buildings in the particular regions of Bohemia and describes them subsequently in the catalogue that is arranged chronologically. Keywords Art Nouveau, religious architecture, the Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church, Bohemia, 19th and 20th century, 1890-1920

Die Arbeit zeichnet die Entwicklung der Europadiskurse in Ungarn vom Ausgang des 18. Jahrhundert bis zum Ende des Kommunismus nach. Sie zeigt die Vielfalt und Wandelbarkeit der Vorstellungen von und Bezugnahmen auf "Europa" durch Schriftsteller, Künstler, Politiker und Intellektuelle. Geprägt war der Diskurs vor allem durch ein beinahe permanent anzutreffendes Rückständigkeitsnarrativ. "Europa", das bedeutete meist Westeuropa, England, Frankreich, aber auch Deutschland. Zwar zählte man sich seit der Krönung des ersten ungarischen Königs Istvan I. im Jahre 1000 mit einer vom Papst gesandten Krone zu einem festen Bestandteil (West-)Europas, die Zugehörigkeit wurde aber durch die fehlende beziehungsweise verzögerte wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Modernisierung häufig in Frage gestellt. Zudem sah man sich mit einer gewissen Ignoranz des Westens konfrontiert, der nur allzu oft sich selbst als eigentliches Europa darstelle und die Leistungen der Ungarn für den Schutz Europas, beispielsweise durch die Abwehr der Türken, nicht würdige. Dieses Isolationsmotiv zieht sich gleichsam wie ein roter Faden durch den Diskurs und wird vielfältig, aber ambivalent eingesetzt. Einerseits werden die niedergeschlagenen Aufstände 1848 und 1956, in denen "Europa" tatenlos zusah wie Ungarns Freiheitskampf von außen erstickt wurde, für eine Anklage des Westens und symbolische Überhöhung Ungarns als verlassener Vorkämpfer der Zivilisation instrumentalisiert, andererseits führt dieser Isolationsdiskurs häufig zu geradezu anti-europäischen Diskursbeiträgen, in denen Ungarn als ein Land des Ostens charakterisiert wird und westliche Wertvorstellungen und Errungenschaften negiert werden. Die verbreitetste diskursive Verortung Ungarns aber ist die, dass es die "Mitte" Europas" sei, ein Ort des Ausgleichs westlicher Moderne und östlicher Rückständigkeit, Bewahrer der ureigenen europäischen Werte. Diese Figur findet sich sowohl im national-liberalen Diskurs des 19. Jahrhunderts, als auch im Dissidentendiskurs der 1980er Jahre. Der ungarische Europadiskurs pendelte also, wie gezeigt wurde tatsächlich von West nach Ost, aber die Mitte war in der Perspektive der betrachteten 200 Jahre ein tradierter Rückzugs- und Bestimmungspunkt der ungarischen Identität in Europa und als Ausgleich der Extreme auch die Identität Europas selbst.:1. Einleitung.......................................................................................................................................3 1.1. Thematische Vorbemerkungen...................................................................................................3 1.2 Methodische Vorbemerkungen...................................................................................................7 2. Liberalismus und Nationalismus als Modelle der „Europäisierung“ – 1780-1848..............10 2.1 Sprachnationalismus vs. Staatspatriotismus...............................................................................12 2.2 Der Europadiskurs in Literatur und Historiographie...............................................................15 2.3 Der Europadiskurs im Vormärz-Ungarn...................................................................................19 2.3.1 „Fährenland“ nach Europa – István Graf Széchenyi...............................................................19 2.3.2 Wider den Osten – Miklós Wesselényi.......................................................................................22 2.3.4 Die westliche Mitte – Lajos Kossuth.........................................................................................25 3. Revolution und Neoabsolutismus – 1848-1867........................................................................30 3.1 Die Revolution in Ungarn im europäischen Kontext..............................................................30 3.1.1 Vorstoß..........................................................................................................................................31 3.1.2 Rückschlag.....................................................................................................................................34 3.2 Ungarn im Neoabsolutismus – Europa im Exil........................................................................37 3.2.1 Nicht ohne Österreich – Zsigmond Kemény...........................................................................39 3.2.2 Die herrschenden Ideen in Europa – József Eötvös..............................................................39 3.2.3 Zerfall Österreichs und neuer Bund für Europa – Mihály Táncsics......................................43 3.2.4 Mahnung aus dem Exil – Kossuths „Donaubund“.................................................................45 3.2.5 Nationalstaat statt Föderation – Der Königsweg für Europa?...............................................48 4. K.u.K. in Europa – 1867-1918....................................................................................................50 