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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Lewis acid Mediated Aza-Diels-Alder Reactions and Asymmetric Alkylations of 2H-azirines

Risberg, Erik January 2004 (has links)
This thesis describes the use of 2H-azirines, three-membered unsaturatednitrogen-containing heterocycles, as reactive intermediates ina number of Lewis acid promoted alkylations and Diels-Alderreactions providing synthetically useful aziridines. In order to carry out this investigation a new generalprocedure for the ring closure of vinyl azides, forming theresultant 3-substituted-2H-azirines, was developed applying low boiling solventsin closed reaction vessels at elevated temperatures. The addition of organolithium reagents in the presence ofcommercially available chiral ligands, to the 3-(2-naphthyl)-2H-azirine was studied, which gave the correspondingaziridines. Several Lewis acids were shown to catalyze the normalelectron-demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-alkyl-,3-aromatic-, and 3-ester-substituted 2H-azirines and various dienes. These reactions gave theexpected cycloadducts in moderate yields. Using a chiral auxiliary high diastereoselectivity wasobtained in the addition of alkyl radicals to a8-phenylmenthyl-substituted 2H-azirine-3-carboxylate. The alkyl radicals weregenerated from the corresponding trialkyl borane and molecularoxygen. Hydroborations and transmetallations were used toprepare these trialkylboranes. Catalytic amounts of CuClincreased the diastereoselectivity in the radical additionreactions. Attempts were made to explain how the coordination of aLewis acid to the azirine nitrogen atom affects thereactivity/stability of the azirine. DFT calculations and NMRexperiments involving Lewis acid-azirine complexes wereperformed. Keywords:Enantioselective, diastereoselective, vinylazide, 2H-azirines, aziridines, Lewis acid, chiral ligand,chiral auxiliary, organolithiums, Diels-Alder reaction, alkylradicals, triethylborane.
22

Lewis acid Mediated Aza-Diels-Alder Reactions and Asymmetric Alkylations of 2H-azirines

Risberg, Erik January 2004 (has links)
<p>This thesis describes the use of 2<i>H</i>-azirines, three-membered unsaturatednitrogen-containing heterocycles, as reactive intermediates ina number of Lewis acid promoted alkylations and Diels-Alderreactions providing synthetically useful aziridines.</p><p>In order to carry out this investigation a new generalprocedure for the ring closure of vinyl azides, forming theresultant 3-substituted-2<i>H</i>-azirines, was developed applying low boiling solventsin closed reaction vessels at elevated temperatures.</p><p>The addition of organolithium reagents in the presence ofcommercially available chiral ligands, to the 3-(2-naphthyl)-2<i>H</i>-azirine was studied, which gave the correspondingaziridines.</p><p>Several Lewis acids were shown to catalyze the normalelectron-demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-alkyl-,3-aromatic-, and 3-ester-substituted 2<i>H</i>-azirines and various dienes. These reactions gave theexpected cycloadducts in moderate yields.</p><p>Using a chiral auxiliary high diastereoselectivity wasobtained in the addition of alkyl radicals to a8-phenylmenthyl-substituted 2<i>H</i>-azirine-3-carboxylate. The alkyl radicals weregenerated from the corresponding trialkyl borane and molecularoxygen. Hydroborations and transmetallations were used toprepare these trialkylboranes. Catalytic amounts of CuClincreased the diastereoselectivity in the radical additionreactions.</p><p>Attempts were made to explain how the coordination of aLewis acid to the azirine nitrogen atom affects thereactivity/stability of the azirine. DFT calculations and NMRexperiments involving Lewis acid-azirine complexes wereperformed.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Enantioselective, diastereoselective, vinylazide, 2<i>H</i>-azirines, aziridines, Lewis acid, chiral ligand,chiral auxiliary, organolithiums, Diels-Alder reaction, alkylradicals, triethylborane.</p>
23

DESARROLLO DE UNA RUTA SINTÉTICA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE LA FEROMONA SEXUAL DEL PIOJO BLANCO DEL LIMÓN (Aspidiotus nerii)

