Deep packet inspection (DPI) is useful as a tool for analyzing internet traffic. Regular expressions (regexps) can be used to detect the network traffic patterns that the DPI is able to identify. These regexps can be represented as state-machines, and sometimes combining smaller state-machines into larger state-machines can result in more efficient processing. This thesis looks at how to decide which state-machines used in DPI-classes should be combined with which other state-machines in an efficient manner using genetic algorithms. The goal being to create as few resulting state-machines from the combination while still maintaining a upper limit on the size of the resulting state-machines. The problem is modelled as an assignment problem for which an emulated surrogate problem is used in order to make experimental evaluations. Several genetic algorithms are suggested in an attempt to explore a wide range of parameters. It is also evaluated if different genetic algorithms perform differently depending on if the state-machines represent DPI-classes used to parse UDP or TCP traffic. A 2-dimensional representation is used that allows for a better capture of the underlying assignment problem. Different approaches to fitness are explored and found to have different efficacy in different situations. Several genetic algorithm operators are suggested for different situations and a difference is found between what works for UDP and for TCP. / Deep packet inspection (DPI) ̈ar användbart som ett verktyg f ̈or att analysera internettrafik. Regular expressions (regexps) kan användas för att detektera trafik mönster somDPI:n kan identifiera. De här regexps kan representeras som state-machines, och ibland så kan kombinationen av mindre state-machines till större state-machines resultera i mer effektiv bearbetning. Den här tesen undersöker hur man kan bestämma vilka state-machines som används iDPI-klassen bör bli kombinerade på ett effektivt sätt med genetiska algoritmer. Målet är att skapa så fǻ resulterande state-machines från kombineringen på ett sådant sätt att storleken på alla resulterande state-machines håller sig under en övre gräns. Problemet är modellerat som ett assignment problem för vilket ett emulerat surrogatproblem används för att tillåta experiment att utföras. Ett flertal genetiska algoritmer är föreslagna i ett försök att undersöka en bred räckvidd av parametrar. Det är också undersökt om olika genetiska algoritmer har olika prestanda beroende på om state-machines representerar DPI-klasser använda för UDP eller TCP trafik. En 2-dimensionell representation som fångar det underliggande problemet på ett bras sätt är använd. Olika tillvägagångssätt för att representera fitness är undersökta och är upptäckta att ha olika effektivitet i olika situationer. Ett flertal genetiska algoritm operatorer är föreslagna för olika situationer och en skillnad är hittad mellan vad som fungerar för UDP och vad som fungerar för TCP.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20700号 / 工博第4397号 / 新制||工||1683(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 北村 隆行, 教授 西脇 眞二, 教授 平方 寛之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Part B of two Project Reports; Part A can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/16881 / <p> Procedures have been set up to calculate the reactor kinetics parameters for thorium fuelled CANDU reactors using the perturbation option of the 2-dimensional diffusion code EXTERMINATOR. The procedures are believed to be very accurate. </p> <p> Representative cases of a CANDU thorium converter at different stages during the reactor life have been used to test the developed procedures. Results are presented and discussed. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No description available.

With the advent of cephalometrics in the 1930s, numerous studies have focused on the profile of a face to achieve a more esthetic orthodontic treatment outcome. With such heavy emphasis on facial esthetics, a shift in focus from the profile view to the oblique view has become necessary as the smile in the oblique view is what the general public evaluates. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether the current tools for diagnosis and treatment evaluation are sufficient. Currently, 2-dimensional composite photographs are utilized in evaluating the soft tissue. At Temple University, 3-dimensional images, which show all sides of the patient's face, are used adjunctively to 2-dimensional composite photographs. In this study, faculty members at the Temple University Department of Orthodontics were asked to complete surveys after viewing two different image modalities, 2-dimensional images and a 3-dimensional video of the same patient. They were asked to fill out the soft tissue goals for specific facial landmarks. Patient photos were in the smiling view as current literature lacks studies on this view. Faculty members' responses from analyzing the 2-dimensional images and 3-dimensional video for each patient were compared to determine which areas had frequent discrepancies from using two different image modalities. During the survey, a voice recorder captured any comments regarding the images. The ultimate goal of this qualitative pilot study was to identify when 3-dimensional imaging is necessary in treatment planning and evaluation, with an added hope to further advance research in 3-dimensional imaging and its vast possibilities to advance the field of orthodontics. Based on the data collected, the following conclusions were made: 1. The qualitative data highlighted that 3-dimensional imaging would be necessary in cases with skeletal deformities. 2. In the oblique view, 3-dimensional imaging is superior than 2-dimensional imaging by showing more accurate shadow, contour, and depth of the soft tissue. 3. Further improvement is necessary to create a virtual patient with treatment simulation abilities. 4. The comfort level among orthodontists of 2-dimensional imaging was higher than 3-dimensional imaging. With more widespread use of 3-dimensional imaging, more orthodontists may gradually reach a higher comfort level in using this relatively new technology. 5. Faculty members expressed high willingness to use 3-dimensional imaging if improvement in new technology could allow for more manipulation and accurate soft tissue prediction. 6. 3-dimensional imaging is superior in its efficiency, quick capture time, and lack of need for multiple images. Implementation of 3-dimensional imaging could streamline the records process and help with practice efficiency without compromising the image quality. 7. Both patients and orthodontists may benefit from using 3-dimensional imaging. Patients can see an accurate representation of themselves and possibly view their own treatment simulation upon further improvement in current technology. Orthodontists would benefit with much more accurate images that may serve as the virtual patient. 8. Besides the exorbitantly high cost, faculty members thought that more advances were needed and the current benefit was not great enough to justify the investment. The results were consistent with other studies that used the oblique view in that the 2-dimensional oblique view lacks depth and does not provide adequate information. With further improvement in current 3-dimensional imaging, this technology can benefit orthodontists in visualizing their patients. In addition, patients can benefit by hopefully seeing a live and accurate simulation of themselves instantly as a virtual patient. With these benefits of 3-dimensional imaging, it may one day be the new standard in patient records in the field of orthodontics. / Oral Biology

Yes / The current study proposes a novel 2-Dimensional Fuzzy Monte-Carlo Frontier Analysis to estimate and compare the level of efficiency for a sample of 49 Islamic Banks across 25 countries worldwide over the period 2013-2021. Additionally, in the second stage, we propose a bootstrapped robust regression approach to comprehensively examine the determinants of efficiency. Our results show that there is heterogeneity in the level of efficiency within the Islamic banking sector. Furthermore, we find that the Islamic banks in the sample experienced an improvement in efficiency over the examined period. Finally, we find that bank size, bank liquidity (measured by the ratio between net loans and gross loans), and bank risk (proxied by the ratio between loan loss reserves and gross loans) have a significant and positive impact on Islamic bank efficiency. Policy implications based on our findings are provided.

This thesis consists of five chapters, based on four different articles. All of them are devoted to different aspects of spatial heterogeneity and its impact on economic equilibrium in space. The concept of heterogeneous continuous space is discussed in the introductory chapter.The first model "Equilibrium in Continuous Space under Decentralized Production" addresses the issue of the impact of differences across locations in exogeneous productivity on the structure of equilibrium prices, production and trade. The goal is to describe the general equilibrium in a spatially decentralized economy, when production, consumption and markets are distributed in continuous space and transportation costs are essentially linear. It is shown that an autarky equilibrium can exist only if transport costs are high enough. In the general case, the general equilibrium in this model includes some endogeneously determined trade areas, with flows of goods across space, and autarky areas where production and consumption activities take place only at the same point. An analytical solution in explicit functions is obtained; it contains equilibrium prices, labor supply and flows of goods as functions of the spatial variable. The model can be applied to a set of practical questions in regional economics. In particular, it is able to describe persistent price differentials across regions and non-local consequences of road construction and transportation cost shocks for the economy. The differences across locations in population density may have either historical or economic reasons.The second model "Hotelling's Revival" extends a well-known research of H.Hotelling (1929) to the two-dimensional case with spatially heterogeneous demand density, preserving the rest of his classical assumptions. It is shown that the problem of demand discontinuity in the one-dimensional model, which was discovered by d'Aspremont, Gabszewich and Thisse (1979), disappears in this case. This also holds for any bounded distribution of consumers on any compact set on a plane, which can describe real geographical situations. Demand continuity still holds for any transport costs, strictly increasing in distance and not necessarily linear. Although this is sufficient for the existence of Nash equilibrium in mixed strategies, in pure strategies it exists only for some subset of cases. Examples of both existence and non-existence are constructed, and for some family of densities the separation point between the two cases is found.The third model addresses locational choice of heterogeneous consumers, when land is also heterogeneous in quality. It is based on two articles. The first, "Dacha Pricing", is presented in chapter 4 and studies the problem of locational rent in a city-neighbourhood when utility includes both the impact of transport costs and time for transportation. For the case of identical agents the problem is solved explicitly and comparative statics with respect to exogeneous changes in transport cost and speed is studied. For the case of agents who are heterogeneous with respect to their income, a solution is also obtained. The model explains some evidence about dacha pricing in Russia and its dynamics during the transition period. The second article related to this model is "Location and Land Size Choice by Heterogeneous Agents". It generalizes the first one and form a separate chapter 5. A new approach about the general equilibrium allocation of heterogeneous divisible good (like land) among a continuum of heterogeneous consumers is proposed. The model is based on continuity of primitives which allow not only to finding a general equilibrium solution in a class of continuous functions, but also to treat the solution to a continuous problem as the limit of the corresponding sequence of discrete problems. This solves one of Berliant's paradoxes, related to spatial economics. The multiplicity of equilibria is shown to take place.

In the sport of track and field, proper hurdling technique is a complicated combination of various running and jumping kinematics. With most research having been done on sprint hurdling, there is a growing need for research on hurdling events of different lengths. The intermediate hurdles (IH) and the steeplechase (SC) are two events where there are a number of differences in hurdling technique. This study compared the differences in hurdling technique between events (IH and SC) as well as the differences in technique between genders. Subjects for this study consisted of 20 elite intermediate hurdlers (10 male, 10 female) and 20 elite steeplechasers (10 male, 10 female). Subjects were filmed performing their respective events at the 2006 USA Outdoor Track and Field National Championships. A 2-D analysis was performed on each subject to determine differences between events and genders for the following variables: loss of horizontal velocity, peak center of mass relative to hurdle height, horizontal position at peak center of mass, deviation angle at takeoff, hurdle step length, penultimate, and recovery step lengths, takeoff and landing distance, minimum lead leg hip angle, trail leg knee height relative to the hip at peak height, trunk angle at peak height, landing angle, and finally, the ratio of the recovery step to the penultimate step. Significant differences (p < .05) were observed in 11 of the 13 variables analyzed. Steeplechasers showed significantly higher values than hurdlers in deviation angle, landing angle, minimum lead leg hip angle, peak height over the barrier, takeoff and landing distances, as well as penultimate, hurdle and recovery step lengths. Trail leg knee height was shown to be higher for hurdlers. Also, female steeplechasers were shown to have a greater trunk angle and loss of horizontal velocity than female hurdlers. Females showed higher values than males in deviation angle, landing angle, minimum lead leg hip angle, and peak height over the barrier. Landing distance, hurdle step length and trail leg knee height were higher for males. Also, female steeplechasers had a longer penultimate step length than males. Several differences in hurdling technique exist between events and gender. Hurdlers appear to place more emphasis on the kinematics which helps to promote a low center of mass hurdle clearance. Steeplechasers, on the other hand, are less pronounced with their hurdling kinematics. This is likely due to the greater economy required of the longer event. Gender differences appear to be, in large part, a function of differences in barrier height. As athletes and coaches go about evaluating and training hurdling technique, it is important to recognize the differences that exist between these different events.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in solid organs of old men. However, the patients are nearly 100 percent survivable if detected early. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable prostate cancer biomarker that is now wildly used for population screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of patients with prostate cancer. But PSA is not good enough for a biomarker because it can not distinguish benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) from prostate tumor . Recently, there are some tumor marker still in study, for example: free prostate specific antigen¡]fPSA), complexed prostate specific antigen (C-PSA), kallikrein,prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA). From previously study,we had found many different protein expressions between serum of normal and prostate patients. Mayven is one of the novel proteins that had been identified. The mRNA expression of Mayven in prostate cancer tissue is determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The result shows that the mRNA expression of Mayven in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is about 5.0-11.3 fold than normal tissue , 12.7 fold in Prostate Cancer (PCa) stage T1 and 0.1- 3.7 fold after cancer stage T2. The Mayven gene expression is predominate in tumor stage T1, decrease after T2 stage. However the expressed pattern of mayven in BPH remains further investigation due to the limited sample size. Furthermore, with 2 dimensional electrophoresis (2¡VDE), we have found 7 differentially expressed proteins between tissue of normal and prostate patients, and these proteins are identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and MS-Fit. These identified proteins are Keratin 8¡]KRT8¡^, MAPKkinase5¡]MAP2K5¡^, Acid phosphatase (ACPP), Annexin A3¡]ANXA3¡^, Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), Spindlin-like protein 2 (SPIN2) and Transgelin 2¡]TAGLN2¡^.

Proteomics is the global analysis of proteins that covers a broad range of technologies aimed at determining the identity and quantity of proteins expressed in the cell, their three-dimensional structure and interaction partners. In contrast to genome, proteome reflects more accurately on the dynamic state of the cell, tissue, or an organism. Therefore much is expected from proteomics to yield better disease markers for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring, as well as biomarkers that would indicate environmental exposure or provide prediction of biological age. In this thesis, I have developed and applied robust and sensitive subproteomic approaches to study the effect of aging as well as and environmental pollution using different animal models. In the first part, a high-throughput proteomic method based on liquid chromatography coupled to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (LC/2-DE) was developed. The usefulness of this method has been demonstrated by applying it to the assessment of marine pollution in a field experiment. Next, I have utilized this subproteomic approach to study the effect of aging in mouse kidney of both genders. As a result, a protein expression signature of aging kidney was obtained, revealing gender-dependent alterations in proteome profiles of aging mouse kidney. In order to further reduce the dynamic range of protein expression and increase the sensitivity of proteomic analysis, I have applied a shotgun mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to study age-related differences in peroxisome-enriched fractions from mouse liver. Only eight proteins showed statistically significant difference in expression (p&lt;0.05) with moderate folds. This study indicates that age-depended changes in the liver proteome are minimal, suggesting that its proteome is efficiently maintained until certain age. Finally, in the context of aging studies and the role of peroxisomes in aging, I have tested the utility of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as agents for protein delivery into acatalasemic peroxisomes using yeast as a model. The results obtained suggest that CPPs may be suitable for the delivery of antioxidants to peroxisomes and in future could provide a tool for the protein therapy of age-related diseases. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following publications were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted, Paper 4: Submitted.