Pilgrimages to the Taizé Community are regularly organised by Church of England institutions as a means of aggregating and retaining young people. Every summer hundreds of youth and their leaders travel to France where this ecumenical monastic community enacts its prophetic parable of reconciliation. While the Community’s ministry to young people is designed as an instrument of its ecumenical mission, the research postulates that youth pilgrimages to Taizé are instead an arena of divergent and often competing theological interpretations; more specifically, that youth appropriate their pilgrimage experience as a vessel for spiritual and existential explorations expressing a holistic, experiential and subject-focused orientation. This represents a clear departure from the implicitly dualistic, ascetic theology developed by the Community and mediated by its practical expressions. Using Swinton and Mowat’s practical theological methodology as a framework, the study employs qualitative research methods within a case-study approach, involving participant observation and semi-structured interviews with two Anglican-sponsored youth groups. The empirical findings are subsequently analysed through the lens of pilgrimage studies. The results confirm the initial hypothesis. Pilgrimages to Taizé create a liminal space where youth participate in an anti-structural performance designed to involve them as partners in an ecumenical undertaking. However, rather than interpreting their experience in light of the Community’s theology, participants utilise pilgrimage as an embodied vehicle for self-expressive journeys aimed at re-appropriating life as a meaningful personal narrative. Taizé provides a spiritually oriented environment and a warehouse of resources that allows participants to practice a sapiential hermeneutics of everyday existence.

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Genom inträdet i Europeiska Unionen fick Sverige ett helt nytt ansvar. Den nationella lagstiftningen ska lämna företräde till EU-rätten och de nationella domstolarna ska tolka och tillämpa EU-rätten korrekt i den svenska lagstiftningen. För att detta ska kunna uppnås ska lojalitetsprincipen tillämpas i medlemsstaterna för att säkerställa att EU-rätten har ett effektivt genomslag på nationell nivå. Då de nationella domstolarna har svårigheter med tolkningen och tillämpningen av EU-rätten ska man rådfråga EU-domstolen genom artikel 267 FEUF, begäran om förhandsavgörande för vägledning, detta för att EU-rätten ska tolkas och tillämpas enhetligt. EU-domstolen är det rättskippande organ som ska säkerställa att lag och rätt följs samt skapa och uveckla prejudikat som bidrar till rättsutvecklingen i unionen. Sverige har fått kritik från Europeiska kommissionen som anser att Sverige har varit mycket återhållsamma med att begära förhandsavgörande samt att de svenska reglerna om prövningstillstånd inte var förenliga med artikel 267 FEUF. Kommissionen ansåg att Sverige inte uppfyllde sina skyldigheter enligt fördraget och inledde därför ett överträdelseförrande mot Sverige. Syftet för uppsatsen har varit att redogöra för artikel 267 FEUF och betydelsen av den och svenska domstolars tillämpning av artikeln. Kommissionens överträdelsetalan mot Sverige och dess motiverade yttrande kommer även att tas upp, samt om det var att anse som motiverat. En jämförelse har även skett mellan Sverige och Österrike som båda inträde i EU 1995, eftersom Österrike är ett av de länder som begär flest förhandsavgörande per år.

We report the results of a pilot program to use the Magellan/M2FS spectrograph to survey the galactic populations and internal kinematics of galaxy clusters. For this initial study, we present spectroscopic measurements for 223 quiescent galaxies observed along the line of sight of the galaxy cluster Abell 267 (z similar to 0.23). We develop a Bayesian method for modeling the integrated light from each galaxy as a simple stellar population, with free parameters that specify the redshift (v(los)/c) and characteristic age, metallicity ([Fe/H]), alpha-abundance ([alpha/Fe]), and internal velocity dispersion (sigma(int)) for individual galaxies. Parameter estimates derived from our 1.5 hr observation of A267 have median random errors of sigma(vlos) = 20 km s(-1), sigma(Age) = 1.2 Gyr, sigma([Fe/H]) = 0.11 dex, sigma([alpha/Fe]) = 0.07 dex, and sigma(sigma int) = 20 km s(-1). In a companion paper, we use these results to model the structure and internal kinematics of A267.