Montaño Castañeda, Mary Cecilia 11 December 2017 (has links)
In recent decades, insect sex pheromones are playing an increasingly important role in the detection, monitoring and control of pests, becoming part of Integrated Management strategies and helping to reduce the amount and use of conventional pesticides. The implementation of control techniques based on pheromones makes it necessary to obtain these substances through organic synthesis. Oleander Scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833, is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous pest that attacks more than 100 plant families. In Spain, it is a coccoid pest of medium-importance for citrus crops, after California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), Chaff scale (Parlatoria pergandii Comstock) and Purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckii Newman). Conventional chemical control against Oleander scale is sometimes ineffective due to the biology of the pest and the increasing restrictions on the number of available pesticides; thus, a possible treatment of this pest based on its sex pheromone would be highly valuable. The sex pheromone of A. nerii was identified by Einhorn et al. in 1998 as (1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenyl-1-(4¿-methyl-4¿-penten-1¿-yl)cyclobutaneethanol acetate. Its synthesis has been approached by various authors but the synthetic routes described until now have a high number of synthetic stages and a low overall yield, which makes it not suitable for a multigram scale synthesis. It can be highlighted the synthesis of Einhorn et al., in 1998, involving 17 steps and an overall yield of 0.40% or the total synthesis developed in the same year by Guerrero et al., with 15 steps and an overall yield of 5.6%. For these reasons, this thesis addresses the development of a synthetic route that improves the existing ones to obtain the sex pheromone of A. nerii at a multigram scale. The synthetic route developed in this work is based on low cost commercial substrates such as 3-hydroxypropanenitrile, which can be transformed into the pheromone of interest using only 10 steps and with an overall yield of 10.3%. The proposed route employs simple purification procedures and several reactions including a Blaise reaction and a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition as key reactions. In addition, some of the synthetic intermediates obtained in this proposed route have high interest to improve the synthesis of the aggregation pheromones of Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus and Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, which represent important pests in different countries. The possibility of obtaining a sufficient amount of A. nerii sex pheromone has allowed the realization of field trials, which are expected to contribute significantly to the development of alternative techniques for the control of this pest in crops of interest in Spain and other countries. / El uso de las feromonas sexuales de insectos para la detección, seguimiento y control de plagas ha ido creciendo de manera constante en los últimos años, convirtiendo a estas sustancias en una de las herramientas más importantes en la lucha contra poblaciones de insectos dentro del Manejo Integrado de Plagas, ayudando así a reducir la cantidad y el uso de plaguicidas convencionales. La aplicación de estas técnicas hace necesaria la obtención de estas sustancias mediante síntesis orgánica. El piojo blanco del limón Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833, también conocido como piojo de la adelfa (Oleander scale), es una plaga cosmopolita y polífaga que ataca a más de 100 familias de plantas. En España constituye una plaga de cóccidos de importancia media en el cultivo de cítricos después del piojo rojo de California (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), el piojo gris (Parlatoria pergandei Comstock) y serpeta gruesa (Lepidosaphes beckii Newman). Su tratamiento mediante plaguicidas tradicionales es en ocasiones poco efectivo debido a la biología de la plaga y a las crecientes restricciones en cuanto al número de plaguicidas disponibles, por lo que un posible tratamiento de esta plaga basado en su feromona sexual tendría un alto interés. Hasta el momento la síntesis de la feromona sexual de A. nerii, identificada por Einhorn et al. en 1998 como acetato de 2-[(1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenil-1-(4¿-metil-4¿-pentenil)-ciclobutano]etilo, ha sido llevada a cabo por diversos autores pero las rutas sintéticas descritas para obtener esta feromona, presentan un elevado número de etapas sintéticas y un rendimiento global bajo, no resultando adecuadas para llevarlas a escala multigramo. Se puede destacar la síntesis de Einhorn et al., en 1998, que involucra 17 etapas y un rendimiento global de 