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Athabasca asphaltenes were characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with synchrotron radiation. Two methods were used to separate asphaltenes from Athabasca bitumen. Conventional chemical separation by precipitation with n-pentane, and physical separation realized by passing bitumen through a zirconia membrane with a 20 nm average pore size. The Athabasca permeates and chemically separated samples were dispersed in 1-methylnaphtalene and n-dodecane, with temperature and asphaltene concentration ranges of 50-310 C and 1-8 wt. %, respectively. Two approaches were also taken in the analysis of the SAXS emissions. A model-independent approach provided radii of gyration and scattering coefficients. A model-dependent fit provided size distributions for asphaltenes aggregates assuming that they are dense and spherical. Physically and chemically separated asphaltenes showed significant differences in nominal size and structure, and their structural properties exhibited different temperature dependencies. The results challenge the merits of using chemically separated asphaltene properties as a basis for asphaltene property prediction in crude oil/bitumen.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Micelles are thermodynamically stable systems, formed after reaching a minimum concentration of surfactant in the solution, and is called the critical micellar concentration (CMC). The tensoactives are amphiphilic substances, that is, they have a polar region (head) and another apolar (tail) well defined in the molecular structure, being the tensoactive tween 80 chosen for this work. The CMC of this surfactant was found by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, through the absorption of a probe molecule that was ibuprofen at work. The CMC value is between 1.10-4 and 2.10-4 mM. Micelles have a great potential in the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous solution that are being reused for different purposes than the current ones, besides taking drugs that have previously been abandoned due to their lack of solubility, for example in blood plasma, with we can increase the bioavailability of the same in the body, and can function as nanoreservatories of drugs thus minimizing the side effects of these, and help in the correct direction in which these drugs are discharged. Given this relevance, this work aims to understand how and where the interaction of the tween-80 formed micelles with the drugs, varying the pH and the concentrations of these. The drugs used in this study were carisoprodol, ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen, since they have different characteristics in relation to the molecular polarity distribution. The technique used to perform these analyzes was the low angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), through which it is possible to analyze changes of shapes and sizes of the nanometric order. From the experimental observations, it was possible to say that for more effective interaction between the micelles and the drugs, it is necessary that they have a well defined and expressive apolar region, in terms of volume, in some region of the molecule, since the carisoprodol did not alter the SAXS curves of the micelles when it was present in the solution. Ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen were able to cause significant changes in the SAXS curves, either in terms of low or high angle displacement or effects of attractive or repulsive interferences on the micelles. The modeling of the SAXS curves revealed the geometries acquired by the micelles, which at pH 4 and pH 7 alternated between a core and a cylindrical shell with an elliptical or circular cross-section depending on the drug or its concentration and at pH 9, The only cross section presented was elliptical geometry. The internal cylinder size of pH 4 micelles without drug was 33.9 Å, increasing to 43.4 Å with 30 mM ibuprofen and 53.7 Å with 30 mM ibuprofen sodium. At pH 7 and 9, there was little change in these lengths. A theoretical study was also carried out to better understand the micelle-drug interaction and, for this, the atomic charges, the polar and polar light, and the optimization of the structures of the substances used in this work were obtained. Tween 80 was optimized by the semi-empirical method PM3 (Parametric Method Number 3), while both carisoprodol and ibuprofen were optimized by the ab initio DFT (Density Functional Theory) method. / As micelas são sistemas termodinamicamente estáveis, formadas após