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El objeto de esta tesis es el estudio de la expulsión del extranjero no residente legalmente en España, como consecuencia jurídico-penal alternativa a la ejecución de las penas privativas de libertad, recogida en el artículo 89 del Código Penal de 1995 en sus diversas versiones, fruto de sucesivas modificaciones. Se trata de analizar las cuestiones problemáticas que surgen en relación con su naturaleza, su situación y aplicación, ofreciendo, y de ofrecer al tiempo algunas alternativas con la finalidad de mejorar y subsanar determinados defectos que presenta la redacción vigente del citado articulo 89. Y todo ello, teniendo en cuenta y valorando la historia previa de instituciones semejantes, abordando así el análisis de la evolución de las sucesivas figuras reflejada en la fase anterior a la codificación y en el periodo codificado, así como en las leyes especiales y administrativas que regulaban la expulsión del extranjero del territorio nacional. Se examinan de esta forma, desde esta perspectiva y de la de los derechos fundamentales reconocidos en la Constitución, aquellas cuestiones ligadas a la expulsión de los extranjeros, tanto en su vertiente penal, como en la gubernativa y los respectivos procedimientos. El estudio se ha abordado a partir de la doctrina penal española y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, del Tribunal Supremo, de las Audiencias y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos humanos. Y se ha prestado especial atención a los problemas prácticos que plantea la aplicación de la regulación en vigor, así como a la reforma incluida en el anteproyecto de reforma del Código penal y a las diferentes directivas de la Unión Europea posteriores a la presentación de la tesis. / The purpose of this thesis is to study the removal of non-resident alien legally in Spain, as a legal alternative to criminal enforcement of custodial sentences, as reflected in Article 89 of the Criminal Code of 1995 in its various versions, result of successive modifications. This involves analyzing the problematic issues that arise in relation to their nature, status and implementation, offering, and while some offer alternatives to improve and remedy certain defects which presents the current wording of Article 89. And all this, considering and appreciating the history of such institutions, thus addressing the analysis of the evolution of the successive figures reflected in the pre-coding and coded in the period, as well as special laws and administrative governing the expulsion of foreign territory. It looks like this, from this perspective and the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution, matters relating to the expulsion of foreigners, both in its criminal, as in the government and the respective procedures. The study was approached from the Spanish criminal doctrine and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court of Hearings and the European Court of Human Rights. And he has paid particular attention to the practical problems of implementing the regulation in force, as well as the reform contained in the draft reform of the penal code and the various European Union directives after presentation of the thesis.