0.40% o la síntesis total desarrollada por ese mismo año por Guerrero et al. con 15 etapas y un rendimiento global de 5.6%. Por estas razones, en la presente tesis se aborda el desarrollo de una ruta sintética que mejore las existentes para obtener la feromona sexual del piojo blanco del limón (A. nerii) a escala multigramo. La ruta sintética desarrollada en este trabajo parte de sustratos comerciales de bajo coste como el 3-hidroxipropanonitrilo, el cual puede ser transformado en la feromona de interés empleando únicamente 10 etapas y con un rendimiento global de 10.3%, con procedimientos de purificación sencillos y mediante diversas reacciones que incluyen como reacciones clave una reacción de tipo Blaise y una fotocicloadición de tipo [2+2]. Asimismo, algunos de los intermedios sintéticos obtenidos en esta ruta propuesta son de alto interés para mejorar las síntesis de las feromonas de agregación de Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus y de Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, las cuales representan plagas importantes en diferentes países. La posibilidad de obtener cantidad suficiente de la feromona sexual de A. nerii, ha permitido la realización de ensayos en campo, y se espera generar un aporte significativo en el desarrollo de técnicas alternativas para el control de esta plaga en cultivos de interés en España y en otros países. / L'ús de les feromones sexuals d'insectes per a la detecció, seguiment i control de plagues ha anat creixent de manera constant en els darrers anys, convertint aquestes substàncies en una de les eines més importants en la lluita contra poblacions d'insectes dins el Control Integrat de Plagues, ajudant així a reduir la quantitat i l'ús de plaguicides convencionals. L'aplicació d'aquestes tècniques fa necessària l'obtenció d'aquestes substàncies mitjançant síntesi orgànica. El poll blanc de la llimona Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833, també conegut com poll del baladre (Oleander scale), és una plaga cosmopolita i polífaga que ataca més de 100 famílies de plantes. A Espanya constitueix una plaga de còccids d'importància mitjana en el cultiu de cítrics després del poll roig de Califòrnia (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), el poll gris (Parlatoria pergandei Comstock) i serpeta gruixuda (Lepidosaphes beckii Newman). El seu tractament mitjançant plaguicides tradicionals en ocasions és poc efectiu a causa de la biologia de la plaga i a les creixents restriccions pel que fa al nombre de plaguicides disponibles, de manera que un possible tractament d'aquesta plaga basat en la seua feromona sexual tindria un alt interès. Fins al moment la síntesi de la feromona sexual d'A. nerii, identificada per Einhorn et al. el 1998 com a acetat de 2-[(1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenil-1-(4'-metil-4'-pentenil)-ciclobutàn]etil, ha estat portada a terme per diversos autors però les rutes sintètiques descrites per obtenir aquesta feromona, presenten un elevat nombre d'etapes sintètiques i un rendiment global baix, no resultant adequades per al pas a escala multigram. Es pot destacar la síntesi de Einhorn et al., El 1998, que involucra 17 etapes i un rendiment global de 0,40% o la síntesi total desenvolupada per aquest mateix any per Guerrero et al. amb 15 etapes i un rendiment global de 5.6%. Per aquestes raons, en la present tesi s'aborda el desenvolupament d'una ruta sintètica que millore les existents per obtenir la feromona sexual del poll blanc de la llimona (A. nerii) a escala multigram. La ruta sintètica desenvolupada en aquest treball parteix de substrats comercials de baix cost com el 3-hidroxipropanonitril, el qual pot ser transformat en la feromona d'interès emprant únicament 10 etapes i amb un rendiment global de 10.3%, amb procediments de purificació senzills i mitjançant diverses reaccions que inclouen com a reaccions clau una reacció de tipus Blaise i una fotocicloaddició de tipus [2 + 2]. Així mateix, alguns dels intermedis sintètics obtinguts en aquesta ruta proposada són d'alt interès per millorar les síntesis de les feromones d'agregació de Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus i de Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, les quals representen plagues importants en diferents països. La possibilitat d'obtenir quantitat suficient de la feromona sexual d'A. nerii, ha permès la realització d'assajos en camp, i s'espera generar una aportació significativa en el desenvolupament de tècniques alternatives per al control d'aquesta plaga d'importància en cultius d'interès en Espanya i en altres països. / Montaño Castañeda, MC. (2017). DESARROLLO DE UNA RUTA SINTÉTICA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE LA FEROMONA SEXUAL DEL PIOJO BLANCO DEL LIMÓN (Aspidiotus nerii) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/92184
24

