The main theme of the thesis is to analyse the social and political consequences of central government involvement and recent Land Reform in a village in central Iraq. In the first place, it examines the historical background to contemporary political change. Over the past fifty years, there has been considerable political and economic change at both the national and local level. After the registration of the tribal lands in the names of the shaikhs and important landlords, which took place in the 1930's, the political policies of various governments during the period of the Monarchy (1921-1958) became explicitly pro-landlord, thus establishing a form of indirect rule in the countryside. However, after the Revolution of 1958 and the assumption of power by the Ba'thists, some ten years later, there occurred a marked shift in the power structure. These post-Revolutionary governments initiated new policies of direct intervention in the rural areas, through Land Reform programmes and increased political and economic control. Since 1968, the Ba'th Party has assumed a major role in encouraging and controlling various forms of peasant participation in both the political and economic life of the village. The thesis analyses the processes by which the village chosen for detailed study became more integrated into the wider political structure. The study shows how the shaikhs and landlords, who once constituted the political and economic elite, have, in the course of increased external control and the introduction of new economic incentives, begun to lose their basis of prestige and socio-political status. These changes led to the emergence of a much more open field of competition between the new peasant and Party- based leaders and the older pillars of village society. They also reinforced the fragmentation of tribal and lineage organisation leading to the development of smaller kinship groups and to new forms of political alliance and ideology.

Um die Medienberichterstattung zu den Förderprogrammen ILE und LEADER sowie den Wettbewerben »Unser Dorf hat Zukunft« und »Ländliches Bauen« zu evaluieren, wurden in einer Medienresonanzanalyse mehr als 7.500 redaktionelle Beiträge ausgewertet. Der Bericht dokumentiert die Ergebnisse und zeigt die Präsenz der Integrierten Ländlichen Entwicklung in den wichtigsten sächsischen Tageszeitungen auf. Auf Basis der Untersuchungsergebnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen können Kommunikationsinstrumente und -strategien der zuständigen Institutionen weiter optimiert werden.

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The purpose of this study was to evaluate post-settlement support given to beneficiaries of land restitution on selected farms in Mpumalanga Province. The study used qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data collection was done using focus group discussions and semi-structured questionnaires. Three groups of respondents participated in the study: the beneficiaries (n=193), government officials (n=13) and private sector [NGOs] (n=5). The study highlighted the inadequacy of support provided to beneficiaries. Support was inadequate in terms of infrastructure, provision of training services and improving access to markets. The findings revealed that there is poor participation by the youth and educated people in the projects. The study also found that strategic partners did not significantly contribute towards viability of projects, primarily, because of conflicting interests between the two. The study recommends that the government, with the private sector, should make enough resources available and attract the youth and educated people to participate in the projects.

Um die Medienberichterstattung zu den Förderprogrammen ILE und LEADER sowie den Wettbewerben »Unser Dorf hat Zukunft« und »Ländliches Bauen« zu evaluieren, wurden in einer Medienresonanzanalyse mehr als 7.500 redaktionelle Beiträge ausgewertet. Der Bericht dokumentiert die Ergebnisse und zeigt die Präsenz der Integrierten Ländlichen Entwicklung in den wichtigsten sächsischen Tageszeitungen auf. Auf Basis der Untersuchungsergebnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen können Kommunikationsinstrumente und -strategien der zuständigen Institutionen weiter optimiert werden.

Pourquoi à l’ère du digital, les particuliers préfèrent-ils encore opérer des transactions immobilières avec un intermédiaire ? Quelles sont les perspectives qu’offre Internet aux acteurs de l’intermédiation ? Et quelles sont les limites de cette transformation digitale ? Les travaux développés dans la présente thèse visent à apporter des éléments de réponses à ces questions aux professionnels de l’immobilier résidentiel souhaitant mieux appréhender le comportement de leurs clients et du marché aujourd’hui. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à améliorer la compréhension des systèmes d’intermédiation, et en particulier de ce qui amène les acheteurs et les vendeurs à utiliser ces services, sur le marché immobilier résidentiel français. / Why, during the digital era, individuals still prefer transaction operations through an estate agent? What do the Internet perspectives offer to the intermediation actors? And what are the Limits of this digital transformation?The work developed in this dissertation aim to provide answers elements to those questions to estate professionals wishing to understand better the behavior of their customers and the market today. The objective of this dissertation is to contribute to the comprehension of improving the intermediation systems, and particularly what brings buyers and sellers to use these services on the real estate French market.