4.1 Die „Europäizität Ungarns“ im Dualismus ..............................................................................50 4.1.1 Das Nationalitätengesetz als Beitrag zur „Europäisierung“....................................................51 4.1.2 Wirtschaftlicher Anschluss an Europa? ....................................................................................54 4.1.3 Die Innen- und Außenpolitik der „Tisza-Ära“.........................................................................56 4.1.4 Historiographie zwischen „kuruz“ und „labanc“.....................................................................57 4.2 „Fährenland“ zwischen Ost und West – 1890-1918.................................................................59 4.2.1 Marschrichtung Osten – Von Großungarn zum Turanischen Reich.....................................61 4.2.2 Marschrichtung Westen – Die bürgerlichen Radikalen und der erneuerte Föderationsgedanke......................................................................................................................65 4.2.3 Ungarn in „Mitteleuropa“............................................................................................................69 5. Zwischen Isolation und Europaeuphorie – 1918-1945...........................................................72 5.1 Das Ende der Monarchie und die Phase der Experimente – 1918-1920..............................72 5.1.1 Europas Zusammenbruch und Zukunft – Oszkár Jászi........................................................73 5.1.2 Neues Europa durch neue Staaten – József Pásztor................................................................76 5.1.3 Die Räterepublik und Europa......................................................................................................80 5.2 Revision und Föderation – Der Europadiskurs der zwanziger und dreißiger Jahre............82 5.2.1 Die Friedensverhandlungen in Trianon......................................................................................83 5.2.2 Der Revisionismus als dominanter Denkstil der Zwischenkriegszeit....................................84 5.2.3 Die „Östliche Schweiz“ – Oszkár Jászi......................................................................................87 5.2.4 Das neue „Hungaria“ in Europa – Lászlo Ottlik......................................................................90 5.2.5 Die Pan-Europa Bewegung in Ungarn.......................................................................................92 5.2.6 Das neue Mitteleuropa – Elemér Hantos..................................................................................94 5.2.7 Ungarn in Osteuropa – Tivadar Raith und Dezső Szabó........................................................97 5.3 Das „rechte“ Europa.....................................................................................................................100 6. Ungarn im „Osten“ – Der Europa-Diskurs in der Volksrepublik – 1945-1990..................107 6.1 Ungarn zwischen „Ost“ und „West“..........................................................................................107 6.1.1 Der Ausgang des Krieges und die Etablierung des Stalinismus.............................................107 6.1.2 Die Misere Osteuropas – István Bibó........................................................................................109 6.2 Aspekte einer eigenständigen außenpolitischen Konzeption – 1956 als Versuch der Rückkehr nach Europa.................................................................................................................113 6.2.1 Neutralität in Europa – Imre Nagy.............................................................................................113 6.2.2 1956 – Eine Revolution für Europa............................................................................................116 6.3 Die Historiographie und der Mitteleuropadiskurs der 1980er Jahre......................................119 6.3.1 Ungarn als östliches Zerrbild des Westens – Jenő Szűcs.........................................................121 6.3.2 Die unvollständige Modernisierung – Iván T. Berend.............................................................123 6.3.3 Ungarn in Mitteleuropa – György Konrád................................................................................125 7. Resumee.........................................................................................................................................128 8. Quellen und Literaturverzeichnis 8.1 Quellen 8.1.1 Internet-Quellen 8.1.2 gedruckte Quellen 8.2 Sekundärliteratur 8.2.1 selbstständige Beiträge 8.2.2 unselbstständige Beiträge / The article starts with the notion of a remarkable research deficit (within the wider field of historically oriented European studies) regarding the thinking and discourses on “Europe” in East Central Europe, especially in Hungary. This desiderate could be explained by the partition of the continent through the Iron Curtain lasting for fourty years, what seemed to exclude these countries from Europe in several respects. Nevertheless there was and is a reconstructable, various if plural discourse on the place of Hungary in Europe. It was tightly linked with the discourses on the nation-state