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The thesis presents a design of a progressive cutting tool for the production of shaped blanks from sheet metal Usibor 1500 (22MnB5) with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The tool is designed by using CATIA V5 software in cooperation with Žďas, a.s. company. Based on the literature review of the cutting process, cutters were designed, shear clearance and order of operations in the tool were determined. The proposed cutting tool consists of both manufactured and standardized parts. Tool parts fall out of the chute onto the conveyor belt. The tool is designed to operate on an AIDA 1000 excentric press with a nominal force of 10,000 kN. Cutters that are not standardized are made of tool steel and heat treated according to drawing documentation.

This thesis deals with the usage of arc preheating for welding high strength boron enhanced steel 22MnB5 using hybrid technology known as laserTIG and also its impact on the final weld compared to welds welded by only the laser or the arc method. During the experiment I welded five sheets of the above mentioned steel 1,3 or 1,9 milimeters wide. Except for the welds fabricated by the laser and the TIG method was the only variable the electric current of the arc (I = 20, 40, or 60 A). Welds welded this way were compared based on strength limits measured by the tensile tests. Additionally were they compared according to the metalographic survey and the progress of weld hardness, calculated using the Vickers hardness test.

O processo de estampagem à quente é um dos métodos possíveis para a conformação de aços de alta resistência. Para isso é necessário o estudo das propriedades termomecânicas para obtenção de parâmetros ótimos para a construção de uma linha de estampagem eficiente. Neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios para determinar os parâmetros para a estampagem a quente do aço 22MnB5, e posteriormente a construção de uma linha de estampagem a quente completa. Obteve-se ao fim do processo, uma microestrutura martensitica com dureza de 430 HV com resistência à tração de aproximadamente 1365 MPa. / The hot stamping process is one of the possible ways to high strenght steel conformation. In this work, study of 22MnB5 steel thermomechanical properties was performed in order to obtain optimum parameters to hot stamping process. After, a complete hot stamping line was built. At the end of hot stamping process it was possible to obtain a martensitic microstructure with 1365 MPa strenght resistance and 430 HV.

O processo de estampagem à quente é um dos métodos possíveis para a conformação de aços de alta resistência. Para isso é necessário o estudo das propriedades termomecânicas para obtenção de parâmetros ótimos para a construção de uma linha de estampagem eficiente. Neste trabalho, foram realizados ensaios para determinar os parâmetros para a estampagem a quente do aço 22MnB5, e posteriormente a construção de uma linha de estampagem a quente completa. Obteve-se ao fim do processo, uma microestrutura martensitica com dureza de 430 HV com resistência à tração de aproximadamente 1365 MPa. / The hot stamping process is one of the possible ways to high strenght steel conformation. In this work, study of 22MnB5 steel thermomechanical properties was performed in order to obtain optimum parameters to hot stamping process. After, a complete hot stamping line was built. At the end of hot stamping process it was possible to obtain a martensitic microstructure with 1365 MPa strenght resistance and 430 HV.

The press hardening belongs to state-of-the-art technology at sheet metal forming to gain high strength and crash resistant parts in automotive industry. This process could establish due to its cost- and esourceefficiency. According to ongoing developments on direct press hardening processes it is necessary to describe and understand the thermo-mechanical treatment of 22MnB5. Therefore the flow behavior and phase transformation during cooling with simultaneous forming is investigated. The experimental process considers industrial parameters in order to get industry-oriented results. In deep drawing processes the sheet metal is roped into the draw die and bended around the die edge. Thereby sheets perform different stages of compressive and tensile strain at the die oriented side and the punch oriented side of the sheet. There are different stages and values of stress and strain according to several layers of the sheet over its cross-section. The values of stress, strain and forming rate were FEcalculated for industry-relevant bending radii and sheet thicknesses of manganese-boron steel 22MnB5. According to the calculations different cooling and forming strategies were performed by dilatometric tests. The forming behavior is described by the microstructural development with regard to the cooling rate and temperature. Beside the influence of austenite forming on the phase transformation and mechanical properties is considered. A prospective view is given to illustrate ongoing examinations under compressive and combined tensional and compressive forces.