The topic of the thesis are CILFIT criterions. These criterions were established by the Court of Justice of the European Union as conditions for application of the acte clair doctrine by national courts of last resort. The conditions determine situations in which such a court does not have an obligation under Article 267/3 to bring a matter before the Court of Justice. First of all, thesis describes the historical circumstances, which gave rise to the CILFIT case as well as the facts of that issue. Then it analyses one by one CILFIT criterions and also current procedure of submitting preliminary questions as a whole. As a part of the analysis, it focuses on the practical application of the abovementioned conditions by the courts of the Member States. It targets purely theoretical ideas too. The thesis, further, identifies certain problematic aspects of the CILFIT conditions. Subsequently, some possible solutions are being suggested and their effectiveness and appropriateness are being examined.

An alcohol and anesthetic binding pocket is hypothesized to exist among transmembrane domains of the α1 glycine receptor (GlyR). Prior work has shown that amino acid residue serine-267 plays a significant role in the enhancing effects of alcohol and anesthetics and is theorized to form part of an alcohol and anesthetic binding cavity among subunit transmembrane domains. Propyl methanethiosulfonate (PMTS), an alcohol-like thiol, was previously shown to bind to a cysteine residue introduced at position 267 (S267C) and this resulted in permanent enhancement of GlyR function. If ethanol is binding to residue 267 in wildtype GlyR to potentiate receptor function then we hypothesized that covalent thiol labeling would produce receptor enhancement by the same mechanisms as ethanol. Using outside-out patch single channel electrophysiology we determined the open and closed dwell-times and burst properties of S267C GlyR in the absence and presence of PMTS. The primary consequence of PMTS binding to S267C GlyR was an increase in the lengths of burst durations, paralleling the main effect of ethanol on wildtype GlyR. Our findings thus provide a new line of evidence suggesting that ethanol is exerting its enhancing effects on the GlyR through its interactions with amino acid residue 267 in the second transmembrane domain. / text

This research has identified meanings attached by participants to the YMCA’s Christian basis within the context of volatile environments by engaging with voices in a qualitative, inductive, small-scale research project within the English YMCA. My proposition was that people working in the YMCA were appointed on the understanding that it was Christian-based, that the corporate and collective agreed means of association were located primarily in the Christian basis and that the YMCA attached significant meaning to its Christian basis whilst operating within an inclusive environment. Thematic descriptions of voices in communication were identified using a mixed set of research methods. The data were analysed in a between-method triangulation to produce adialectic towards meaning. Methods included: a literature review, interviews in a pilot study, a comparative historical review, facilitated groups, field visits and website surveys. I engaged various literary sources for interpretative perspectives on voices to differentiate participant’s relationships with the Christian basis in terms of audibility, affinity and attitude. The majority of participants felt that they had been appointed on the understanding that the YMCA is Christian-based, but very few had actually been given an opportunity, or felt it necessary, to make sense of it in their work. The Christian basis did not command a universally accepted meaning amongst participants. Instead, it was often perceived to have limited meaning, but with a degree of historical status attached to it. For the majority of participants, the actual corporate and collective agreed means of motivation was defined as care for young people within an inclusive environment and without any overt reference to the Christian basis and its meaning. However, where the Christian basis did feature locally it elicited communication that was complex, layered and variable in its nature. In these circumstances it produced powerful models of inclusive Christian service. The research identified three implications for further consideration: (a) ineffective communication between member YMCAs resulting in; (b) the creation of disjointed and remote islands of understanding about the Christian basis; and (c) in turn generating informal disassociations as a key factor in diminishing the value of the Christian basis within local member YMCAs.

Founded in London in 1844, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) has spread across the world, becoming integrated into state programmes of social reform and driving a development discourse that links socially productive youth into economic moralities of transformation. I trace the circulation of these ideas through a multi-sited, cross-cultural ethnographic study of Young Men's Christian Associatin (YMCA) centres in the UK and The Gambia, focussing on YMCA programmes that operate transnationally, implementing global youth-oriented policy in local centres linked by bilateral partnerships. I follow these transnational linkages from Sussex Central YMCA (based in Brighton and Hove, England) where I have strong links as worker and volunteer, to a similarly sized centre in Banjul, Gambia, creating a cross-cultural analytical framework through which to explore the experiences of young men participating in their programmes. Using these contrasting contexts, I focus on the lives, narratives and practices of young men and YMCA staff in each location, analysing how YMCA programmes foster a version of transnational masculinity that combines economic rationality with the spiritual principles derived from Protestant Christianity. I explore this in reference to an often implicit, idealised form of YMCA masculinity based around strenght of 'mind, body and spirit', known as the 'Whole Man'. I suggest that the 'Whole Man' operates as an idealised motif of manhood within YMCA centres, fostering notions of self-sacrifice, empathy and embodied dynamism that is reproduced at the YMCA through 'secular rituals'. I trace how these masculine subjectivities interact with localised conceptions of manhood and youth in each location, focussing on the interplay of differing versions, conceptualisations and practices of masculine behaviour in each location. This thesis is generated by the friction between self-help models and actual lived realities, frictions which I hope to show represent the limitations of totalising models of coherent subjectivity based on moral principles.