and on modernization in the 19th century, while the country was part of the Austrian monarchy of Habsburg. Thus it received main impulses from Western Europe, whose development was taken as an ideal to follow. The East, particularly Russia, was in contrast considered as the non-european “other”, the enemy of liberty and progress. Despite this notion, there were remarkable attempts to frame Hungary in an Eastern context, espeacially through the idea of “Turan”, that claimed a tribal community between Hungarians, Turks and Iranians, which should unite in a common empire. However catching up to the West remained the dominant goal, but was complicated by the structural, economic and cultural differences that lasted on feudal and agrarian Hungary until the beginning of the 20th century. Yet “Europe” was not only a model, it was also a, rather metaphysic and symbolic, institution to which the country appealed for support during the revolutions 1848 and 1956. Both upheavels against an imperial enemy, Habsburg and the Soviet Union, failed and Hungarians felt abandoned by the West, that is Europe. As a consequence of these gaps and failures the idea of Hungary as a part of Central Europe, a special region of small states between the Great powers in the East and the West with a specific identity was conceived. This concept also included the vision of a joint federation to facilitate the negotiations of the everlasting national and ethnic conflicts of the region. It can be found within the texts of 19th century liberal politicians like István Széchenyi, who shaped the metaphor of Hungary as a “ferry-land”, and Lajos Kossuth, who presented the first plan for Danubian Federation, Interwar-politicians like Oszkár Jászi and anti-soviet dissidents like György Konrád in the 1980ies. According to these and other protagonists of the discourse, the “centre” can be classified as the ultimate place of Hungary in Europe throughout the centuries, sharing and preserving the European Heritage.:1. Einleitung.......................................................................................................................................3 1.1. Thematische Vorbemerkungen...................................................................................................3 1.2 Methodische Vorbemerkungen...................................................................................................7 2. Liberalismus und Nationalismus als Modelle der „Europäisierung“ – 1780-1848..............10 2.1 Sprachnationalismus vs. Staatspatriotismus...............................................................................12 2.2 Der Europadiskurs in Literatur und Historiographie...............................................................15 2.3 Der Europadiskurs im Vormärz-Ungarn...................................................................................19 2.3.1 „Fährenland“ nach Europa – István Graf Széchenyi...............................................................19 2.3.2 Wider den Osten – Miklós Wesselényi.......................................................................................22 2.3.4 Die westliche Mitte – Lajos Kossuth.........................................................................................25 3. Revolution und Neoabsolutismus – 1848-1867........................................................................30 3.1 Die Revolution in Ungarn im europäischen Kontext..............................................................30 3.1.1 Vorstoß..........................................................................................................................................31 3.1.2 Rückschlag.....................................................................................................................................34 3.2 Ungarn im Neoabsolutismus – Europa im Exil........................................................................37 3.2.1 Nicht ohne Österreich – Zsigmond Kemény...........................................................................39 3.2.2 Die herrschenden Ideen in Europa – József Eötvös..............................................................39 3.2.3 Zerfall Österreichs und neuer Bund für Europa – Mihály Táncsics......................................43 3.2.4 Mahnung aus dem Exil – Kossuths „Donaubund“.................................................................45 3.2.5 Nationalstaat statt Föderation – Der Königsweg für Europa?...............................................48 4. K.u.K. in Europa – 1867-1918....................................................................................................50 4.1 Die „Europäizität Ungarns“ im Dualismus ..............................................................................50 4.1.1 Das Nationalitätengesetz als Beitrag zur „Europäisierung“....................................................51 4.1.2 Wirtschaftlicher Anschluss an Europa? ....................................................................................54 4.1.3 Die Innen- und Außenpolitik der „Tisza-Ära“.........................................................................56 4.1.4 Historiographie zwischen „kuruz“ und „labanc“.....................................................................57 4.2 „Fährenland“ zwischen Ost und West – 1890-1918.................................................................59 4.2.1 Marschrichtung Osten – Von Großungarn zum Turanischen Reich.....................................61 4.2.2 Marschrichtung Westen – Die bürgerlichen Radikalen und der erneuerte Föderationsgedanke......................................................................................................................65 4.2.3 Ungarn in „Mitteleuropa“............................................................................................................69 5. Zwischen Isolation und Europaeuphorie – 1918-1945...........................................................72 5.1 Das Ende der Monarchie und die Phase der Experimente – 1918-1920..............................72 5.1.1 Europas Zusammenbruch und Zukunft – Oszkár Jászi........................................................73 5.1.2 Neues Europa durch neue Staaten – József Pásztor................................................................76 5.1.3 Die Räterepublik und Europa......................................................................................................80 5.2 Revision und Föderation – Der Europadiskurs der zwanziger und dreißiger Jahre............82 5.2.1 Die Friedensverhandlungen in Trianon......................................................................................83 5.2.2 Der Revisionismus als dominanter Denkstil der Zwischenkriegszeit....................................84 5.2.3 Die „Östliche Schweiz“ – Oszkár Jászi......................................................................................87 5.2.4 Das neue „Hungaria“ in Europa – Lászlo Ottlik......................................................................90 5.2.5 Die Pan-Europa Bewegung in Ungarn.......................................................................................92 5.2.6 Das neue Mitteleuropa – Elemér Hantos..................................................................................94 5.2.7 Ungarn in Osteuropa – Tivadar Raith und Dezső Szabó........................................................97 5.3 Das „rechte“ Europa.....................................................................................................................100 6. Ungarn im „Osten“ – Der Europa-Diskurs in der Volksrepublik – 1945-1990..................107 6.1 Ungarn zwischen „Ost“ und „West“..........................................................................................107 6.1.1 Der Ausgang des Krieges und die Etablierung des Stalinismus.............................................107 6.1.2 Die Misere Osteuropas – István Bibó........................................................................................109 6.2 Aspekte einer eigenständigen außenpolitischen Konzeption – 1956 als Versuch der Rückkehr nach Europa.................................................................................................................113 6.2.1 Neutralität in Europa – Imre Nagy.............................................................................................113 6.2.2 1956 – Eine Revolution für Europa............................................................................................116 6.3 Die Historiographie und der Mitteleuropadiskurs der 1980er Jahre......................................119 6.3.1 Ungarn als östliches Zerrbild des Westens – Jenő Szűcs.........................................................121 6.3.2 Die unvollständige Modernisierung – Iván T. Berend.............................................................123 6.3.3 Ungarn in Mitteleuropa – György Konrád................................................................................125 7. Resumee.........................................................................................................................................128 8. Quellen und Literaturverzeichnis 8.1 Quellen 8.1.1 Internet-Quellen 8.1.2 gedruckte Quellen 8.2 Sekundärliteratur 8.2.1 selbstständige Beiträge 8.2.2 unselbstständige Beiträge

in English Dissertation deals with the freak show culture in Prague and the Czech lands in a broader context of the modern discourses of dis/ability and the imaginations of the collective body of the Czech nation. Exhibitions of "Lilliputians", "Giants", "Siamese twins" and other "extraordinary" bodies are analyzed here as a part of the history of an international entertainment culture in the 19th-century Europe. The emphasis lays on the turn of the century, the decade that witnessed rash development both of the capitalist entertainment industry and the expert disciplines that dealt with the "ab/normal". I claim, that the popularity of freak shows in this period rested in their ability to articulate fears and ambitions of their visitors, both in their individual embodied experience and their imaginative belonging, notably their belonging to the collective body of the Czech nation. In four case studies, I focus on individual freak figures and analyze how the intersections of different axes of difference - ethnicity, gender, class - within the representation of "the extraordinary", coproduced certain notion of social order and power hierarchies that were closely intertwined with the imagined collective body of nation.