Die Analyse der geometrischen Voraussetzungen der Schweißstelle bildet die Grundlage der Arbeit. Es wurde ein künstlicher Passfehler definiert, an welchem eine systematische Variation von geometrischen Parametern des Spaltes zwischen den Blechen an 22MnB5 und DC04 durchgeführt wurde. Erstmals werden die Kontaktradien durch Kennzahlen in analytischen Zusammenhang mit der Verlagerung der Wärmefreisetzung in der Umgebung der Kontakte gebracht. Am Vergütungsstahl wird vorrangig der Kontaktradius zwischen den Blechen infolge des Spaltes verringert. Erhöhte Elektrodenkraft kann dies nicht kompensieren. Messungen des dynamischen elektrischen Widerstandes charakterisieren das elektrische Verhalten der Schweißstelle und wurden mittels des KMK-Modells implizit auf den temperatur- und druckabhängigen spezifischen Übergangswiderstand übertragen. Der feueraluminierte Vergütungsstahl zeigt am Blech-Blech Kontakt einen über dreimal so hohen Übergangswiderstand wie am Elektrode-Blech Kontakt. Zeigt der 22MnB5 über 600 K grundsätzlich einen größeren Übergangswiderstand als andere Stähle, so ist bei niedrigeren Temperaturen sein Übergangswiderstand kleiner als an verschiedenen anderen Werkstoffen. Schweißversuche zeigten, dass der Linsendurchmesser an 22MnB5 infolge des Passabstandesunter den Mindestdurchmesser abnimmt, damit einher geht eine Absenkung der Schweißenergie um maximal 15 %. Durch Erhöhung des Schweißstromes sind qualitätsgerechte Schweißungen auch am Spalt möglich. Die Spritzergrenze verschiebt sich durch den Spalt zu größeren Strömen hin. Eine vertiefte Analyse der Wärmeströme zeigte, dass mindestens 30 % der Schweißwärme an den Elektrode-Blech Kontakten freigesetzt werden, mindestens 48 % entfallen auf den Stoffwiderstand des Bleches. Die Absenkung der Schweißwärme am Passfehler ist ausschließlich auf einen verminderten Stoffwiderstand zurückzuführen, welcher durch verstärktes Einsinken der Elektroden hervorgerufen wird. / The analysis of the geometric prerequisites at the weld site is the fundament of this work. An artificial form error has been defined, on which the systematic Variation of geometric parameters of the gap between sheets of 22MnB5 and DC04 have been carried out. For the first time, the contact radii have been brought into analytical relation to the relocation of heat release in the contact’s environment. On the heat-treatable steel predominantly the contact radius between the sheets is decreased as a result of the gap. Increased electrode forces cannot compensate the effect. Measurements of the electric resistance on the accurately-fitting joint characterize the electric behaviour of the weld and have been implicitly transferred to the temperature and pressure-dependent specific transition resistance by means of numerical simulation. On the sheet-sheet contact, the hot-dip aluminized heat-treatable steel showed a three times larger transition resistance than at the electrode-sheet contact. Whereas the 22MnB5 fundamentally has a bigger transition resistance than other steels above 600 K, at lower temperatures his transition resistance is superseded by that of different other steels. Welding experiments proved, that the nugget diameter in 22MnB5 is reduced below the minimum criterion by the gap. Along with this, the welding energy is reduced by a maximum of 15 %. By increasing the welding current welded joints meeting the quality criterion can be produced as well when a gap is present. The splash limit is moved to larger currents as an effect of the gap. An in-depth review of the heat flows in the welding process showed, the at least 30 % of the weld heat are released at the sheet-sheet contacts, at least 48 % are allotted to the bulk resistance of the sheets. The decrease of weld heat at the gap is exclusively attributed to a decrease of the bulk resistance of the sheets, which is generated by increased sink-in of the electrodes.

This thesis deals with usage of hybrid technology Laser-TIG for welding of boron enhanced steel 22MnB5. This thesis evaluates the influence of preheating using technology of TIG arc welding to a weld quality in comparison with laser welds. In practical part of thesis there were 1,8 mm metal sheets of 22MnB5 welded. This metal sheet specimens were welded by using constant parameters of laser with varying parameters of TIG technology. There were 12 specimens of sheet metal created including 3 specimens using only laser and 9 specimens using Laser-TIG hybrid technology while varying magnitude of current (I=20 A, 40 A a 60 A). Welds created this way were evaluated by tensile test and strength limits compared. Then metalografic survey was carried out examining macro and microstructure. Results of metalografic survey were confronted with Vickers hardness test.

