Thesis (Ph. D.)--Iowa State College, 1946. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Iowa State College, 1946. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Université de Paris, 1925. / At head of title: Series A. No. 1004 No d'ordre 1839. Thèses présentée a la faculté de sciences pour obtenir le grade le docteur ès sciences physiques. Printed paper cover.

Thesis--Helsinki. / In Periodical Room.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1966. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliography.

As indústrias de fertilizantes fosfatados no Brasil são responsáveis pela produção anual de 5,5x106 toneladas de um subproduto denominado fosfogesso (PG), que pode ser considerado como TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) e vem sendo estocado em pilhas à céu aberto ao lado das instalações produtoras. Com a presença de radionuclídeos no fosfogesso, faz-se necessário certa restrição para seu uso na agricultura. A Agência Regulatória Brasileira - CNEN estabeleceu limites de 1 Bq g-1 para 226Ra e 228Ra para o uso de fosfogesso na agricultura. No Brasil, esse resíduo vem sendo utilizado como condicionador de solo. Para a utilização segura do PG na agricultura é importante estimar qual poder de lixiviação dos radionuclídeos presente no mesmo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a disponibilidade do 210Po na utilização do PG na agricultura como condicionador de solo. Para isso, foi realizado experimento com colunas em PVC preenchidas com amostras de solo argiloso, solo arenoso e PG. As colunas foram lixiviadas com água deionizada. A técnica usada para a determinação de 210Po nas amostras de solo, solo + PG e PG foi a espectrometria alfa que se adéqua para a medição da concentração de 210Po em amostras ambientais, além de apresentar alta eficiência e alta sensibilidade. Para que se pudesse avaliar a disponibilidade de 210Po, a concentração obtida no lixiviado foi comparada com a concentração total de 210Po nas amostras de solo, solo + fosfogesso e fosfogesso. Os resultados obtidos para concentração de atividade de 210Po nas amostras de solo argiloso foram aproximadamente 2,5 vezes maiores do que as amostras de solo arenoso. Para as amostras de fosfogesso os resultados para concentração de atividade de 210Po variaram de 155±11 a 346±7 Bq Kg-1. Conclui-se que mesmo com a adição do fosfogesso no solo, as amostras não apresentaram um aumento na concentração final do radionuclídeo estudado. Pode-se concluir que os radionuclídeos presentes no fosfogesso não estão disponíveis no lixiviado. / The main phosphate industries in Brazil are responsible for the production of 5.5x106 metric tons of a TENORM residue (phosphogypsum-PG) annually, which is stored in stacks. The presence of radionuclides puts restrictions on the use of phosphogypsum in building materials and in soil amendments. The Brazilian regulatory body (CNEN) ruled that phosphogypsum would only be permitted for use in agriculture or in the cement industry if the concentration of 226Ra and 228Ra does not exceed 1 Bq g-1. In Brazil, phosphogypsum has been widely used as soil amendment, to improve the soil fertility. To assure a safe utilization in agriculture, it is important to estimate the lixiviation of the radionuclides in phosphogypsum. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of 210Po in the utilization of phosphogypsum in agriculture as soil amendment. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out, in which columns filled with sandy and clay Brazilian typical soils and phosphogypsum were percolated with water, to achieve a mild extraction of 210Po. The technique used for the determination of 210Po in the samples of soil, soil + phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum was alpha spectrometry which is suitable for the measurement of low activity of 210Po in environmental samples, since it presents high efficiency and sensibility. The concentration present in the leachate was compared with the total concentration of 210Po in soil, in the mixture soil + phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum, in order to evaluate the availability of 210Po. The results obtained for the activity concentrations of 210Po in the clay soil were approximately 2.5 times higher than the sand soil. The results obtained for the radionuclides concentration in the phosphogypsum varied from 155±11 to 346±7 Bq kg-1 for 210Po. However, the addition of phosphogypsum to the soils studied did not represent any increase in the final activity concentration. The results obtained for the activity concentration of 210Po in the leachate were close to the detection limits of the methodologies adopted, giving evidence that, although the radionuclides are present in the PG, they are not available in the leachate.

As indústrias de fertilizantes fosfatados no Brasil são responsáveis pela produção anual de 5,5x106 toneladas de um subproduto denominado fosfogesso (PG), que pode ser considerado como TENORM (Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) e vem sendo estocado em pilhas à céu aberto ao lado das instalações produtoras. Com a presença de radionuclídeos no fosfogesso, faz-se necessário certa restrição para seu uso na agricultura. A Agência Regulatória Brasileira - CNEN estabeleceu limites de 1 Bq g-1 para 226Ra e 228Ra para o uso de fosfogesso na agricultura. No Brasil, esse resíduo vem sendo utilizado como condicionador de solo. Para a utilização segura do PG na agricultura é importante estimar qual poder de lixiviação dos radionuclídeos presente no mesmo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a disponibilidade do 210Po na utilização do PG na agricultura como condicionador de solo. Para isso, foi realizado experimento com colunas em PVC preenchidas com amostras de solo argiloso, solo arenoso e PG. As colunas foram lixiviadas com água deionizada. A técnica usada para a determinação de 210Po nas amostras de solo, solo + PG e PG foi a espectrometria alfa que se adéqua para a medição da concentração de 210Po em amostras ambientais, além de apresentar alta eficiência e alta sensibilidade. Para que se pudesse avaliar a disponibilidade de 210Po, a concentração obtida no lixiviado foi comparada com a concentração total de 210Po nas amostras de solo, solo + fosfogesso e fosfogesso. Os resultados obtidos para concentração de atividade de 210Po nas amostras de solo argiloso foram aproximadamente 2,5 vezes maiores do que as amostras de solo arenoso. Para as amostras de fosfogesso os resultados para concentração de atividade de 210Po variaram de 155±11 a 346±7 Bq Kg-1. Conclui-se que mesmo com a adição do fosfogesso no solo, as amostras não apresentaram um aumento na concentração final do radionuclídeo estudado. Pode-se concluir que os radionuclídeos presentes no fosfogesso não estão disponíveis no lixiviado. / The main phosphate industries in Brazil are responsible for the production of 5.5x106 metric tons of a TENORM residue (phosphogypsum-PG) annually, which is stored in stacks. The presence of radionuclides puts restrictions on the use of phosphogypsum in building materials and in soil amendments. The Brazilian regulatory body (CNEN) ruled that phosphogypsum would only be permitted for use in agriculture or in the cement industry if the concentration of 226Ra and 228Ra does not exceed 1 Bq g-1. In Brazil, phosphogypsum has been widely used as soil amendment, to improve the soil fertility. To assure a safe utilization in agriculture, it is important to estimate the lixiviation of the radionuclides in phosphogypsum. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of 210Po in the utilization of phosphogypsum in agriculture as soil amendment. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out, in which columns filled with sandy and clay Brazilian typical soils and phosphogypsum were percolated with water, to achieve a mild extraction of 210Po. The technique used for the determination of 210Po in the samples of soil, soil + phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum was alpha spectrometry which is suitable for the measurement of low activity of 210Po in environmental samples, since it presents high efficiency and sensibility. The concentration present in the leachate was compared with the total concentration of 210Po in soil, in the mixture soil + phosphogypsum and phosphogypsum, in order to evaluate the availability of 210Po. The results obtained for the activity concentrations of 210Po in the clay soil were approximately 2.5 times higher than the sand soil. The results obtained for the radionuclides concentration in the phosphogypsum varied from 155±11 to 346±7 Bq kg-1 for 210Po. However, the addition of phosphogypsum to the soils studied did not represent any increase in the final activity concentration. The results obtained for the activity concentration of 210Po in the leachate were close to the detection limits of the methodologies adopted, giving evidence that, although the radionuclides are present in the PG, they are not available in the leachate.

As unconventional drilling has emerged as a major industry in the US and around the world, many environmental health and pollution risks have surfaced. One emerging concern is the risk of environmental contamination arising from unconventional wastes that are enriched in naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM). Although NORM has been a well-documented contaminant of oil and gas wastes for decades, there are new challenges associated with unconventional drilling. This thesis discusses several of these challenges, focusing on NORM from black shale formations. Chapter 1 provides background information on environmental radioactivity and unconventional drilling. Chapter 2 describes the potential for NORM to migrate into groundwater around unconventional drilling operations. Chapters 3 and 4 describe radiochemical methods developed for the analysis of Marcellus Shale unconventional drilling wastes. Chapter 5 describes environmental partitioning of Marcellus Shale unconventional drilling wastes. Collectively, this thesis attempts to broaden the scientific understanding of NORM in unconventional drilling wastes so that potential environmental impacts may be mitigated.