Vinylazide - Synthesen und Reaktionen

Melzer, Antje 25 October 2001 (has links) (PDF)
Die Möglichkeit der Synthese von Vinylaziden durch basenkatalysierte Umlagerungen von präparativ einfach zugänglichen Allylaziden wird an einer Reihe von akzeptor- und phenylsubstituierten Allylaziden sowie an substituierten 1-Azido-1H-indenen exemplarisch dokumentiert. Neben präparativen Gesichtspunkten werden auch mechanistische Details bezüglich der Isomerisierungsgeschwindigkeit und der Lage des Isomeriegleichgewichtes erörtert. Ein weiterer Aspekt der Arbeit ist die mechanistische Untersuchung der nucleophilen Addition von Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure (HN3) an akzeptorsubstituierte Allene (Michael-Addition). Durch die Übertragung dieser Synthesesequenz auf Hexa-1,2,4,5-tetraene (Diallene) lassen sich 1,4-Diazidobuta-1,3-diene erzeugen. Die thermische oder photochemische Anregung dieser Diazide führt im untersuchten Synthesebeispiel zur Bildung von zwei stabilen diastereomeren Bi-2H-azirin-2-ylen. Die Zuordnung der Konfiguration dieser Heterocyclen gelingt durch eine Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse. Thermisch oder photochemisch induzierte Valenzisomerisierungen zu Pyridazinen und Pyrimidinen, wie sie in Analogie für Bicycloprop-2-enyle als Valenzisomere des Benzols gefunden werden, spielen bei den untersuchten diastereomeren Bi-2H-azirin-2-ylen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die favorisierten Reaktionen, insbesondere bei der Thermolyse, sind Epimerisierung und Fragmentierung, deren Verlauf durch kinetische Untersuchungen präzisiert wird. Ferner wird gezeigt, daß auch einfache stereoisomere 2H-Azirine einer thermischen Äquilibrierung der Konfiguration unterliegen können.
25

Synthese von Bi-2H-azirin-2-ylen und deren Valenzisomerisierung zu Diazinen

Köhler, Frank 23 July 2002 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Darstellung von Verbindungen mit offenkettiger 1,4-Diazidobuta-1,3-dien-Substruktur beschrieben. Die Synthese dieser neuartigen Verbindungen ist durch Substitutionsreaktion an geeigneten Dihalogen-Vorstufen und durch elektrocyclische Ringöffnung der bisher ebenfalls unbekannten 3,4-Diazidocyclobutene möglich. Die 1,4-Diazidobuta-1,3-diene dienten als Vorläufer zur photochemischen bzw. thermischen Darstellung von Bi-2H-azirin-2-ylen. Einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildeten die Untersuchungen zur Valenzisomerisierung dieser Verbindungen.
26

Síntese de Penta-2,4-dienonitrilas e 2-Cianometileno-but-3-enoatos de Etila via Olefinação de Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons e sua Aplicação na Obtenção de 4-Trifluormetil-piridin-2(1H)-iminas Substituídas e 2H-Piran-2-onas Análogas . / "Synthesis of Penta-2,4-dienenitriles and Ethyl 2-Cyanomethylene-but-3- enoates via Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination and their Application to Obtaining Substituted 4-Trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2(1H)-imines and 2H-Pyran-2- ones Analog".

