No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The literature on the demography of pastoral populations tends to consider pastoralism as an independent determinant of the levels and patterns of fertility and mortality. Despite a general lack of adequate data, there is a preoccupation with the low fertility of pastoral populations. Demographic data are presented for three Malian populations: sedentary Bambara cultivators and two Kel Tamasheq groups of nomadic pastoralists. These populations are compared and contrasted and internal social class differentials are examined. Bambara have higher fertility than the two pastoral populations and all three groups have different patterns of mortality. Child mortality levels vary significantly between Kel Tamasheq social classes. An examination of the intermediate determinants of fertility identifies marriage as the most important differentiating factor. For mortality a similar approach is unable to identify any particular intermediate variable as the dominant determinant of the observed patterns. The principal mortality differentials occur, however, within the pastoral populations, where high status, rich social classes have higher child mortality than poor, low status ex-slaves. Intensive, qualitative studies of marriage and social class variation show that although the pastoral Kel Tamasheq are demographically different from the Bambara, these differences are caused as much by socio-cultural factors as by economic ones. Kel Tamasheq kinship, household formation patterns and the importance of prestige and status mean that women may spend many of their child-bearing years between marriages, either divorced or widowed. This contrasts with the Bambara pattern of continuous marriage maintained through divorce, polygyny and inheritance, vhere much status and wealth is acquired through having children. The same socio-cultural factors create variation in Tamasheq child care patterns. Social constraints on high status mothers operate in the opposite direction from economic constraints, producing unexpected patterns of social class mortality differentials. The study concludes that nomadic pastoralists are not demographically different from cultivating populations because of their production system. To understand why the observed differences do occur, intensive qualitative studies are needed to supplement and explain the quantitative data.

No description available.

No description available.

The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic consequences of ethnic cleansing in the countries affected, with particular focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. As one of the key distinguishing characteristics of ethnic cleansing is mass displacement of people, it focuses its investigation on the impact of ethnic cleansing on the stock of human capital in the country affected. Using the framework of the analysis of brain drain developed for voluntary migration, the further analysis is divided into two parts: the first part deals with the negative consequences of ethnic cleansing for human capital through emigration of highly educated (brain drain), while the second part deals with positive reverse effects of such emigration (brain gain). This should eventually allow us to estimate the net effect of migration on the stock of human capital in the country affected by ethnic cleansing. The analysis of the brain drain caused by ethnic cleansing starts with the development of a theoretical model that explains the impact of ethnic cleansing on emigration of highly educated individuals. The model is based on the models of self-selection and amended by incorporating a ―restoration‖ hypothesis, originally developed in this thesis. This model is then tested by two different empirical studies. In the first study, a household level data from Bosnia-Herzegovina was used in order to measure the impact of different factors affecting the household‘s decision to migrate. In the second empirical study, country level data were used to measure the difference in the magnitude of brain drain between countries with different histories of conflict. The second part of the thesis provides the empirical evidence on brain gain by using two different studies. In the first study, country level data were used to analyze the possibility of the ―incentive effect‖ that increases the stock of human capital in the country as a result of migration. In the second study, household level data were used to analyze the effect of remittances inflows on the increase of human capital through increased educational investments by households receiving remittances. By providing evidence on both brain drain and brain gain effects, this thesis gives comprehensive insight into the impact of ethnic cleansing on the stock of human capital in a country. The main findings of these studies are that the negative effects are stronger, while positive effects are weaker compared to the voluntary migration. This suggests that the net effect of ethnic cleansing on human capital stock in a country is likely to be negative. In addition, the thesis offers a new theoretical model of ethnic cleansing which can also, with minor amendments, be used in the context of natural disasters induced and development induced displacement.

No description available.

No description available.

The Census provides spatially detailed information on internal migration within the UK. It is only available decenially, however, so during inter-censal years it is necessary to rely on the NHSCR as an alternative measure of population movement. The value of the NHSCR in the analysis of migration and its suitability as an input to the procedure for projecting sub-national populations remains uncertain. This thesis examines the relationship between NHSCR and Census-derived migration data for a common period (1980/81) and illustrates the conceptual and measurement differences and similarities between the two. Although a strong correlation between the respective patterns of migration is evidenced, significant spatial and age-sex discrepancies in the measured levels of population movement are observed. The presence of Armed Forces and student moves and the phenomenon of multiple/return migration, particularly amongst young adults, are cited as major reasons for the differences. Given an understanding of the characteristics of each type of data, the thesis undertakes to illustrate spatio-temporal patterns and trends in migration since 1970 using both transition and movement information. A reduction in the level of migration throughout the seventies and early eighties has been followed by an increase in the general propensity to migrate, with increasing decentralisation processes moving people away from the most densely populated areas, but with an increasing attractiveness of the South East, particularly Greater London, to young, mobile adults and a net loss of migrants from North to South. The illustration of contemporary trends in migration using time-series data highlights the potential shortcomings of a sub-national population projection model based primarily on 1981 Census information. The thesis critically examines a number of features of the migration component of the OPCS/DOE projection procedure using NHSCR migration data, and suggests possible improvements to the methodology.