A demanda por produtos mais econômicos, eficientes e menos poluentes faz com que a indústria automobilística invista em novos e melhores materiais e processos de produção. Assim, surgiu o processo de estampagem à quente chamado Press Hardening e seus produtos, os Press Hardened Steels. Esta classe de aços é capaz de produzir uma microestrutura totalmente martensítica durante o rápido resfriamento em prensa. Com o aumento da produção de peças por Press Hardening, evidenciou-se um grave problema: a suscetibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio dos aços submetidos a esse processo. A ocorrência das chamadas fraturas retardadas induzidas por hidrogênio é relatada na literatura e uma pesquisa indica que microadições de nióbio ao aço 22MnB5 poderiam aumentar a resistência à fratura induzida por hidrogênio. Para estudar os efeitos do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5, foram utilizadas seis diferentes composições A, C, CP, Ec, Ep e N (contém nióbio) em dois ensaios principais: ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio e trincamento induzido por hidrogênio. A técnica de microdureza Vickers foi posteriormente utilizada para verificar possíveis efeitos do ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio. Quatro das seis ligas receberam inicialmente o tratamento de press hardening e todas as seis apresentavam estruturas martensíticas nos ensaios de permeabilidade e trincamento. Por meio do método tlag, os parâmetros de difusão dos ensaios de permeabilidade foram calculados e comparados à literatura. As ligas CP e N apresentam os maiores valores de difusividade aparente de hidrogênio, menores valores de concentração máxima de hidrogênio e menores densidades de sítios de aprisionamento, sendo assim menos suscetíveis à fragilização por hidrogênio. Os ensaios de trincamento revelaram que as composições A, C e Ec apresentam trincas maiores do que as demais ligas, corroborando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade (melhor resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio das ligas CP e N que contém Nb). Os ensaios de microdureza Vickers mostraram que não há redução na dureza após o ensaio de permeabilidade. Palavras-chave: A demanda por produtos mais econômicos, eficientes e menos poluentes faz com que a indústria automobilística invista em novos e melhores materiais e processos de produção. Assim, surgiu o processo de estampagem à quente chamado Press Hardening e seus produtos, os Press Hardened Steels. Esta classe de aços é capaz de produzir uma microestrutura totalmente martensítica durante o rápido resfriamento em prensa. Com o aumento da produção de peças por Press Hardening, evidenciou-se um grave problema: a suscetibilidade à fragilização por hidrogênio dos aços submetidos a esse processo. A ocorrência das chamadas fraturas retardadas induzidas por hidrogênio é relatada na literatura e uma pesquisa indica que microadições de nióbio ao aço 22MnB5 poderiam aumentar a resistência à fratura induzida por hidrogênio. Para estudar os efeitos do hidrogênio no aço 22MnB5, foram utilizadas seis diferentes composições A, C, CP, Ec, Ep e N (contém nióbio) em dois ensaios principais: ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio e trincamento induzido por hidrogênio. A técnica de microdureza Vickers foi posteriormente utilizada para verificar possíveis efeitos do ensaio de permeabilidade de hidrogênio. Quatro das seis ligas receberam inicialmente o tratamento de press hardening e todas as seis apresentavam estruturas martensíticas nos ensaios de permeabilidade e trincamento. Por meio do método tlag, os parâmetros de difusão dos ensaios de permeabilidade foram calculados e comparados à literatura. As ligas CP e N apresentam os maiores valores de difusividade aparente de hidrogênio, menores valores de concentração máxima de hidrogênio e menores densidades de sítios de aprisionamento, sendo assim menos suscetíveis à fragilização por hidrogênio. Os ensaios de trincamento revelaram que as composições A, C e Ec apresentam trincas maiores do que as demais ligas, corroborando os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade (melhor resistência à fragilização por hidrogênio das ligas CP e N que contém Nb). Os ensaios de microdureza Vickers mostraram que não há redução na dureza após o ensaio de permeabilidade. / The demand for more economical, efficient and less polluting products makes the automobile industry invest in new and better materials and production processes. In this way, arose the hot stamping process called Press Hardening and its products, the Press Hardened Steels. This class of steels is capable of producing a fully martensitic microstructure during rapid cooling in the press. With the increase of the production of pieces by Press Hardening, a serious problem was evidenced: the susceptibility to the hydrogen embrittlement of the steels made by this process. The occurrence of the so-called hydrogen-induced delayed fractures is reported in the literature and a research indicates that micro-alloying of niobium to 22MnB5 steel may increase hydrogen-induced fracture resistance. In order to study the hydrogen effects on the 22MnB5 steel, were used six different compositions A, C, CP, Ec, Ep and N (which contains niobium) in two main tests: hydrogen permeation test and hydrogen induced cracking. The Vickers micro hardness technique was later used to verify possible effects of the hydrogen permeation test. Four of the six alloys received the press hardening processing and all six had martensitic structures in the permeability and induced cracking tests. By means of the tlag method, the diffusion parameters of the permeability tests were calculated and compared to the literature. The CP and N alloys present the highest values of hydrogen apparent diffusivity, lower values of maximum hydrogen concentration and lower densities of trapping sites, thus being less susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. The induced cracking tests showed that compositions A, C and Ec present higher cracks than the other alloys, corroborating the results obtained in the permeability tests (better resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of the alloys CP and N containing Nb). The Vickers microhardness tests showed that there is no reduction in hardness after the permeability test.

