Questions regarding the fate of the unevangelized have been contemplated for centuries and now, in this post-Christian world, issues of the church's claim that Jesus is the unique Son of God have been added to the debate. Does God truly desire the salvation of all human beings? Is Jesus Christ the full and unequalled revelation of God? This work explores, through means of comparison and contrast, the theological positions of exclusivism, pluralism, and inclusivism. Particular attention is given to each school's history, biblical arguments, theological arguments, and convictions concerning the purpose of missions, as well as an evaluation of each school's position. The author concludes that while exclusivism maintains a high Christology and pluralism a wide-ranging salvation, only inclusivism adequately harmonizes these positions in a cogent manner. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Ce rapport personne-institution s’appuie sur une double notion : la personne humaine et le salut en Jésus-Christ. Le désir du salut dans l’histoire de l’Église a pris son essor dans l’anachorétisme pour s’épanouir dans le cénobitisme. Les grandes Règles monastiques ont mis au point tout une pédagogie spirituelle, à travers toute une législation où le rapport personne institution se révèle interactif et fécond pour la transformation spirituelle de la personne. La période qui va du Xe au XIIIe siècle, caractérisée par les grandes réformes monastiques de Cluny et de Cîteaux ainsi que l’émergence des Ordres mendiants a permis au rapport personne-institution de confirmer sa fiabilité même au creuset de l’épreuve que fut la Révolution de 1789. L’analyse du rapport personne-institution montre que la personne crée l’institution, lui donne sens et légitimité et l’institution favorise l’avènement de la personne comme être-en-relation, se construisant sans cesse par l’ouverture à l’altérité. / The relationship between the individual person and the religious institution is examined here all along the history of religious community life from the first cenobitc institution of saint Pacomus in the 4th century until the end of 18th century. The work is organised around two basic notions : the human person and salvation in Jesus Christ.With the apearance of monaticism, the notion of salvation clearly appears here in its objective, communal and universal dimension. The monastic reformation initiated in Cluny and Cîteaux, the appearance of the mendicant orders, and the French Revolution enabled the relation between the person and the institution to renew the meaning of religeous commitment. The analysis of the relationship person-institution shows that the person creates the institution, endowing it with meaning and legitimacy and that the institution works toward the advent of the human person seen as « a being in relation with » constantly developing by being open to otherness.

This thesis concerns the reason-giving aspect of legitimacy. What reasons must be used to justify coercive laws, if citizens are to be respected as morally free and equal, in the face of their many moral, religious, and philosophical disagreements? Many theorists endorse 'political liberalism', according to which laws must be justified to all citizens by reasons that they can accept. This claim has been interpreted in two conflicting ways. The dominant view, which I call 'public reason liberalism', holds that laws must be justified by appeal to a set of values that all citizens can share, despite their many disagreements. In the first part of the thesis, I argue that this view should be rejected in favour of 'justificatory liberalism', which holds that laws must be conclusively justified to each citizen on the basis of all of their reasons. I also respond to the challenge of the 'right reasons view', which rejects the claim that laws need to be justified to citizens by reasons they can accept. Several prominent objections to political liberalism claim that it is incompatible with committed religious belief. In the second part of the thesis I investigate whether this is the case with regard to Christianity, by engaging with Christian theology. I argue that many of the common objections to political liberalism fail, but so do certain arguments that aim to show that Christians ought to endorse public reason liberalism on the basis of their religious beliefs. Nonetheless, Christians can accept political liberalism, and justificatory liberalism in particular. The requirements of justificatory liberalism and individuals' Christian beliefs will sometimes conflict, however. Justificatory liberals should accept that individuals can sometimes justifiably prioritise the latter over the former. My overall argument is that justificatory liberalism offers the best account of the reason-giving aspect of legitimacy, and that this is partly shown by its compatibility with Christian theology.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyse which navigational rights are applicable to foreign commercial vessels performing trans-arctic shipping through the Northwest Passage and how this affects the potential for Canada, through article 234 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), to issue national environmental legislation regulating pollution from ships. This is done through the method of legal dogmatics, characterised by analysis of the sources of law and the hierarchy between them. In this paper, the main sources of law employed are UNCLOS and relevant case law from the International Court of Justice. The main conclusions presented in the paper are that the Northwest Passage consists of a combination of territorial sea and exclusive economic zone, which generally means that commercial vessels are allowed innocent passage through the parts of the passage forming the territorial sea and are largely subject to freedom of navigation through those parts that form the exclusive economic zone. However, it seems likely that the Northwest Passage is a strait used for international navigation, in which case, the vessels passing through it are instead subject to the regime of transit passage. This would negatively affect the possibility for Canada to issue national legislation to regulate pollution from foreign vessels. However, as long as the Northwest Passage is covered by ice for most of the year, article 234 UNCLOS allows Canada far more leeway in regard to issuing anti-pollution legislation, both in the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone, regardless of whether the Northwest Passage is found to be a strait used for international navigation. The passage regime applicable to foreign commercial vessels under article 234 could be characterised as a sui generis passage.