atingirem uma concentração mínima de tensoativo na solução, que é chamada de concentração micelar crítica (CMC). Já os tensoativos são substâncias anfifílicas, ou seja, possuem uma região polar (cabeça) e outra apolar (cauda) bem definidas na estrutura molecular, sendo o tween 80 o tensoativo escolhido para este trabalho. A CMC deste tensoativo foi encontrada por meio da espectroscopia no ultravioleta-visível, por meio da absorbância de uma molécula sonda que, neste trabalho, foi o ibuprofeno. O valor da CMC está entre 1.10-4 e 2.10-4 mM. As micelas apresentam um grande potencial na solubilização de fármacos pouco solúveis em solução aquosa que estão sendo reutilizados para diversos fins, diferentes dos atuais, além de aproveitar drogas que anteriormente foram abandonadas devido a sua falta de solubilidade, por exemplo, no plasma sanguíneo, com isso, conseguem aumentar a biodisponibilidade dos mesmos no organismo, podendo funcionar como nanoreservatórios de fármacos minimizando, desse modo, os efeitos colaterais destes, além de ajudar no direcionamento correto em que essas drogas deverão ser descarregadas. Diante de tal relevância, este trabalho propõe-se a entender como e onde ocorre a interação das micelas formadas por tween 80 com os fármacos, variando o pH e as concentrações destes. Os fármacos utilizados neste trabalho foram o carisoprodol, o ibuprofeno e o ibuprofeno sódico, uma vez que apresentam características distintas em relação à distribuição de polaridade molecular. A técnica utilizada para realizar essas análises foi a de espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS), por meio da qual é possível analisar mudanças de formas e tamanhos da ordem nanométrica. A partir das observações experimentais, foi possível dizer que para ocorrer interação mais efetiva entre as micelas e os fármacos é necessário que estes tenham uma região apolar bem definida e expressiva, em termos de volume, em alguma região da molécula, tendo em vista que o carisoprodol não alterou as curvas de SAXS das micelas, quando estava presente na solução. Já o ibuprofeno e o ibuprofeno sódico conseguiram causar mudanças significativas nas curvas de SAXS, seja em termos de deslocamento para baixo ou alto ângulo ou efeitos de interferências atrativas ou repulsivas nas micelas. O modelamento das curvas de SAXS revelou as geometrias adquiridas pelas micelas, que em pH 4 e pH 7 alternava-se entre um núcleo e uma casca cilíndrica com seção transversal elíptica ou circular a depender do fármaco ou de sua concentração e em pH 9, a única seção transversal apresentada foi a geometria elíptica. O tamanho do cilindro interno das micelas em pH 4 sem fármaco foi de 33,9 Å, passando para 43,4 Å com 30 mM de ibuprofeno e 53,7 Å com 30 mM de ibuprofeno sódico. Já em pH 7 e 9 houve pouca alteração nesses comprimentos. Foi feito também um estudo teórico para melhor compreender a interação micela-fármaco e, para isso, foram obtidos as cargas atômicas, o raio apolar e polar, além da otimização das estruturas das substâncias utilizadas neste trabalho. O tween 80 foi otimizado pelo método semi-empírico PM3 (Parametric Method Number 3), ao passo que tanto o carisoprodol quanto o ibuprofeno foram otimizados pelo método ab initio DFT (Teoria do Funcional de Densidade). / São Cristóvão, SE

Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Ricardo Aparício / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T00:35:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pelloso_AlexandreCesar_M.pdf: 8109350 bytes, checksum: fc162ef3c04f105331de4e0c0bb979f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Após o sequenciamento do genoma da Xylella fastidiosa, linhagem 9a5c houve um grande aumento de informações relacionadas a este organismo. Porém grande parte das proteínas desta bactéria ainda não apresentam funções preditas. No presente estudo, objetivou-se a caracterização inicial de três proteínas deste micro-organismo, a saber: XfCysB (orf Xf0683), XfLysRL (orf Xf1448) e XfycjZ (orf Xf1480). Essas proteínas apresentam alta similaridade com membros da família de reguladores transcricionais do tipo LysR (LTTR). Os LTTR constituem a família de reguladores mais comuns em procariotos e apresentam funções diversas tais como regulação de genes envolvidos no metabolismo, divisão celular, quorum sense, virulência, resposta ao estresse oxidativo, entre outras. Dentre as proteínas em estudo, a única proteína que possui predição dentro da família LysR é a XfCysB, cujas proteínas homólogas, já caracterizadas, estão envolvidas na regulação do operon cys, o qual está envolvido na