Bencke, Carlos Eduardo 26 March 2013 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper presents the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination applied to preparing 22 new 5-alkoxy-3-trifluoromethyl-penta-2,4-dienenitriles (5), 5- phenylthio-3-trifluoromethyl-penta-2,4-dienenitriles (6) and ethyl 4-alkoxy-2- cyanomethylene-but-3-enoates (7) from the condensation between diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate (4) and β-alkoxyvinyl ketones (1), β-phenyltiovinyl ketones (2) and ethyl 4-alkoxy-2-oxo-but-3-enoates (3), furnishing the desired products with 10 to 93% yields. In a second step, this paper presents a simple and accessible novel synthetic route, for the preparation of a series of 30 unpublished 1,6- disubstituted 4-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2(1H)-imines (14-19) from the condensation reaction of 5-aryl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-methoxy-penta-2,4- dienenitriles (Ar = Ph, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-Me-C6H4 and 4-MeO-C6H4) (5) with primary amines R-NH2 (R = Bu, 2-(1-cyclehexenil)ethyl, 2-(4- morpholinyl)ethyl, 2-phenethyl-ethyl, 2-(4-chlorophenethyl)ethyl and 2-(4- methoxyphenethyl)ethyl) (8-13), in a solvent free sealed system to give the expected products with yields between 20 to 98%. In addition, a series of new 6-substituted 4-trifluoromethyl-2H-pyran-2- ones (20) was obtained in 88 to 100% yeld, from the autocondensation reaction of 5-aryl-3-trifluoromethyl-5-methoxy-penta-2,4-dienenitriles (Ar = Ph, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-Me-C6H4 and 4-MeO-C6H4) (5), in a reflux system using water as solvent in the presence of HCl and 1 equivalent of ZnBr2. The pyridinimines, pyranones and dienes obtained in this work were identified and characterized by Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H1NMR), Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (C13 NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS-EI), High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy (HRMS-ESI) and Elemental Analysis. / Este trabalho apresenta a metodologia de olefinação Horner-Wadsworth- Emmons aplicada de maneira inédita na preparação de 22 novas 5-alcóxi-3- trifluormetil-penta-2,4-dienonitrilas (5), 5-feniltio-3-trifluormetil-penta-2,4- dienonitrilas (6) e 4-alcóxi-2-cianometileno-but-3-enoato de etila (7) a partir da reação entre cianometilfosfonato de dietila (4) e respectivas β-alcoxivinil cetonas (1), β-feniltiovinil cetonas (2) e 4-alcóxi-2-oxo-but-3-enoatos de etila (3), levando a formação dos produtos com rendimentos entre 10 e 93%. Numa segunda etapa, este trabalho apresenta uma nova rota sintética, simples e acessível, para a preparação de uma série de 30 inéditas 4- trifluormetil-piridin-2(1H)-iminas 1,6-dissubstituídas (14-19) a partir da reação de condensação entre os 5-aril-3-trifluormetil-5-metóxi-penta-2,4-dienonitrilas (Ar = Ph, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-Me-C6H4 e 4-MeO-C6H4) (5) com aminas primárias R-NH2 (R = Bu, 2-(1-cicloexenil)etila, 2-(4-morfolinil)etila, 2-fenetiletila, 2-(4-clorofenetil)etila e 2-(4-metoxifenetil)etila) (8-12), em um sistema fechado e sem solvente, obtendo os produtos esperados com rendimentos de entre 20 e 98%. Em outra etapa do trabalho, foram obtidas 4-trifluormetil-2H-piran-2-onas 6-substituídas (20) a partir da reação autocondensação de 5-aril-3-trifluormetil- 5-metóxi-penta-2,4-dienonitrilas (Ar = Ph, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-Me-C6H4 e 4- MeO-C6H4) (5), em um sistema de refluxo utilizando água como solvente, na presença de HCl e 1 equivalente de ZnBr2, obtendo-se os produtos esperados com rendimentos entre 88 e 100%.As piridiniminas, piranonas e dienos obtidos neste trabalho foram identificados e caracterizados por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio (RMN H1), Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Carbono-13 (RMN C13), Espectroscopia de Massas (CG-MS-EI), Espectroscopia de Massas de Alta Resolução (HRMS-ESI) e Análise Elementar.
27

Synthese von Bi-2H-azirin-2-ylen und deren Valenzisomerisierung zu Diazinen

Köhler, Frank 16 July 2002 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Darstellung von Verbindungen mit offenkettiger 1,4-Diazidobuta-1,3-dien-Substruktur beschrieben. Die Synthese dieser neuartigen Verbindungen ist durch Substitutionsreaktion an geeigneten Dihalogen-Vorstufen und durch elektrocyclische Ringöffnung der bisher ebenfalls unbekannten 3,4-Diazidocyclobutene möglich. Die 1,4-Diazidobuta-1,3-diene dienten als Vorläufer zur photochemischen bzw. thermischen Darstellung von Bi-2H-azirin-2-ylen. Einen Schwerpunkt der Arbeit bildeten die Untersuchungen zur Valenzisomerisierung dieser Verbindungen.
28