Pesquisas versando sobre a distribuição de radionuclídeos naturais na Antártica são raras e desta forma, há grande interesse em se conhecer sua ocorrência e os fatores envolvidos com sua mobilização, transferência e acúmulo neste ambiente extremamente frágil. Os radionuclídeos naturais têm sido intensamente utilizados como traçadores no meio ambiente oceânico, auxiliando na compreensão de processos como afundamento, remoção e ressuspensão de partículas, mistura de massas dágua e circulação oceânica. O 234Th (t½ = 24,1 dias) é um radionuclídeo partículo-reativo produzido continuamente na água do mar pelo decaimento radioativo de seu precursor solúvel e de caráter conservativo com a salinidade 238U (t½ = 4,5 109 anos). Como apresenta meiavida relativamente curta, o 234Th é apropriado para quantificar processos que ocorrem em escala de tempo de dias a semanas. O desequilíbrio 234Th/ 238U nas águas superficiais do oceano tem sido utilizado para determinar o fluxo de carbono orgânico que afunda via material particulado. O fluxo de partículas produtivas biologicamente para além da zona eufótica no Oceano Austral tem destaque especial devido à sua importância no controle das concentrações de CO2 na atmosfera. Os radionuclídeos 210Pb (t½ = 22,3 anos) e 210Po (t½ = 138 dias) também são partículo-reativos. O desequilíbrio 210Po/ 210Pb tem sido utilizado para estimar os fluxos de partículas exportadas no oceano em uma escala de tempo de várias semanas. Os isótopos de Ra de meias-vidas longas, 226Ra (t½ = 1.600 anos) e 228Ra (t½ = 5,75 anos) são solúveis na água do mar exibem propriedades únicas que os tornam bons traçadores de massas dágua. Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar as distribuições dos radionuclídeos naturais 238U, 234Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb e 210Po no Estreito de Bransfield, durante duas campanhas realizadas no Verão Austral de 2011 (OPERANTAR XXIX e XXX). / Research on the distribution of natural radionuclides in Antartica is rare and thus, there is great interest in to know their occurrence and factors related to its mobilization, transference and accumulation in this extremely fragile environment. Natural radionuclides have been used intensively as tracers in the ocean, helping to better understand processes as sinking and particle ressuspention, water masses mixture and oceanic circulation. 234Th (t½ = 24.1 days) is a particle-reactive radionuclide produced continuously in seawater by the decay of its soluble precursor conservative with salinity 238U (t½ = 4.5 109 years). Since 234Th presents relatively short half-life, it is used to quantify processes that occur in temporal scale varying from days to weeks. The disequilibrium 234Th/ 238U in the surface ocean has been applied to estimate carbon fluxes exported via sinking material. The flux of particles biologically productive out of the euphotic zone in the Southern Ocean has special attention due to its importance in the control of CO2 atmospheric concentrations. The radionuclides 210Pb (t½ = 22.3 years) and 210Po (t½ = 138 days) are also particle-reactive. The disequilibrium 210Po/ 210Pb has been used to estimate fluxes of particles exported in the ocean in the time scale of weeks. The long-lived Ra isotopes, 226Ra (t½ = 1,600 years) and 228Ra (t½ = 5.75 years) are soluble in seawater, presenting unique properties that make them excellent tracers of water masses. This research work had the aim to study the distributions of natural radionuclides 238U, 234Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb and 210Po in the Bransfield Strait during 2 samplings carried out in the 2011 Austral Summer (OPERANTAR XXIX and XXX).