biossíntese de cisteína. Após a clonagem das proteínas, a caracterização estrutural foi feita por Cromatografia de Exclusão por Peso Molecular, em que foi possível observar o estado oligomérico da proteína; Dicroísmo Circular para verificar se a proteína apresenta estrutura secundária estruturada e SAXS (Espalhamento de Raios-X a Baixos Ângulos) ,apenas para a proteína XfLysRL, para a determinação do envelope da proteína em solução. A caracterização funcional foi feita pela análise da expressão das proteínas durante as diferentes fases de formação do biofilme (5, 10, 15, 20 e 30 dias de crescimento) de X. fastidiosa por Western blot utilizando anticorpos específicos para cada proteína em estudo. Com os resultados obtidos pode-se estimar que a massa molecular da proteína XfLysRL é de 50 kDa quando em solução, indicando que a XfLysRL encontra-se na forma dimérica, uma vez que a massa molecular do monômero é de 23,7 kDa. Possui também a estrutura secundária estruturada, sendo estável de 4°C a 44 ° C. Foi possível verificar também que a proteína está monodispersa quando em solução, é estruturalmente globular e pôde-se produzir, com os dados obtidos, um primeiro modelo para a estrutura da proteína. Já a proteína XfCysB teve a sua massa estimada em 45,3 kDa quando em solução e de 195,1 kDa quando na presença do seu co-indutor específico, além de apresentar uma estrutura secundária estruturada. Em relação à proteína XfycjZ pôde-se observar que esta quando em solução possui uma massa molecular estimada em 174,8 kDa demonstrando que sua forma oligomérica é de tetrâmero. Os estudos funcionais indicam que as três proteínas são expressas durante a formação do biofilme de X. fastidiosa, ou seja, estão presentes nos 6 tempos analisados. Deste modo, o estudo detalhado das presentes proteínas torna-se importante devido a sua presença na formação do biofilme de X. fastidiosa, um dos mecanismos de patogenicidade da bactéria. Outro fator importante é a utilização dos resultados da caracterização estrutural na elucidação do papel desempenhado pelas proteínas, visto que a estrutura protéica está diretamente envolvida com sua função / Abstract: After sequencing the genome of Xylella fastidiosa, strain 9a5c, there was a large increase in information related to this organism, but most of the proteins produced by these bacteria do not have predicted functions. In this study, the objective was the initial characterization of three proteins of this organism, namely XfCysB (orf Xf0683) XfLysRL (orf Xf1448) and XfycjZ (orf Xf1480). These proteins show high similarity to members of the family of LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTR). The LTTR family of regulators is the most common in prokaryotes and has diverse functions such as regulation of genes involved in metabolism, cell division, quorum sense, virulence, oxidative stress response, among others. Among the proteins under study, the only protein that has more specific prediction of classification within the family is the LysR XfCysB, which already characterized homologous proteins are involved in the regulation of cys operon, which is involved in the biosynthesis of cysteine. After cloning the protein, structural characterization was performed using the techniques of Exclusion Chromatography for Molecular Weight that shows the oligomeric state of the protein; circular dichroism to determine if protein has folded and stable secondary structure and SAXS (X-Ray Scattering at Small Angle) for the determination of protein structure in solution. Functional characterization was performed by analyzing the expression of proteins during different stages of biofilm formation (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days of growth) of X. fastidiosa by producing antibodies specific for each protein under study and performance of Western blot using total protein extract of the antibody produced against biofilm. With results obtained it was possible to estimate that the molecular weight of protein was 50 kDa XfLysRL in solution, indicating that the XfLysRL is in dimeric form, since the molecular weight of the monomer is 23.7 kDa. It also has a stable secondary structure folded and supporting a rise in temperature to 44° C. It was also verified that the protein is monodisperse in solution, is structurally globular and could be produced, with the data obtained, a first model for the structure of the protein. The protein XfCysB had its mass estimated at 45.3 kDa in solution and 195.1 kDa in the presence of its coinducer specific, besides presents a folded secondary structure. Regarding the