Previous studies have shown that the continental shelf and slope area off northeastern Taiwan is a region where the material exchange processes between the East China Sea and open ocean are most rigorous under the influences of the Kuroshio and the monsoons. In order to understand the topographic effects on the particulate flux and the transport path of the settling particles in this region, this study has conducted a series of field measurements using time-series sediment traps and current meters as tools. The temporal and spatial variations on the current, the particulate flux and the particle-size distribution as well as the activity and flux of 210 Pb and 210 Po are presented in this thesis. The biological productivity and the runoff of main rivers from Taiwan were not correlated with the particulate fluxes in our study area. However, the variations of the particulate flux in the canyon and on the slope areas were clearly affected by the tidal currents, showing good positive correlation with their amplitudes. The particulate, 210 Pb and 210 Po fluxes all showed an increase toward the ocean bottom but a decrease away from the shore, suggesting that the transports of particle and particle reactive elements were strongly influenced by the lateral transport process in the study area. Highest fluxes were observed in the Mien-Hua Canyon(MHC) and the lower slope southwest of the canyon. Intermediate values were observed in the South Okinawa Trough and the North Mien-Hua Canyon(NMHC). The intercanyon slope and the shallow traps in the NMHC had lowest values. The particulates and particle reactive elements were transported out of the shelf or upper slope area essentially through the MHC toward the slope southwest of the canyon. The NMHC and the intercanyon area were not major pathways for these materials. The fluxes of particle, 210 Pb and 210 Po in the study area were generally at least an order of magnitude greater than those observed from other continental margins in the world, except for the lowest values at the intercanyon station and the shallow water in the NMHC. Thus the continental margin off northeastern Taiwan is one of the most important areas for material exchanges with open oceans in the world. The trapped particulates were mainly silt with variable sand fractions. High sand contents were observed in the MHC and the lower slope southwest of the canyon, the intermediate values were in the outlet of the MHC and the NMHC, and the lowest in the South Okinawa Trough. This shows that the sand content decreases awayfrom the shore. On the contrary, silt and clay fractions in percent increase away from the shore. Under the influence of tidal currents, the settling sand particles in the MHC and its adjacent lower slope were laterally transported from resuspended sandy sediments of the continental shelf and upper slope area adjoining the head of the MHC. The fluxes of sand, silt and clay all decreased toward the South Okinawa Trough but increased toward the bottom. This particle-size distribution pattern also reflected the effect of lateral transport process in the study area. Variations of the 210 Pb activity in this study area were generally correlated inversely with the particulate flux and the sand content, indicating the effect of dilution of the mass flux and the sand content, but were positively correlated with the silt and clay contents because they were major 210 Pb scavengers. No apparent correlations of 210 Po with the mass flux and the three particle-size fractions were observed, suggesting that the variation of 210 Po activity was not related to the mass fluxes or the three particle-size fractions. High 210 Pb activities were found to be associated with high contents of POC, Mn and Fe. Correlations of 210 Pb with both Mn and Fe indicate that the oxide and hydroxide precipitates of Mn and Fe supplied from sediments on the continental shelf, upper slope area and submarine hydrothermal activities might serve as important mechanisms for enhanced 210 Pb scavenging. The relationship between the 210 Pb activity and the POC content might reflect either the settling mode of the fine particles incorporated with fecal pellets or aggregates, or sharing the same source with fine particles. The variatio ns of 210 Po activity were not correlated with Mn, Fe, major components or biogenic components, implying that the association of 210 Po with biogenic components might be masked by the enormous terrigenous materials. Except for the upper-trap samples collected at the intercanyon slope and the NMHC, the 210 Po activity was lower than the 210 Pb activity with 210 Po/210 Pb ratios less than unity. Based on comparisons of 210 Pb and 210 Po with relevant parameters and references of past studies, we can propose several possible mechanisms to explain why the ratios were less then unity: 1. 210 Pb was preferentially scavenged by advecting and settling particulates of terrigenous origin. 210 Po, known to be biophilic, might remain associated with the suspended organic particulates which could be dissolved or not settling. Moreover, the oxide and hydroxide precipitates of Mn and Fe in the study area would further enhance the scavenging of 210 Pb. 2. The particulates in suspension were favorable for differentiation between 210 Pb and 210 Ponuclides while those settled in sediments would allow them to grow toward the secular equilibrium. Therefore, the trapped particulates might be in frequent suspension and short in deposited sediments during their lateral transport. 3. The 210 Pb supplied from the East Asia aerosol in large quantity was accumulated in water column abd carried by the Kuroshio to the study area. The intrusion and eddies of Kuroshio off northeastern Taiwan could bring large amount of 210 Pb into the region of continental shelf and slope, allowing particulates to scavenge 210 Pb more effectively from the surrounding water. The upper trap in the NMHC and that in the intercanyon site yield lowest particulate flux but highest POC content. With less terrigenous material and more biogenic components in these samples, 210 Po/210 Pb ratios were greater than unity and variations of 210 Pb activity were hardly correlated with those of POC contents but were inversely correlated with those of Mn contents. However, the 210 Po activities of upper trap at the intercanyon site were well positively correlated with POC and PIC contents, indicating effects of the fresh biogenic particles. Based on the mass balance calculations of particulate and 210 Pb fluxes, current data and other related data gathered in this study, we may infer the sedimentation dynamics and transport path of the settling particles below 300m depth in the study area. Under the influence of tidal oscillation, terrigenous sediments on the shelf and the shelf break as well as the upper slope would be resuspended and carried into the MHC and transported further away. Most of the sand particles would deposit in the canyon while part of the silt and clay would be transported to the South Okinawa Trough directly and the rest to the lower slope southwest of the MHC. The particulate flux at the lower slope southwest of MHC might also have a portion of particulates swept from the upper slope by the Kuroshio eddies. As the NMHC and the intercanyon sites are located in the central area of the Kuroshio eddies, the particulates from the continental shelf and upper slope area would be blocked, resulting in very low particulate fluxes. High particulate fluxes observed in the lower NMHC trap should largely be due to resuspension of the sediments from the banks of the canyon.