Two-dimensional geometric textures are the geometric analogues of raster (pixel-based) textures and consist of planar distributions of discrete shapes with an inherent structure. These textures have many potential applications in art, computer graphics, and cartography. Synthesizing large textures by hand is generally a tedious task. In raster-based synthesis, many algorithms have been developed to limit the amount of manual effort required. These algorithms take in a small example as a reference and produce larger similar textures using a wide range of approaches. Recently, an increasing number of example-based geometric synthesis algorithms have been proposed. I refer to them in this dissertation as Geometric Texture Synthesis (GTS) algorithms. Analogous to their raster-based counterparts, GTS algorithms synthesize arrangements that ought to be judged by human viewers as “similar” to the example inputs. However, an absence of conventional evaluation procedures in current attempts demands an inquiry into the visual significance of synthesized results. In this dissertation, I present an investigation into GTS and report on my findings from three projects. I start by offering initial steps towards grounding texture synthesis techniques more firmly with our understanding of visual perception through two psychophysical studies. My observations throughout these studies result in important visual cues used by people when generating and/or comparing similarity of geometric arrangements as well a set of strategies adopted by participants when generating arrangements. Based on one of the generation strategies devised in these studies I develop a new geometric synthesis algorithm that uses a tile-based approach to generate arrangements. Textures synthesized by this algorithm are comparable to the state of the art in GTS and provide an additional reference in subsequent evaluations. To conduct effective evaluations of GTS, I start by collecting a set of representative examples, use them to acquire arrangements from multiple sources, and then gather them into a dataset that acts as a standard for the GTS research community. I then utilize this dataset in a second set of psychophysical studies that define an effective methodology for comparing current and future geometric synthesis algorithms.

Two-dimensional geometric textures are the geometric analogues of raster (pixel-based) textures and consist of planar distributions of discrete shapes with an inherent structure. These textures have many potential applications in art, computer graphics, and cartography. Synthesizing large textures by hand is generally a tedious task. In raster-based synthesis, many algorithms have been developed to limit the amount of manual effort required. These algorithms take in a small example as a reference and produce larger similar textures using a wide range of approaches. Recently, an increasing number of example-based geometric synthesis algorithms have been proposed. I refer to them in this dissertation as Geometric Texture Synthesis (GTS) algorithms. Analogous to their raster-based counterparts, GTS algorithms synthesize arrangements that ought to be judged by human viewers as “similar” to the example inputs. However, an absence of conventional evaluation procedures in current attempts demands an inquiry into the visual significance of synthesized results. In this dissertation, I present an investigation into GTS and report on my findings from three projects. I start by offering initial steps towards grounding texture synthesis techniques more firmly with our understanding of visual perception through two psychophysical studies. My observations throughout these studies result in important visual cues used by people when generating and/or comparing similarity of geometric arrangements as well a set of strategies adopted by participants when generating arrangements. Based on one of the generation strategies devised in these studies I develop a new geometric synthesis algorithm that uses a tile-based approach to generate arrangements. Textures synthesized by this algorithm are comparable to the state of the art in GTS and provide an additional reference in subsequent evaluations. To conduct effective evaluations of GTS, I start by collecting a set of representative examples, use them to acquire arrangements from multiple sources, and then gather them into a dataset that acts as a standard for the GTS research community. I then utilize this dataset in a second set of psychophysical studies that define an effective methodology for comparing current and future geometric synthesis algorithms.