protein XfycjZ was observed that when this solution has a molecular mass of 174.8 kDa demonstrating that it's oligomeric form is a tetramer. Functional studies indicate that the three proteins were expressed during the biofilm formation of X. fastidiosa, follows that they are present in 6 times analyzed. Thus, the detailed study of these proteins is important because their presence in biofilm formation of X. fastidiosa, one of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of the bacteria. Another important factor is the use of results in the structural elucidation of the role of proteins because the protein structure is directly involved in its function / Mestrado / Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Hypothese geprüft, ob Osteozyten einen direkten Einfluss auf die Knocheneigenschaften in ihrer unmittelbaren Umgebung haben. Der zentrale Experimentieransatz ist dabei die Korrelation der Organisation des Osteozytennetzwerks mit den Mineraleigenschaften des Knochens auf der Submikrometerebene. Es wird gezeigt, dass bereits die anfängliche Ausrichtung der Osteoblasten entscheidend für die Synthese von hoch ausgerichtetem Knochenmaterial ist. Die dabei entstehenden Osteozytennetzwerke sind so organisiert, dass die Osteozyten und ihre Zellfortsätze jeweils einen möglichst kleinen Abstand zum Knochenmineral haben. Deshalb wird vermutet, dass genau diese Netzwerkorganisation mitentscheidend ist, wie gut die Zellen das Mineral in ih-rer Umgebung beeinflussen können. Messungen der Knochenmineraleigenschaften auf Submikrometerebene mit Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung bestätigen diese Vermutung. Dabei wird deutlich, dass Knochenmaterial in der Nähe der Osteozyten durch andere Mineraleigenschaften geprägt ist. Um zu klären, wie Osteozyten Mineral in ihrer direkten Umgebung verändern können, werden Mechanismen der passiven Mineralherauslösung aus der mineralisierten Oberfläche des Osteozytennetzwerks untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass kalziumarme ionische Lösungen unter physiologischen Bedingungen große Mengen von Kalzium-Ionen aus dem Knochen lösen und diese dann durch die Osteozytennetzwerkstrukturen diffundieren können. Zum Abschluss wurde medullärer Knochen von Hühnern als ein Modellsystem für rasanten Knochenumbau untersucht. Dieser spezielle Knochentyp dient den Hennen als labiles Kalziumreservoir und ermöglicht dadurch die tägliche Eierschalenproduktion. Experimente am medullären Knochen-material zeigen insbesondere die Bedeutung von weniger stabilen Mineralstrukturen die benötigt werden um den Knochen an den schnellen, sich wiederholenden Knochenauf- sowie Abbau optimal anzupassen. / This thesis aims to test the hypothesis whether osteocytes have a direct influence on bone material properties in their vicinity. In this regard, the concomitant ana-lysis of osteocyte network organization and bone ultrastructural properties on the submicron level is the central approach to answer this question. In this work, it is shown that already initial cell-cell alignment during the process of bone formation is crucial for the synthesis of highly organized bone. Furthermore it is proposed that the occurrence of highly ordered osteocyte networks visualized with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has a strong impact on the ability of osteocytes to directly influence bone material properties. These highly organized networks are another consequence of initial cell-cell alignment and are found to be arranged such as to feature short mineral cell distances. Examination of sub-micron mineral properties with scanning small angle x-ray scattering (sSAXS) shows that bone material in the direct vicinity of osteocytes and their cell proc-esses shows different mineral properties compared to bone further away in the depth of the tissue. Moreover, mechanisms of passive mineral extraction from the mineralized surface of the osteocyte network, due to the treatment with calcium poor ionic solutions, are investigated. It is shown that this chemical process occurring under physiological conditions leads not only to the dissolution of considerable amounts of calcium, but also to efficient diffusion of these ions through the osteocyte network structures. Finally, medullary bone which is intended as a labile calcium source for daily egg shell formation in hens is used as a model system for rapid bone turnover rates. This bone type in particular indicates the importance of uniquely adapted, less stable mineral structures to fit the requirements for rapid bone resorption as well as reformation.

Un des principaux challenges dans le contexte du développement des matériaux biocomposites est de remplacer les matières plastiques à base de pétrole par des matériaux biosourcés. En raison de leurs origines naturelles, d'une résistance relativement élevée et de leur capacité à former des produits transparents, les nanofibres de cellulose possèdent un grand potentiel d'applications dans les matériaux composites. Dans ce travail des résultats ont été apportés premièrement sur l'optimisation des procédés de productions de nanofibres de cellulose par des traitements biochimiques et mécaniques, deuxièmement sur leurs propriétés rhéologiques et structurelles en milieu aqueux et troisièmement sur la production de composites à matrice de latex. Les questions de dispersions homogènes de nanofibres de cellulose dans la matrice et des interactions entre ces composants à des fins de renforcement des bio-composites ont été étudiés en détails. / One of the main challenges in the context of biocomposites development is to replace petroleum-based materials with bio-based. Because of their natural origin, relatively high strength and the ability to form transparent products, cellulose nanofibers have a large potential for application in the composite materials. This work was focused primarily on the optimization of cellulose nanofiber production methods using biochemical and mechanical treatments, secondly on their rheological and structural properties in an aqueous medium and thirdly on the production of latex-based composites. The questions of homogeneous dispersion of cellulose nanofibers in the matrix and the interactions between these components for the purpose of matrix reinforcement are particularly addressed.

Les génomes eucaryotes sont très complexes et peuvent être très grands. Par exemple, le génome humain contient environ de 20 000 à 25 000 gènes codant pour des protéines. L'expression de ces gènes doit être strictement régulée à de nombreux niveaux (tels que l'organisation de la chromatine, la transcription des gènes, le traitement et l'exportation de l'ARN messager ainsi que la traduction) pour le bon fonctionnement de la machinerie cellulaire. De nombreuses protéines et complexes protéiques sont impliqués dans ces processus essentiels de régulation, tels que les remodeleurs de la chromatine, les activateurs, co-activateurs et répresseurs de la transcription et particulièrement la machinerie générale de transcription. Chez les eucaryotes, la transcription de gènes codant pour des protéines est appelée transcription génique de classe II, elle est catalysée par l'ARN polymérase II (Pol II). La transcription des gènes par la polymérase II nécessite l'interaction coopérative de plusieurs protéines et complexes protéiques afin de faciliter l'assemblage d'un complexe de pré-initiation (PIC) au promoteur de base. Le complexe de pré-initiation comprend l'ARN polymérase II et les facteurs de transcription généraux (GTFs) - TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF et TFIIH ainsi que le complexe de Médiateur et une grande variété de co-activateurs transcriptionnels.Une étape fondamentale dans l'assemblage d'un complexe de pré-initiation est la reconnaissance du promoteur de base par le facteur de transcription général TFIID. TFIID est un complexe multi protéique d'environ 1,6 MDa. Chez l'homme, il comprend une vingtaine de sous-unités constituées de 14 protéines différentes - la protéine de liaison à la boite tata (TBP) et ses facteurs associés (TAFs 1 à 13). Une série d'études sur la TFIID humaine et ses sous-ensembles ont été réalisés depuis sa découverte il y a plus de 20 ans, cherchant à comprendre la structure et le mécanisme de ces facteurs de transcription général essentiel, cependant l'architecture de TFIID, ses activités, ses fonctions, ses rouages et ses mécanismes d'assemblage cellulaire reste largement incompris à ce jour.Cette thèse décrit les études biochimiques que nous avons effectuées sur trois sous-ensembles distincts de TFIID humain. Nous avons utilisé un certain nombre de techniques de biologie structurale : la cristallographie, la spectroscopie à résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et la diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXs), pour étudier le complexe formé par les facteurs humains, associés à la protéine de liaison à la boite tata, TAF1 et TAF7. Ces études structurelles fournissent un aperçu détaillé sur l'interface d'interaction complexe de TAF1/TAF7, misent de concert avec des données disponibles dans la littérature, elles mettent en évidence la nature dynamique de l'interaction TAF1/TAF7 dans le complexe de TFIID humain.Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons analysé un complexe formé par TAF11, TAF13 et TBP en utilisant un panel de méthodes biophysiques et biochimiques : l'analyse électrophorétique de retard sur gel (EMSA), l'ultracentrifugation analytique (AUC), la chromatographie d'exclusion stérique (SEC) analyse, le pull-down, la spectrométrie de masse native et la spectrométrie de masse chimique à réticulation (CLMS). Ce complexe fait penser au complexe TAF1/TBP qui imite la boite tata.De plus, dans le cadre des efforts en cours au sein du laboratoire du Pr Imre Berger afin de déterminer la structure de l'holo-TFIID humaine, nous avons reconstitué un grand sous-ensemble de TFIID (900 KDa) appelé 9TAF, qui est composé de neuf différents facteurs associés de TBP. Nous avons effectué des études d'électro-microscopie par coloration négative sur le complexe 9TAF qui nous ont fourni des informations à faible résolution. Ces études ouvrent la voie à de futures études de cryo-EM sur le complexe 9TAF pour obtenir un modèle de plus haute resolution. / Eukaryotic genomes are highly complex and can be very large. For example, the human genome contains approximately 20,000-25,000 protein coding genes. Expression of these genes needs to be tightly regulated at many levels, including chromatin organization, gene transcription, mRNA processing and export and translation, for proper functioning of cellular machinery. Many proteins and protein complexes are involved in these essential regulatory processes, examples include chromatin remodelers, transcriptional activators and coactivators, transcriptional repressors and notably the general transcription machinery. Transcription of protein coding genes in eukaryotes is called Class II gene transcription, and is catalyzed by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Gene transcription by Pol II requires the cooperative interaction of multiple proteins and protein complexes to facilitate the assembly of a preinitiation complex (PIC) at the core promoter. The PIC comprises Pol II and the General Transcription Factors (GTFs)- TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH, together with the Mediator complex and a large variety of transcriptional coactivators.A fundamental step in PIC assembly is recognition of the core promoter by GTF TFIID, a magdalton sized multiprotein complex. In humans, TFIID comprises about twenty subunits made up of 14 different proteins – the TATA box binding protein (TBP) and its associated factors (TAFs, numbered 1 to 13). A range of studies on human TFIID and its subassemblies have been carried out since its discovery more than two decades ago, to understand the structure and mechanism of this essential GTF, but the architecture of TFIID, its activities, its functions, its inner workings and the mechanisms of its cellular assembly have eluded detailed understanding to date.This thesis describes biochemical, biophysical, structural and functional studies carried out on three distinct human TFIID subassemblies. We used a number of structural biology techniques, including crystallization, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to analyse a complex formed by the human TBP associated factors TAF1 and TAF7. These structural studies provide detailed insights into the intricate interaction interface formed by TAF1 and TAF7, and, together with other data available from the literature, highlight the dynamic nature of the TAF1/TAF7 interaction in the human TFIID complex.In a second study, we analyzed a novel complex formed by TAF11, TAF13 and TBP using a range of biophysical and biochemical methods including electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis, pull-down assay, native mass-spectroscopy and chemical cross-linking mass spectroscopy (CLMS). This complex is reminiscent of a so-called TATA-box mimicry discovered previously in a TAF1/TBP complex.As part of the ongoing efforts in the Berger laboratory to determine the structure of human holo-TFIID, we furthermore produced and purified a large (~900 kDa) TFIID subassembly called 9TAF, which is composed of nine different TBP associated factors. We carried out negative stain EM studies and random conical tilt (RCT) analysis on 9TAF to obtain low resolution structural information. These studies set the stage for future cryo-EM studies of this 9TAF complex to obtain a high(er) resolution model to decipher the inner workings of human TFIID.

No / The in-line development of crystalline morphology and orientation during melt extrusion of low density polyethylene (LDPE) tape at nil and low haul-off speeds has been investigated using Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS). The processing parameters, namely haul-off speed and distance down the tape-line have been varied and the resulting crystalline morphology is described from detailed analysis of the SAXS data. Increasing haul-off speed increased orientation in the polymer tape and the resulting morphology could be described in terms of regular lamellar stacking perpendicular to the elongation direction. In contrast, under nil haul-off conditions the tape still showed some orientation down the tape-line, but a shish-kebab structure prevails. The final lamellae thickness (similar to 50 angstrom) and bulk crystallinity (similar to 20%), were low at, for all processing conditions investigated, which is attributed to the significant short-chain branching in the polymer acting as point defects limiting lamellae crystal growth. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The ability to quickly develop predictions of the time-to-failure under different loading levels allows designers to choose the best polymeric material for a specific application. Additionally, it helps material producers to design, manufacture, test, and modify a polymeric material more rapidly. In the case of polymeric pipes, previous studies have shown that there are two possible time-dependent failure mechanisms corresponding to ductile and brittle failure. The ductile mechanism is evident at shorter times-to-failure and results from the stretching of the amorphous region under loading and the subsequent plastic deformation. Empirical results show that many high-performance polyethylene (PE) materials do not exhibit the brittle failure mechanism. Hence, it is critical to understand the ductile mechanism and find an approach to predict the corresponding times-to-failure using accelerated means. The aim of this study is to develop an innovative rupture lifetime acceleration protocol for PE pipes which is sensitive to the structure, orientation, and morphology changes introduced by changing processing conditions. To accomplish this task, custom fixtures are developed to admit tensile and hoop burst tests on PE pipes. A pressure modified Eyring flow equation is used to predict the rupture lifetime of PE pipes using the measured mechanical properties under axial tensile and hydrostatic pressure loading in different temperatures and strain rates. In total, the experimental method takes approximately one week to be completed and allows the prediction of pipe lifetimes for service lifetime in excess of 50 years. / Master of Science

Un nouveau modèle de biomembrane de type liposome a été développé à partir de lipides synthétisés comportant une unité biphényle sur leur chaînes sn2 et une chaîne aliphatique sn1 de longueur et insaturation variables. L’anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique positive de ces molécules induit une déformation en oblate de ces liposomes dits « biphényles » dans le champ magnétique B0. Cette déformation spécifique a été caractérisée par RMN des solides 31P et 2H en faisant varier différents paramètres : l’intensité de B0, l'élasticité membranaire, la température et la taille des liposomes (Helfrich, 1973). Ces vésicules déformées ont pu être observées par microscopies optiques et électroniques et la rémanence de la déformation en dehors de B0 a pu être analysée par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS). Enfin, les premières applications des liposomes biphényles comme nouveau modèle de biomembrane pour analyser la structure et l’orientation (par RMN des solides 15N) de peptides ou protéines membranaires, ont été étudiées. / A new model of biomembrane (liposome) was developed from synthesized lipids containing a biphenyl unit on the sn2 aliphatic chain and possessing a sn1 aliphatic chain which varies in length and unsaturation. The positive magnetic susceptibility anisotropy of these molecules induces an oblate deformation of these «biphenyls » liposomes under the magnetic field B0. This particular deformation has been characterized by 31P and 2H solid state NMR by varying different parameters: the intensity of B0, the membrane elasticity, the temperature and the size of the liposomes (Helfrich, 1973). These deformed vesicles were observed by optical and electron microscopy and the remanence of the deformation outside B0 has been analyzed by Small angles X-ray scattering (SAXS).Finally, the first applications of biphenyls liposomes as new biomembrane model to analyze the structure and orientation of membrane proteins or peptides were studied by 15N solid state NMR