En tant que juge de droit commun du droit communautaire puis du droit de l'Union européenne, le Conseil d’Etat français a dû intégrer le droit communautaire puis le droit de l'Union européenne en tant que norme de référence du contrôle de conventionnalité. Pour l’aider dans cette intégration, le Conseil d’Etat dispose d’un outil : le renvoi préjudiciel.L’utilisation du renvoi préjudiciel par le Conseil d’Etat correspond à la recherche d’un équilibre fragile de partage des compétences entre la Cour de justice et le Conseil d’Etat. Le Conseil d’Etat a d’abord essayé de trouver sa place et en réalité de déterminer son rôle de juge de droit commun, il a aussi contribué à définir le rôle de juge national dans la procédure du renvoi préjudiciel. Ensuite, parce qu’il a su contribuer à définir le rôle de juge national dans le dialogue avec la Cour de justice, le Conseil d’Etat a utilisé le renvoi préjudiciel comme un outil de collaboration entre le juge national et la Cour de justice dans le but de parvenir à l’application harmonieuse du droit de l'Union européenne.Cette intégration a été lente puisqu’elle a eu pour socle un a priori négatif puis des incompréhensions entre la Cour de justice et le Conseil d’Etat puisque ces derniers n’envisageaient pas la procédure de renvoi préjudiciel sous le même angle. Si aujourd’hui, le Conseil d’Etat et la Cour de justice dialoguent dans la même direction, les divergences de conception, de perception du rôle du renvoi préjudiciel au cours des années d’échanges entre les deux juridictions ont permis que se développe un riche et constructif dialogue qui s’est révélé être bénéfique pour le droit de l'Union européenne. / As ordinary court of law of community law, then of law of the European Union, the French Council of State had to integrate community law followed by law of the European Union as reference standards of the control of conformity to a convention. In order to help in this integration, the Council of State has a tool: preliminary ruling proceedings. The use of preliminary ruling proceedings by the Council of State corresponds to the search for a delicate balance of shared competences between the Court of Justice and the Council of State. The Council of State tried at first to find its place and, in fact, to establish its role as a judge of common law. It also contributed to define the role of national judge in the preliminary ruling proceedings. Then, because it was able to contribute to define the role of the national judge in the exchange with the Court of Justice, the Council of State used preliminary ruling proceedings as a tool of understanding between the national judge and the Court of Justice in order to achieve the uniform application of Union law. This integration has been slow because at its core was a negative a priori, followed by a lack of understanding between the Court of Justice and the Council of State because the latter did not envisage preliminary ruling proceedings in the same way. If today the Council of State and the Court of Justice have entered into a dialogue in the same direction, divergences in conception, in perception of the role of the preliminary ruling proceedings during years of exchange between the two jurisdictions allowed the development of a rich and constructive dialogue, beneficial for the law of the European Union.