Pesquisas versando sobre a distribuição de radionuclídeos naturais na Antártica são raras e desta forma, há grande interesse em se conhecer sua ocorrência e os fatores envolvidos com sua mobilização, transferência e acúmulo neste ambiente extremamente frágil. Os radionuclídeos naturais têm sido intensamente utilizados como traçadores no meio ambiente oceânico, auxiliando na compreensão de processos como afundamento, remoção e ressuspensão de partículas, mistura de massas dágua e circulação oceânica. O 234Th (t½ = 24,1 dias) é um radionuclídeo partículo-reativo produzido continuamente na água do mar pelo decaimento radioativo de seu precursor solúvel e de caráter conservativo com a salinidade 238U (t½ = 4,5 109 anos). Como apresenta meiavida relativamente curta, o 234Th é apropriado para quantificar processos que ocorrem em escala de tempo de dias a semanas. O desequilíbrio 234Th/ 238U nas águas superficiais do oceano tem sido utilizado para determinar o fluxo de carbono orgânico que afunda via material particulado. O fluxo de partículas produtivas biologicamente para além da zona eufótica no Oceano Austral tem destaque especial devido à sua importância no controle das concentrações de CO2 na atmosfera. Os radionuclídeos 210Pb (t½ = 22,3 anos) e 210Po (t½ = 138 dias) também são partículo-reativos. O desequilíbrio 210Po/ 210Pb tem sido utilizado para estimar os fluxos de partículas exportadas no oceano em uma escala de tempo de várias semanas. Os isótopos de Ra de meias-vidas longas, 226Ra (t½ = 1.600 anos) e 228Ra (t½ = 5,75 anos) são solúveis na água do mar exibem propriedades únicas que os tornam bons traçadores de massas dágua. Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar as distribuições dos radionuclídeos naturais 238U, 234Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb e 210Po no Estreito de Bransfield, durante duas campanhas realizadas no Verão Austral de 2011 (OPERANTAR XXIX e XXX). / Research on the distribution of natural radionuclides in Antartica is rare and thus, there is great interest in to know their occurrence and factors related to its mobilization, transference and accumulation in this extremely fragile environment. Natural radionuclides have been used intensively as tracers in the ocean, helping to better understand processes as sinking and particle ressuspention, water masses mixture and oceanic circulation. 234Th (t½ = 24.1 days) is a particle-reactive radionuclide produced continuously in seawater by the decay of its soluble precursor conservative with salinity 238U (t½ = 4.5 109 years). Since 234Th presents relatively short half-life, it is used to quantify processes that occur in temporal scale varying from days to weeks. The disequilibrium 234Th/ 238U in the surface ocean has been applied to estimate carbon fluxes exported via sinking material. The flux of particles biologically productive out of the euphotic zone in the Southern Ocean has special attention due to its importance in the control of CO2 atmospheric concentrations. The radionuclides 210Pb (t½ = 22.3 years) and 210Po (t½ = 138 days) are also particle-reactive. The disequilibrium 210Po/ 210Pb has been used to estimate fluxes of particles exported in the ocean in the time scale of weeks. The long-lived Ra isotopes, 226Ra (t½ = 1,600 years) and 228Ra (t½ = 5.75 years) are soluble in seawater, presenting unique properties that make them excellent tracers of water masses. This research work had the aim to study the distributions of natural radionuclides 238U, 234Th, 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb and 210Po in the Bransfield Strait during 2 samplings carried out in the 2011 Austral Summer (OPERANTAR XXIX and XXX).

The classical Poisson, geometric and negative binomial regression models for count data belong to the family of generalized linear models and are available at the core of the statistics toolbox in the R system for statistical computing. After reviewing the conceptual and computational features of these methods, a new implementation of zero-inflated and hurdle regression models in the functions zeroinfl() and hurdle() from the package pscl is introduced. It re-uses design and functionality of the basic R functions just as the underlying conceptual tools extend the classical models. Both model classes are able to incorporate over-dispersion and excess zeros - two problems that typically occur in count data sets in economics and the social and political sciences - better than their classical counterparts. Using cross-section data on the demand for medical care, it is illustrated how the classical as well as the zero-augmented models can be fitted, inspected and tested in practice. (author's abstract) / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics