Se optó por estructurar el contenido de este trabajo conforme a una organización lógica del material, basado en sus referencias temáticas a un origen pasado, a su sociedad en el presente histórico y a modelos utópicos de la nación-estado, cuyos temas correspondientes giran en torno a la Historia (Primera Parte), la Nación (Segunda Parte) y el Estado de Panamá (Tercera Parte). El tema de la Geografía de Panamá, como situación geográfica, está presente a través de todo el ensayo, en cada una de sus partes, porque el determinismo geográfico juega un papel importante en las narrativas de identidad nacional en Panamá. / Tesis

Andrés Pérez Araya, actor, bailarín, coreógrafo y director, tempranamente pasó a formar parte de la historia del teatro chileno. Su formación multidisciplinaria y su talento y trabajo constante hicieron de él uno de los artistas más integrales que se ha conocido en Chile, artista que se convirtió en un visionario de su oficio a nivel nacional e internacional. Muchas veces se le recuerda como “el director de La Negra Ester”, sin embargo se debe ir mucho más allá. Cuando nombramos a Pérez hablamos, primero, de un líder innegable, y luego de uno de los primeros artistas que salieron a la calle a hacer teatro, del responsable de las revoluciones y transformaciones dentro del teatro chileno, hablamos entonces de entrega, determinación, creatividad infinita, talento y sobre todo trabajo. Poder abarcar este personaje tan complejo en una tesis sería imposible. Su basta obra creativa en sus múltiples facetas, han dado vida a estudios que hablan sobre él y el carácter de su teatro, es así como lo popular, festivo, ritual, Latinoamérica y el trabajo colectivo, forman parte de la bibliografía existente. Sin embargo, luego de leer y recopilar la mayor cantidad de información que había, nos dimos cuenta que existía un vacío importante en un pilar que era fundamental en su teatro: el actor.

Unbound granular materials are generally used in road pavements as base and subbase layers. The granular materials provide load distribution through aggregate contacts to a level that can help the subgrade to withstand the applied loads. Several research studies have shown that unbound pavement layers exhibit anisotropic properties. Anisotropy is caused by the preferred orientation of aggregates and compaction forces. The result is unbound pavement layers that have higher stiffness in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. This behavior is not accounted for in the design and analysis procedures included in the proposed AASHTO 2002 design guide. One of the objectives of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of flexible pavement response using different models for unbound pavement layers: linear isotropic, nonlinear isotropic, linear anisotropic and nonlinear anisotropic. Pavement response is computed using a finite element program. The computations from nonlinear isotropic and anisotropic models of unbound layers are compared to the AASHO field experimental measurements. The second objective is to analyze the influence of using isotropic and anisotropic properties for the pavement layers on the performance of flexible pavements calculated using the AASHTO 2002 models. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the proposed AASHTO 2002 performance models to the properties of the unbound pavement layers is conducted. The sensitivity analysis includes different types of base materials, base layer thicknesses, hot mix asphalt type and thickness, environmental conditions, and subgrade materials.

Under the development trend of globalization, enterprises are forced to follow the vision of corporate governance. Enterprises must construct an effective internal controlling system in the basic running environment, and strengthen the enterprises risk management, follow the SOX norm to improve the corporate image then march toward the internationalization. This research adopts the case study, choosing the representative enterprise, the ASE Incorporated. By the way of depth interview and analysis in the relational papers, we have the main conclusions as the result as follows. First, Strength the stratagems of corporate governance: Raising the information transparency, establishing the internal management process and strengthen the enterprises risk management, etc. The ASE Incorporated combines the SOX and internal control norm, in order to make the result of resources integration. Second, balance the legal systems and practices of independent director: Shown in the secondary materials and analyze other information of this research, the legal systems and practices are not in opposing side. The considerations of setting up the independent director can improve the quality of decision and raise the effects, but do not influence the decision-making by way of full powers. However, it can intensify the governance efficiency. We make some suggestions for the enterprises. It is including place importance of internal control system and internal audit management and enhancement the information system. The good institutional framework can be expected the development goal of corporate governance.

Unbound granular materials are generally used in road pavements as base and subbase layers. The granular materials provide load distribution through aggregate contacts to a level that can help the subgrade to withstand the applied loads. Several research studies have shown that unbound pavement layers exhibit anisotropic properties. Anisotropy is caused by the preferred orientation of aggregates and compaction forces. The result is unbound pavement layers that have higher stiffness in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. This behavior is not accounted for in the design and analysis procedures included in the proposed AASHTO 2002 design guide. One of the objectives of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of flexible pavement response using different models for unbound pavement layers: linear isotropic, nonlinear isotropic, linear anisotropic and nonlinear anisotropic. Pavement response is computed using a finite element program. The computations from nonlinear isotropic and anisotropic models of unbound layers are compared to the AASHO field experimental measurements. The second objective is to analyze the influence of using isotropic and anisotropic properties for the pavement layers on the performance of flexible pavements calculated using the AASHTO 2002 models. Finally, a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the proposed AASHTO 2002 performance models to the properties of the unbound pavement layers is conducted. The sensitivity analysis includes different types of base materials, base layer thicknesses, hot mix asphalt type and thickness, environmental conditions, and subgrade materials.

In constructing and evaluating a theory of justice, it is crucial to determine the scope of justice---that is, the range of cases to which considerations of justice are appropriately applied. One important strand of contemporary political thought, best exemplified by John Rawls, argues that the primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society, i.e., its major political and social institutions. Rawls' position has not, however, been without its share of critics. An alternative to institutional egalitarianism begins by emphasizing that the structure of institutions alone is of uncertain benefit when it comes to meeting the demands of justice. If we are truly concerned with social justice, we should be sensitive to the fact that individual choices can go a long way towards upsetting the balance of equality that justice requires. This thesis defends Rawls' focus on the basic structure against this challenge.

This thesis explores the role of the concept of equality in John Rawls' theory of justice. Rawls argues that the Kantian idea of the moral equality of persons translates into a primary principle of equal basic liberties, followed by a principle of fair equality of opportunity that addresses the moral arbitrariness of social and natural contingencies. Furthermore, the "difference principle" specifies that social and economic inequalities are only justified if they benefit the worst-off group. Libertarian critics such as Robert Nozick argue that Rawls' "difference principle" is inconsistent with a Kantian respect for the moral equality of persons as ends in themselves. Communitarians such as Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor argue that Rawls' egalitarian commitments are not supportable via a Kantian conception of the moral subject of justice as an autonomous pre-social self. This thesis defends Rawls' theory of justice against these challenges.

Influenced by the global phenomenon of the third way paradigm, the reform of the New Zealand Local Government Act 2002 (LGA 2002) marked significant changes for local authorities. Under this Act, local authorities were required to consult with their communities to develop long term plans identifying social, economic, environmental and cultural outcomes and progress indicators within a sustainable development framework. Since 2002, local authorities have developed at least one long term plan with a full consultation process. This thesis explored the interpretation of cultural wellbeing based on ethnicity and cultural identity, identifying factors that may influence indicator development using Hamilton City Council’s Long Term Council Community Plan (LTCCP) 2006 as a case study. The qualitative and secondary quantitative research has shown tensions exist, between the application of a western definition of cultural wellbeing and the cultural worldview within a governance model. Subsequent findings relate to the dearth of literature exploring the relationship between principles of citizenship, cultural diversity and cultural wellbeing within a New Zealand setting. Through the reflexive research process it has been identified that any further work in this area draws on community participatory research design and indigenous methodology. Cultural wellbeing is a live process moving beyond the manifestation of tradition and custom that traditionally has been associated with indicator development. The generic nature of cultural wellbeing indicators could be related to the need for more research into the epistemology of culture as a knowledge tradition in itself and how it is incorporated into development of wellbeing measures and indicators. By drawing on central, local and regional monitoring programmes, local authorities, such as Hamilton City Council have demonstrated an evolution in the type of cultural wellbeing indicators and outcomes used; however the full intent of broadening the role of local government to include cultural wellbeing is still to be realised.

En el presente informe de seminario, se dará cuenta de la visión que propone Hans-Georg Gadamer del juego y de la importancia de este concepto en la interpretación artística. Trataremos de dar una definición de lo que sea el juego, mostrando sus características propias, las cuales han sido fijadas no sólo por Gadamer, sino también por otros autores que se han dedicado al análisis del fenómeno del juego, como es el caso de Johan Huizinga.

Este estudo focaliza, sob os aspectos históricos e analíticos, a ‘Sonatina n° 2’ de Héctor Tosar (1923-2002). Trata-se de uma obra representativa do neoclassicismo musical da década de 1950, escrita por um compositor latino-americano com formação em seu país, o Uruguai e no exterior. A análise tem como referencial teórico os pressupostos do próprio Tosar (1992) e de Joseph Straus (1990). Através da análise dos conjuntos, mostram-se a recorrência de um grupo de sons e a resultante fixação da sonoridade característica da obra.