O objetivo desta tese é o estudo da vida dos judeus na Alemanha, a partir de msua saída do gueto ao final do século XVIII. Tive a preocupação em contextualizar a história do antijuda-ísmo, desde a chegada dos romanos na antiga Germânia no século II, ressaltando os momentos mais críticos, como a Primeira Cruzada em 1096 e o enforcamento do judeu Süß em 1738, por razões de animosidades políticas. O estudo rastreia o antissemitismo a partir dos acontecimen-tos da primeira metade do século XIX, permitindo compreender a eclosão dos horrores da Shoá, como o auge de um processo que se desenvolveu durante um longo período. Foram observadas tentativas de integração à sociedade alemã, envolvendo progressos curtos, entremeados por re-cuos, pontuados por movimentos dos próprios judeus, evidenciando o paradoxo entre a liber-dade adquirida pela saída do gueto, com a entrada na vida urbana, e os crescentes sentimentos antijudaicos, agora no seio da sociedade alemã, ocasionando o agravamento desses sentimentos, com os quais os judeus tiveram de conviver. O trabalho demonstra como essa integração se tornou estímulo para o recrudescimento de tendências antijudaicas latentes. O antissemitismo foi tomando, progressivamente, forma mais política e serviu de sustentação ao crescimento do na-cional-socialismo, que o tomou como bandeira, para dar sentido ao ódio gerado pelas tensões vigentes na nação germânica. A insatisfação decorrente da humilhação acarretada pela derrota da Primeira Guerra Mundial e pelo Tratado de Versalhes fez com que o movimento crescente em direção à Segunda Guerra Mundial ficasse aí determinado. A imagem dos judeus ficou as-sociada ao que passou a ser visto pelos setores reacionários e nacionalistas, como intimamente ligados à República de Weimar, levando os arianos a declarar guerra a tudo o que fosse oci-dental, judaico, liberal e iluminista. A maldição estava posta. Houve tentativas de reação judai-cas, objeto central deste estudo, a partir da fundação do Central Verein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens em 1893, que existiu até 1938, e é a reafirmação da identidade alemã dos judeus. A insistência dos judeus em constituir-se como parte integrante da sociedade alemã pôde ser verificada a posteriori. Foi uma tentativa derradeira, condenada ao fracasso, porém corajosa. A abertura dos arquivos de Moscou permitiu conhecer este processo e alimentou de informações preciosas o estudo aqui apresentado. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the life of the German Jews after leaving the ghetto at the end of the 18th Century. There was a concern to put the History of Anti-Judaism in con-text, ever since the Romans entered Ancient Germania, emphasizing critical moments such as the 1st Crusade and the hanging of the Jew Süss in 1738 because of political animosities. The study tracked Anti-Semitism from the events of the first half of the 19th century, allowing an understanding of the outburst of the horrors of the Holocaust as the peak of a long progressing process. Attempts of the Jews to become integrated in the German society were observed, with momentary progresses interspersed with retreats, punctuated by movements of the Jews them-selves in this integration process. There is a paradox between the freedom conquered by exiting the ghetto and entering the urban life and the growing anti-Jewish feelings within the German society with which they had to live. It is shown in this work how this integration became a stimulus for anti-Jewish revivals. Anti-Semitism became more and more political, supporting the growth of National Socialism that adopted it as a flag, in order to give a meaning to the hatred arising from the tensions present in the German population. Then the dissatisfaction re-sulting from the humiliation caused by the defeat in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles determined the increasing movement towards World War II. Reactionary and nationalist sectors associated the image of the Jews with the Weimar Republic and so the Arians declared war against everything considered Western, Jewish, liberal and enlightening. The curse was on. Jewish attempts to react, also featuring a confirmation of their German identity and their insist-ence in belonging to the German society, were the core of this study. In retrospect, the founda-tion of the CV can be considered a last and brave attempt, yet destined to fail. The opening of the Moscow archives allowed getting to know this process, providing valuable information for the present study.