La théorie actuelle de l'immunosurveillance des cancers établit l'existence d'un système dynamique d'interaction entre le système immunitaire et les cellules tumorales. Plusieurs expériences majeures ont démontré l'importance du système immunitaire et en particulier des lymphocytes T dans la surveillance des cancers et dans l'efficacité des thérapies antitumorales. Certains traitements utilisés contre le cancer peuvent en effet stimuler ou inhiber la réponse immunitaire antitumorale. En plus de leur effet cytotoxique sur les cellules cancéreuses ces médicaments, tel que le Sorafenib, peuvent inhiber des cellules immunosuppressives telles que les Treg et les MDSC. D'autres chimiothérapies, telle que l'Oxaliplatine, peuvent induire une mort cellulaire immunogène nécessaire à leur efficacité clinique. L'Oxaliplatine est également connue pour ajouter des groupements alkyles sur les bases puriques de l'ADN à l'origine de mutations. Parallèlement, la caractérisation de nombreuses mutations immunogènes a été menée au cours des dernières années sans que le rôle des traitements dans l'apparition de celle-ci n'ait été recherché. Les mutations spécifiques des agents alkylants correspondent à une modification des bases AG, GG et de la base en S' de groupe AG ou GG. Ces mutations permettraient de diversifier le répertoire antigénique en créant des néoantigènes reconnus par les lymphocytes T. L'objectif principal de ce travail a été d'identifier de nouveaux épitopes immunogènes issus d'antigènes de tumeurs en utilisant une stratégie d'immunologie inverse. La première partie a permis l'identification de trois néoépitopes immunogènes restreints par le CMH-II et potentiellement impliqués dans la rémission complète d'un patient atteint d'un hépatocarcinome métastatique traité par Sorafenib. L'immunogénicité de ces trois néoépitopes issus des protéines HELZ2, MLL2 et IL-1β mutées a été validée après stimulation in vitro des lymphocytes T du patient. La seconde partie, portant sur l'identification de néoantigènes induits par Oxaliplatine a permis de poursuivre la caractérisation des mutations chimioinduites et d’identifier 26 néoépitopes potentiellement présentés par les CMH de classe I.Ces travaux renforcent le lien entre système immunitaire et l’efficacité des chimiothérapies. Ils suggèrent pour la première fois que les chimiothérapies pourraient augmenter l’immunogénicité des tumeurs, en augmentant le répertoire des néoantigènes. / The current theory of cancer immunosurveillance establishes the existence of a dynamic system o interaction between the immune system and tumor cells. Several major experiments have demonstrated th importance of the immune system and in particular T cells in cancer surveillance and the effectiveness of anti tumor therapies. Treatments used against cancer can stimulate or inhibit the immune response to tumor. I addition to their cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, these drugs, such as Sorafenib, can inhib' immunosuppressive cells such as Treg and MDSC. Other chemotherapies, such as Oxaliplatin, can induce a immunogcnic cell death required for its efficacy. Oxaliplatin is a1so known to add alkyl groups on the puri bases that cause DNA mutations. At the same titne, the characterization of many immunogenic mutations ha been carried out in recent years without evaluating the role of treatments in the appearance of suc immunogenic mutations. The specific mutations of the alkylating agents correspond to a modification of th AG, GG bases and 5' base of the AG or GG motif. These mutations would diversify the antigenic repertoire b creating neo-antigens recognized by T cells. The main objective of this work was to identify new immunogenic epitopes derived from tumor antigens using a reverse immunology strategy. The first part identified three immunogenic neoepitopes restricted by MHC-11 and potentially involved in the complete remission of a patient with metastatic hepatocarcinoma treated with Sorafenib. The immunogenicity of these three neoepitopes derived from mutated HELZ2, MLL2 and IL-1The main objective of this work was to identify new immunogenic epitopes derived from tumor antigens using a reverse immunology strategy. The first part identified three immunogenic neoepitopes restricted by MHC-11 and potentially involved in the complete remission of a patient with metastatic hepatocarcinoma treated with Sorafenib. The immunogenicity of these three neoepitopes derived from mutated HELZ2, MLL2 and IL-1β proteins was validated after in vitro stimulation of the patient's T cells. The second pati, dealing with the identification of neoantigens induced by Oxaliplatin, made it possible to characterize chemoinduced mutations and to identify 26 neoepitopes potentially presented by MHC-I. This work reinforces the link between the immune system and the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The suggest for the first time that chemotherapy could increase tumor immtmogenicity by increasing the repertoir of neo-antigens. proteins was validated after in vitro stimulation of the patient's T cells. The second pati, dealing with the identification of neoantigens induced by Oxaliplatin, made it possible to characterize chemoinduced mutations and to identify 26 neoepitopes potentially presented by MHC-I. This work reinforces the link between the immune system and the effectiveness of chemotherapy. The suggest for the first time that chemotherapy could increase tumor immtmogenicity by increasing the repertoir of neo-antigens.