In der Arbeit werden spezielle Kupferlote im MIG- und Laserlötverfahren an Stählen mit unterschiedlichem Festigkeitsverhalten untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sollen dazu beitragen, den Lötprozess durch den Einsatz spezieller Kupferbasislote zu optimieren und durch reduzierten Energieeintrag ein homogeneres Eigenschaftsfeld im Bereich der Fügestelle zu erzeugen. Den Verarbeitern dieser Werkstoffe soll die Möglichkeit gegeben werden, diese Werkstoffe rationeller und mit höherer Effektivität zu verarbeiten. Im Ergebnis der Arbeit sollen Verbesserungen der Eigenschaften der Lötnähte erzielt werden, die besonders in der Dünnblechverarbeitung mit Schwerpunkt Karosseriebau Anwendung finden. Wesentliche Ziele sind die Erhöhung der Festigkeitseigenschaften, eine Erhöhung der Fügegeschwindigkeit, die Verbesserung des Phosphatierungsverhaltens sowie eine Reduzierung der eingebrachten Wärmeenergie. Die Vielfältigkeit dieser Anforderungen macht es notwendig, die Versuche sowohl im Laser- als auch im MIG-Lötverfahren durchzuführen. Die Lötverfahren werden in der Praxis für unterschiedliche Anforderungen innerhalb der Karosserie eingesetzt. Das Fügen von hochfesten Strukturelementen oder Außenhautbauteilen erfordert in Abhängigkeit von den Anforderungen die Verwendung ausgewählter Zusatzwerkstoffe. Die Vielfältigkeit der Werkstoffe und der Anforderungen spiegelt sich in den Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit wieder. Für weitergehende Untersuchungen, speziell im hochfesten Blechbereich, soll die Arbeit entsprechende Grundlagen bieten. Als Vorlage für die Erarbeitung von experimentellen und theoretischen Methodiken der Prozessbetrachtung werden neben typischen Kupferloten neu entwickelte Lotlegierungen verwendet. Bei der Betrachtung der Kupferlegierungen werden die unterschiedlichen Einflüsse auf den Fügeprozess definiert und beschrieben. Es wird festgestellt, dass niedrig schmelzende Lote mit ausgewählter Legierungszusammensetzung im Gegensatz zu Eisenbasis-Schweißdrähten einen geringeren negativen Einfluss auf das Gefüge der Bleche im Nahtbereich ausüben. Um die thermische Beanspruchung, besonders in der Wärmeeinflusszone, während des Fügeprozesses gering zu halten, kann zusätzlich eine geeignete Stromquellentechnik zum Einsatz kommen. Mit Hilfe des „kalten“ Lichtbogens ist es möglich, die eingebrachte Streckenenergie weiter zu reduzieren. Faktoren, die den Energieeintrag beeinflussen, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit in experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkung auf das Festigkeitsverhalten betrachtet. Es werden durch geeignete Legierungskombinationen die Einflüsse auf die Steigerung der Lötgeschwindigkeit und auf eine Verbesserung des Phosphatierungsverhaltens untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen liefern die Informations- und Beweisbasis für die erarbeiteten Legierungssysteme und ermöglichen es, den optimierten Lötprozess an hochfesten Stahlblechen wissenschaftlich zu betrachten. Die Auswertung der wissenschaftlichen Experimente, dargestellt in den angefügten ausführlichen Tabellen, stellen die Zusammenhänge zwischen der Legierungsauswahl und der eingebrachten Streckenenergie dar. Die Erkenntnisse aus der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen für das Fügen von hochfesten Blechen die Entscheidung über die Auswahl geeigneter Zusatzwerkstoffe erleichtern. Die Ergebnisse der theoretischen Untersuchungen anhand mathematischer Modelle zur Beschreibung der physikalischen Prozesse der Wärmezufuhr durch Verwendung eines ausgewählten Lotes in Kombination mit geeigneter Stromquellentechnologie sind die Grundlage für die Optimierung des Lötprozesses. Die vorgeschlagenen Modelle zur Entwicklung und Optimierung von Lichtbogenlötprozessen mit neu entwickelten Lotlegierungen wurde im Rahmen der vorgelegten Arbeit an realen Blechqualitäten angewendet und überprüft. In den Ergebnissen hat sich bestätigt, dass die Verwendung spezieller Kupferlote zu verbesserten Verarbeitungseigenschaften führen, und damit Konzepte zum wirtschaftlich verbesserten Fügen angeboten werden.