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Preface: The elderly form an increasingly significant section of our society, and changes in the social and economic characteristics of ageing through this century have been mirrored in certain emergent spatial patterns. This study examines these changes in the geography of ageing in England and Wales and what has been perhaps the most significant feature of these changes, the distinctive migration of the elderly, particularly into coastal retirement areas. This study is the consequence of a developing interest in the problems and characteristics of ageing in society, stimulated, not so much by the fact that the writer has, at various times, lived and holidayed in numerous coastal retirement areas, but, in particular, by an undergraduate study of an American retirement community in the state of Oregon during the summer of 1972. While, therefore, this study confines itself to the elderly in England and Wales, it is written in the certain knowledge that many of the issues raised in the discussion may be perceived in other countries of Western Europe and in North America. After a discussion of the theoretical background to the study, Part II (Chapters 3 and 4) concern themselves with the changing spatial patterns of ageing in England and Wales through the greater part of this century and, in particular, the role of migration in contributing to these changing patterns in more recent years. Part III (Chapters 5 to 10) concentrates on examining certain behavioural aspects of migration, based upon survey work among samples of elderly people.

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This thesis was originally submitted for examination in March 1983. Following the result of the viva in October of that year an appeal was lodged, and the subsequent proceedings lasted for almost four years. In October 1987 formal notification was made that the thesis could be revised and resubmitted. The prolonged length of the appeal proceedings has meant that the computing environment within which the research was set has developed significantly from the position in 1983. Indeed, in purely practical terms, the computing systems which were used at that time are no longer operational. The opportunity for making modifications and refinements to the record linkage system, and for incorporating additional primary source materials (even were sufficient human resources available), has therefore been removed. Under these circumstances, the record linkage strategies described in the revised thesis are precisely the same as those presented in the 1983 submission. For this reason and because of the extensive delays in carrying out the appeal proceedings it has not seemed appropriate to provide a full review of developments in the record linkage field beyond this date. Reference has, however, been made to the subsequent, crucial impact of the findings of the present research on the progress of the later phases of the 1851 Census National Sample Project, which I co-directed with Professor Michael Anderson at the University of Edinburgh. The entire conceptual and strategic approach to the organisation of family information in this project grew directly from perceptions which were central to the present research. Reference has also been made to the influence of the present research on the development of the SASPAC package, a computing system for handling the 1981 Population Census Small Area Statistics data for Great Britain. I was the chief systems designer of SASPAC, and the design and implementation methods which were adopted in this development drew heavily on the experience gained from the present research. Finally, the opportunity has been taken (in the new Section 10.2), to present the findings of some fresh analyses of 1851 household census data which serve to confirm the validity of the linkage strategies which have been developed.

Chapter 1 introduces the thesis and outlines the research 'problem'. It goes on to discuss various problems of definition and provides some economic and social background to the Coventry TTWA. The need to study the process of migration is emphasised. Chapter 2 summarises the methodology adopted. It discusses various possible research strategies and outlines in detail the one adopted. Chapter 3 provides data about the whole survey groups, those who stayed in the Coventry TTWA area ('stayers') and those who moved ('movers'). It draws some comparison between the two groups. Chapter 4 examines the role of the family in the migration process. It outlines a view that gives kin a central role and contrasts this with survey data. An alternative view is put forward. Chapter 5 considers the role of education. It shows how private and state schools prepare school students for migrating as part of their educational careers. It continues by emphasising the importance of education as a channel for migration. Chapter 6 looks at employment and challenges the classic 'push-pull' labour market theory of migration by emphasising the highly uneven and segmented nature of the labour market and the importance of support factors in migration decision making. Chapter 7 discusses marriage and emphasises the importance of gender in determining migration decisions reflected in the tendency for women to follow men. However, it illustrates the actor role of women within this process and the role of marriage in facilitating, and on occasion hindering, migration. Chapter 8 summarises the main conclusions of the research and draws out some key implications for social policy and for further research.