[ES] La presente tesis aborda el proceso estandarizado de producción de una serie de animación 2D vectorial para televisión. Su objetivo principal es proporcionar información fundamental y específica para la realización de proyectos de series 2D, desde la concepción de la idea hasta la emisión televisiva, centrándose en la técnica digital vectorial. La animación 2D conlleva un proceso técnico-artístico desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. Su evolución técnica es clave para comprender su perfeccionamiento que se da hasta la actualidad. Se ha realizado un análisis breve de los momentos claves en la creación de producciones con un contenido o personajes seriados. En el apartado dedicado a la creación de una serie 2D, se expone el desarrollo de cada fase basándose en la técnica vectorial. La investigación empírica llevada a cabo, fundamentada en el análisis y la experiencia en producciones, proporciona información práctica y efectiva sobre las metodologías y procesos utilizados en proyectos de animación 2D para series de televisión. Esta tesis hace hincapié en las fases de producción de una serie de animación, mediante la investigación y análisis de un caso de estudio concreto: "El asombroso mundo de Gumball", una exitosa producción de Cartoon Network a nivel internacional. A través de esta serie, se evidencian los procesos de producción analizados, destacando las ventajas de realizar proyectos de series en animación vectorial 2D. Con esta investigación, se contribuye y complementa la bibliografía existente con nuevos datos. Además, se cubre la falta de información y material en lengua castellana sobre el proceso de animación 2D enfocado en la creación de series de televisión. Por lo tanto, esta tesis puede servir como guía para la creación de series de animación 2D vectorial en el sector profesional y como punto de partida para futuras investigaciones en este ámbito. / [CA] La present tesi aborda el procés estandarditzat de producció d'una sèrie d'animació 2D vectorial per a televisió. El seu objectiu principal és proporcionar informació fonamental i específica per a la realització de projectes de sèries 2D, des de la concepció de la idea fins a l'emissió televisiva, centrant-se en la tècnica digital vectorial. L'animació 2D comporta un procés tècnic-artístic des dels seus inicis fins a l'actualitat. La seua evolució tècnica és clau per a comprendre el seu perfeccionament que es dona fins a l'actualitat. S'ha realitzat una anàlisi breu dels moments claus en la creació de produccions amb un contingut o personatges seriats. En l'apartat dedicat a la creació d'una sèrie 2D, s'exposa el desenvolupament de cada fase basant-se en la tècnica vectorial. La investigació empírica duta a terme, fonamentada en l'anàlisi i l'experiència en produccions, proporciona informació pràctica i efectiva sobre les metodologies i processos utilitzats en projectes d'animació 2D per a sèries de televisió. Aquesta tesi posa l'accent en les fases de producció d'una sèrie d'animació, mitjançant la investigació i anàlisi d'un cas d'estudi concret: "El sorprenent món de Gumball", una reeixida producció de Cartoon Network a nivell internacional. A través d'aquesta sèrie, s'evidencien els processos de producció analitzats, destacant els avantatges de realitzar projectes de sèries en animació vectorial 2D. Amb aquesta investigació, es contribueix i complementa la bibliografia existent amb noves dades. A més, es cobreix la falta d'informació i material en llengua castellana sobre el procés d'animació 2D enfocat en la creació de sèries de televisió. Per tant, aquesta tesi pot servir com a guia per a la creació de sèries d'animació 2D vectorial en el sector professional i com a punt de partida per a futures investigacions en aquest àmbit. / [EN] This thesis presents the standardized production process of a 2D vector animation series for television. The main objective of this thesis has been to provide fundamental and specific information for the realization of a 2D series project, from its conceptualization to its television broadcast, focusing on digital vector technique. 2D animation involves a technical-artistic process from its early stages to the present day. Its technical evolution is key to understanding its ongoing refinement. A brief analysis has been conducted on key moments in the creation of serialized productions with content or characters. In the section on the creation of a 2D series, the development of each phase is presented, based on vector technique. An empirical investigation has been conducted, based on analysis and experience in participating in productions. This allows for the practical and effective presentation of methodologies and processes used in 2D vector animation projects for television series. This thesis emphasizes the production phases of an animation series, with the analysis and study of a case study. The selected series is "The Amazing World of Gumball", a successful international production by Cartoon Network. Through this series, the standardized production processes are confirmed, highlighting the advantages of undertaking a 2D vector animation series project. With this research, we contribute new data and complement existing literature references. It also addresses the lack of information and materials on production in the Spanish language specifically focused on the 2D animation process for television series creation. Thus, this thesis can serve as a guide for creating a series in the professional sector or as a starting point for further research in this field. / Rodríguez Valdunciel, S. (2023). Animación 2d vectorial en la producción de una serie de televisión [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/198102