O objetivo desta tese é o estudo da vida dos judeus na Alemanha, a partir de msua saída do gueto ao final do século XVIII. Tive a preocupação em contextualizar a história do antijuda-ísmo, desde a chegada dos romanos na antiga Germânia no século II, ressaltando os momentos mais críticos, como a Primeira Cruzada em 1096 e o enforcamento do judeu Süß em 1738, por razões de animosidades políticas. O estudo rastreia o antissemitismo a partir dos acontecimen-tos da primeira metade do século XIX, permitindo compreender a eclosão dos horrores da Shoá, como o auge de um processo que se desenvolveu durante um longo período. Foram observadas tentativas de integração à sociedade alemã, envolvendo progressos curtos, entremeados por re-cuos, pontuados por movimentos dos próprios judeus, evidenciando o paradoxo entre a liber-dade adquirida pela saída do gueto, com a entrada na vida urbana, e os crescentes sentimentos antijudaicos, agora no seio da sociedade alemã, ocasionando o agravamento desses sentimentos, com os quais os judeus tiveram de conviver. O trabalho demonstra como essa integração se tornou estímulo para o recrudescimento de tendências antijudaicas latentes. O antissemitismo foi tomando, progressivamente, forma mais política e serviu de sustentação ao crescimento do na-cional-socialismo, que o tomou como bandeira, para dar sentido ao ódio gerado pelas tensões vigentes na nação germânica. A insatisfação decorrente da humilhação acarretada pela derrota da Primeira Guerra Mundial e pelo Tratado de Versalhes fez com que o movimento crescente em direção à Segunda Guerra Mundial ficasse aí determinado. A imagem dos judeus ficou as-sociada ao que passou a ser visto pelos setores reacionários e nacionalistas, como intimamente ligados à República de Weimar, levando os arianos a declarar guerra a tudo o que fosse oci-dental, judaico, liberal e iluminista. A maldição estava posta. Houve tentativas de reação judai-cas, objeto central deste estudo, a partir da fundação do Central Verein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens em 1893, que existiu até 1938, e é a reafirmação da identidade alemã dos judeus. A insistência dos judeus em constituir-se como parte integrante da sociedade alemã pôde ser verificada a posteriori. Foi uma tentativa derradeira, condenada ao fracasso, porém corajosa. A abertura dos arquivos de Moscou permitiu conhecer este processo e alimentou de informações preciosas o estudo aqui apresentado. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the life of the German Jews after leaving the ghetto at the end of the 18th Century. There was a concern to put the History of Anti-Judaism in con-text, ever since the Romans entered Ancient Germania, emphasizing critical moments such as the 1st Crusade and the hanging of the Jew Süss in 1738 because of political animosities. The study tracked Anti-Semitism from the events of the first half of the 19th century, allowing an understanding of the outburst of the horrors of the Holocaust as the peak of a long progressing process. Attempts of the Jews to become integrated in the German society were observed, with momentary progresses interspersed with retreats, punctuated by movements of the Jews them-selves in this integration process. There is a paradox between the freedom conquered by exiting the ghetto and entering the urban life and the growing anti-Jewish feelings within the German society with which they had to live. It is shown in this work how this integration became a stimulus for anti-Jewish revivals. Anti-Semitism became more and more political, supporting the growth of National Socialism that adopted it as a flag, in order to give a meaning to the hatred arising from the tensions present in the German population. Then the dissatisfaction re-sulting from the humiliation caused by the defeat in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles determined the increasing movement towards World War II. Reactionary and nationalist sectors associated the image of the Jews with the Weimar Republic and so the Arians declared war against everything considered Western, Jewish, liberal and enlightening. The curse was on. Jewish attempts to react, also featuring a confirmation of their German identity and their insist-ence in belonging to the German society, were the core of this study. In retrospect, the founda-tion of the CV can be considered a last and brave attempt, yet destined to fail. The opening of the Moscow archives allowed getting to know this process, providing valuable information for the present study.

The thesis based on contemporary press identifies how the newspaper wrote about Karel Havlíček Borovský during the anniversaries of his birth and his death and whether it wrote about him at all. Thereby, traces the development of the myth of Karel Havlíček and the role which the press has played in this process. The paper focuses on Karel Havlíček's attributes which were used in the articles to describe his personality. It also shows different types of festivities commemorating the anniversaries. In the analysis selected Czech written press from the period from 1866 until 2011 was used. Before the research is introduced, chapters presenting some of academic and scholarly books as well as non-fictional ones describing Havlíček or selected aspects of his work (e.g. linguistic); editions of the letters of his and some editions of his work are mentioned. Following chapters deal with the issue of myth and cult of Karel Havlíček and with the issue of festivities/celebration seen from the perspective of several historians.