Raman spectroscopy as a non-destructive screening technique for studying white substances from archaeological and forensic burial contexts

Schotsmans, Eline M.J., Wilson, Andrew S., Brettell, Rhea C., Munshi, Tasnim, Edwards, Howell G.M. January 2014 (has links)
No / Raman spectroscopy was evaluated as a non-destructive analytical tool for the characterisation of white substances in burials. In addition, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy was used to assess the conversion of hydrated lime into calcium carbonate. Fourteen samples of white substances from archaeological and forensic sites were analysed and characterised. The results show that not all white residues in burials are lime. Lime can easily be mistaken for other building materials (gypsum), for minerals (brushite) or degraded metal (cerussite). This study highlights the need for chemical analysis of white residues when encountered in burials. Analytical information derived from Raman spectra of white substances can further assist in the interpretation of the taphonomic processes of burials and their funerary context. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
29

Les liposomes biphényles : un nouveau modèle de biomembrane magnétique fluorescent : caractérisation par RMN des solides, microscopies optiques et électroniques et SAXS / Biphenyl liposomes : a new model of fluorescent, magnetic biomembrane : characterisation by Solid State NMR, Optical and Electronic microscopies and SAXS : Perspectives in Vectorisation

Harmouche, Nicole 16 December 2013 (has links)
Un nouveau modèle de biomembrane de type liposome a été développé à partir de lipides synthétisés comportant une unité biphényle sur leur chaînes sn2 et une chaîne aliphatique sn1 de longueur et insaturation variables. L’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique positive de ces molécules induit une déformation en oblate de ces liposomes dits « biphényles » dans le champ magnétique B0. Cette déformation spécifique a été caractérisée par RMN des solides 31P et 2H en faisant varier différents paramètres : l’intensité de B0, l'élasticité membranaire, la température et la taille des liposomes (Helfrich, 1973). Ces vésicules déformées ont pu être observées par microscopies optiques et électroniques et la rémanence de la déformation en dehors de B0 a pu être analysée par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS). Enfin, les premières applications des liposomes biphényles comme nouveau modèle de biomembrane pour analyser la structure et l’orientation (par RMN des solides 15N) de peptides ou protéines membranaires, ont été étudiées. / A new model of biomembrane (liposome) was developed from synthesized lipids containing a biphenyl unit on the sn2 aliphatic chain and possessing a sn1 aliphatic chain which varies in length and unsaturation. The positive magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of these molecules induces an oblate deformation of these «biphenyls » liposomes under the magnetic field B0. This particular deformation has been characterized by 31P and 2H solid state NMR by varying different parameters: the intensity of B0, the membrane elasticity, the temperature and the size of the liposomes (Helfrich, 1973). These deformed vesicles were observed by optical and electron microscopy and the remanence of the deformation outside B0 has been analyzed by Small angles X-ray scattering (SAXS).Finally, the first applications of biphenyls liposomes as new biomembrane model to analyze the structure and orientation of membrane proteins or peptides were studied by 15N solid state NMR
30

Copolymérisation plasma : étude des mécanismes de croissance et de la structuration des couches minces copolymères / Plasma copolymerization : study of the growth mechanisms and structuration of thin copolymer layers

Chahine, Claudine 24 January 2013 (has links)
Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire consiste à élaborer en une seule étape une couche mince organique ayant les propriétés chimiques et/ou morphologiques souhaitées. Cette démarche vise à copolymériser par voie plasma (PECVD) deux monomères antagonistes (apolaire et polaire) afin de contrôler la répartition et la taille des nodules de l’un des polymères dispersé dans l’autre phase et d’obtenir ainsi une structuration chimique et/ou morphologique. Pour ce faire, six précurseurs ont été sélectionnés de façon à couvrir une large gamme de polarité: l’alcool allylique (AA), l’acide acrylique (AAc), l’aniline (ANi), le diéthylèneglycol diméthyl éther (DEGDME), le 1H,1H,2H-perfluoro-1-décène (HDFD) et le 2-(diméthylamino) éthyle méthacrylate (DMAEMA).La première partie de ce travail est centrée sur l’étude des mécanismes de croissance des différents homopolymères par voie plasma pulsé. Les cinétiques de dépôt, les structures chimiques et les morphologies sont plus spécifiquement détaillées pour deux monomères, les HDFD et DMAEMA en fonction des paramètres du procédé plasma, la polymérisation plasma de ces deux précurseurs étant pour la première fois décrite. La caractérisation des couches minces obtenues repose sur la spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier (FTIR), la spectroscopie de photoélectrons X (XPS) et la microscopie à force atomique (AFM). Cette étude a montré le rôle catalytique des groupements fluorés induisant des vitesses de dépôt plus conséquentes. Même si la croissance est prépondérante durant le temps de décharge, le dépôt est non négligeable pendant la post-décharge. La structure chimique des polymères plasma est fortement dépendante des paramètres de la décharge et notamment la puissance et le temps de décharge. La spectroscopie FTIR s’est révélée comme un outil performant pour l’évaluation de la rétention de la structure chimique de l’entité monomère initiale dans le polymère plasma. Ces homopolymères présentent une morphologie homogène sans rugosité.Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons la copolymérisation plasma pulsé. Les différents copolymères synthétisés sont p-AA-co-HDFD, p-AAc-co-HDFD, p-ANi-co-HDFD, p-DEGDME-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-ANi. La plupart sont issus de comonomères hydrophiles et hydrophobes à l’exception d’un synthétisé à partir de deux précurseurs polaires. Les cinétiques de dépôt, les propriétés chimiques et morphologiques sont discutées en fonction des paramètres plasma tels que la puissance injectée mais aussi des proportions relatives des différents comonomères. Les différentes analyses chimiques entreprises montrent plutôt la formation d’un mélange d’homopolymères ou d’un copolymère à bloc plutôt que la croissance d’un nouveau matériau. Cette hypothèse est étayée par la mise en évidence d’une structuration morphologique correspondant à la présence d’îlots à la surface. / The work presented in this thesis consists to elaborate only in one step a thin organic layer having the required chemical and/or morphological properties. This approach aims to plasma copolymerize (PECVD) two antagonistic monomers (nonpolar and polar) in order of controlling the repartition and the size of nodules of one of the polymers dispersed in the other phase and thus, of inducting a chemical and/or morphological structuring. For this, six precursors have been selected to cover a large range of polarity: allyl alcohol (AA), acrylic acid (AAc), aniline (ANi), the diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME), the 1H,1H,2H-perfluor-1-decene (HDFD) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA).The first part of this work is centered on studying the growth mechanism of different homo-polymers through pulsed plasma. The kinetics of deposition, the chemical structures and morphologies are more specifically detailed for two monomers, HDFD and DMAEMA in function of plasma parameters, the plasma polymerization of these two precursors being described for the first time. The thin layers were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This study showed the catalytic role of fluorine groups inducing more consequent deposit rates. Even if the growth is significant during the plasma on-time, the deposit is not negligible during the plasma off-time. The chemical structure of plasma polymers is highly dependent on the discharge parameters and mainly the power and the pulse period. The FTIR spectroscopy was shown to be a relevant tool for evaluating the chemical structure’s retention of the initial monomer entity in the plasma polymer. These homopolymers present a homogenous morphology without roughness.In the second part, the pulsed plasma copolymerization is described. The different synthesized copolymers are p-AA-co-HDFD, p-AAc-co-HDFD, p-ANi-co-HDFD, p-DEGDME-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-HDFD, p-DMAEMA-co-ANi. The majorities are issued from hydrophilic and hydrophobic co-monomers excepted for one synthesized from two polar precursors. The kinetics of deposits, the chemical and morphological properties were discussed in function to plasma parameters such as the injected power as well as the relative proportions of different co-monomers. The different chemical analyses showed the formation of a mixture of homopolymers or of a block copolymer rather than the growth of a new material. This hypothesis is unsubstantiated by evidencing a morphological structuring corresponding to the presence of spherical nanostructure at the surface.

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