Ford Madox Ford est un écrivain impressionniste qui se veut historien de son temps et paraît représenter la vie moderne grâce à un texte envisagé à partir du visuel pour faire voir. Il encourage ainsi le rapprochement de son écriture avec l’art des peintres français du XIXème siècle, mais il engage dans ses récits une multitude d’arts et d’esthétiques afin de produire son impression suivant sa pensée originale et singulière. Celle-ci soutient l’accumulation et l’association artistiques mises en œuvre dans les romans en brisant les cadres esthétiques établis pour fusionner arts et esthétiques dans une forme qui s’adapte au réel afin d’en structurer l’informe et de le révéler pour en offrir une expérience au lecteur. Soumis au pictural et au théâtral pour se donner à voir dans des tableaux et des scènes, le récit dévoile en fait comment la modernité résiste à l’illusion mimétique. Peinture et théâtre figurent donc non le visible mais sa perte, et les romans sont poussés par leur objet à la dé-figuration proprement moderne que l’esthétique fordienne promeut et que le cinéma porte. Celui-ci donne alors accès à la vision d’un monde fragmenté et en mouvement par sa totalisation dans la métamorphose continue du filmique, qui en outre invite l’identification visuelle. Mais le cinématographique n’ouvre pas à la totalisation du roman, ni à ce dialogue que l’auteur entend engager avec son lecteur sym-pathique pour lui transférer son œuvre. Ce transfert se fait bien par le texte et sa structure mais en définitive hors de la figuration, grâce à la musique du roman qui à la fois gouverne, rassemble et abolit la représentation, les arts et le texte pour faire com-prendre l’œuvre. / Ford Madox Ford is an impressionist writer who purports to be a historian of his own time and seems to represent modern life in a text conceived visually to make you see. He thus encourages a parallel between his writing and the nineteenth-century French painters’ art to be drawn ; yet he draws on a vast array of arts and aesthetics in his narratives to forge his impression according to his original and singular conception of art. That conception supports the artistic accumulation and association exercised in the novels while it shatters established aesthetic frameworks to merge arts and aesthetics in a form which adapts to reality to structure its formlessness and reveals it to offer an experience of it to the reader. In obeying pictorial and theatrical norms to be seen as pictures or in scenes, the narrative in fact discloses how modernity resists mimetic illusion. So painting and the theatre do not represent visibility but its loss, and the novels are forced by their object to embrace a thoroughly modern de-figuration which Fordian aesthetics endorses and the cinema realises. The latter then grants access to the vision of a fragmented and moving world totalled by the continuous metamorphosis of film, which besides encourages visual identification. However the cinema does not lead to the totalisation of the novel, nor to the dialog which the writer intends to have with his sympathetic reader in order to transfer his artwork onto him. That transfer does happen by means of the text and its structure but ultimately without figuration, through the music of the novel which at once governs, unites and abolishes representation, the arts and the text so the artwork be com-prehended.

This thesis analyses literary-historical evaluations of works by Teréza Novaková included in synthetic works, specialized monographs and also secondary paratexts, such as book epilogues. The aim is to describe the dynamics of forming the position of works by Teréza Novaková in the canon of the nineteenth-century Czech literature, to which the literary scientific production contributes significantly.

v anglickém jazyce This thesis is based on the Kurt Oppert's term "Dinggedicht" (in English "object-poem" or "thing- poem"), through which it views the transformations within the conceptualization of the subject and things in modern poetry. Apart from poems associated with the name of R. M. Rilke, thingness is also seen from the perspective of the functional use of the object in a poem (e.g. a thing as a tool of characterization orironization), whichis related to theuse ofobjects in figurativelanguage - the thing as a part of the metaphor, simile or allegory. As part of the definition of a thing-poem, the thesis also deals with the issue of subject-object relationship, which leads also to the category of a lyrical "I" in the literary theory. The thesis is based on individual poems which represent a concrete, prototypical way of dealing with the subject in poetry. These poems are delimited by the second half of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. The thesis is not based on strictly defined national literature, but it considers the German, French and Czech context in the comparative perspective.

The diploma thesis focuses primarily on analysing the Christological and soteriological system of Josef Pospíšil, an important representative of the first generation of Czech neo-Thomism. The study includes a brief description of Pospíšils life work with reference to the contemporary context. The author presents Pospíšil not only as a theologian, but also as a major representative of Czech Thomistic philosophy.