Las graves vulneraciones de los Derechos humanos durante el siglo XX y sus consecuencias han llevado a una concienciación de una parte de los responsables políticos y de la opinión pública, sobre la necesidad de avanzar en la configuración y protección efectiva de los Derechos humanos. En este camino destacan, sin lugar a dudas, dos iniciativas: la Declaración Universal de los Derechos humanos de 1948 y la creación de un Tribunal Penal Internacional de carácter permanente en 1998, ambas auspiciadas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Este tribunal, por contraste con los de Nüremberg y Tokio, resultantes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, no se le puede criticar por no respetar los principios de la irretroactividad de la ley penal o de legalidad. Ni tampoco haber sido creado ad hoc y ex post, para determinados conflictos, como ha sucedido con los más recientes de la exYugoslavia o Ruanda. Asimismo, el sometimiento a su jurisdicción, con carácter general, es voluntaria, al haber sido creado por un convenio internacional, que su competencia rationae temporis se refiere a los crímenes posteriores a su creación y que, además, posee carácter permanente. Nos centramos en un aspecto, entendemos fundamental, del funcionamiento de ese Tribunal: el testigo y su papel en los procesos ante el mismo. Y ello, porque dada la competencia del TPI para conocer de los delitos de genocidio, lesa humanidad, guerra y agresión, según su Estatuto, el rol de los testigos ante este órgano judicial va a ser crucial en la lucha contra la impunidad de los responsables. Como punto de partida, nos decidimos por un análisis general, tanto del testigo como de la prueba testifical entre los diversos sistemas jurídicos que componen las diferentes normas reguladoras del Tribunal Penal Internacional, para pasar después a un estudio detallado de la actividad de los testigos en la fase de investigación y en la posterior de juicio. Todo ello con el objetivo principal de determinar las posibilidades de aplicación en sede internacional de aquellas normas generales, cuando hay ausencia de previsiones legales en las normas que regulan el TPI y tratar, asimismo, de garantizar el derecho de defensa de los acusados, de una parte y la protección de los testigos en estos procedimientos internacionales, de otra. / The atrocities perpetrated during the 20th Century against human rights and its consequences led to a change on the society conscience about human behaviour, mainly by govern leaders and popular opinion, about the need of effective mean to protect those rights. Towards this believes, we might mention the Universal Human Rights Declaration of 1948 and the creation of the International Criminal Court on 1998, both by the work of the United Nation. This Court, in opposition of those of Nuremberg and Tokyo, created by the and of the World War II, can’t be criticized for not having two of the most important criminal procedure principals recognized, as those of nullo crimen nulla poena sine legen, and of legality. Nor by being created ad hoc and ex post, as of those for the ex Yugoslavia or Rwanda had being. In a few words, we might say that due to its origin on a treaty this Court of Law has a volunteer jurisdiction to those States which have, in general, accepted it. Moreover, its effects have a projection ex tunc, and it’s permanent. In this work, we’ve done a research about on of the most important evidence to criminal procedures: the witness. And that’s because by the crimes the ICC has jurisdiction over, as of genocide, those against humanity, of war and international aggression, and in general as succeeds on all criminal procedures, that’s the kind of evidence on which the judges and benches usually base their decision on. The main purpose is to determinate which ones and in what manner and extension do the rules concerning witness applies on international procedures, and if they are sufficient to fulfil all blanks on ICC rules. Furthermore and as well, to verify if is there a balance between the protection of witness on one hand, and a fair trial to the accused on the other hand.

In criminal proceedings are held before the final judgment, limitations of rights for preventive purposes. These restrictive measures are called precautionary measures. This thesis proposes a general theory for these acts: Based on the principle of necessity and the object of criminal proceedings, submits that those measures are justified by the existence of one or more risks for the valid performance of the process and the dangerousness of the defendant. The theory includes determining the basis for punitive preventive measures, materials and formal adoption requirements and the requirement of proportionality. It also proposes a methodology for practical application of theory and criteria to limit the use of remand. It addresses the analysis of the presumption of innocence as a rule of treatment, deriving their theoretical and practical virtuality in criminal proceedings / En el proceso penal se dictan, antes de la sentencia definitiva, limitaciones de derechos con fines preventivos. Estas medidas limitativas son denominadas medidas cautelares. La presente tesis propone una teoría general para estos actos: A partir del principio de necesidad y del objeto del proceso penal, sostiene que aquellas medidas se justifican por la existencia de uno o varios riesgos para la válida realización del proceso y la peligrosidad del imputado. La teoría incluye la determinación del fundamento de las medidas cautelares penales, sus presupuestos materiales y formales de adopción y la exigencia de proporcionalidad. Se propone además una metodología de aplicación práctica de la teoría y unos criterios para limitar el uso de la prisión provisional. Además, aborda el análisis de la presunción de inocencia como regla de trato, derivando su virtualidad teórica y práctica en el proceso penal

Soon after the end of the Civil War, Lebanon witnessed the birth of its first audio-visual law: the Broadcasting Act of 1994. This Act was, according to the Document of National Reconciliation that ushered in the end of the Civil War, considered to be crucial in ending civil strife in Lebanon. The 1994 Act was also the first legislation for private broadcasting to be passed in the Arab world. The introduction of the Act created great political upheaval. The present study documents the controversy created by the Act and seeks to understand the extent to which vehement criticism of the Act and of the government behind it were justified. I will seek to do so by examining the various phases of the Act: its inception as a draft; its final wording and the economic and political forces that shaped it; and its implementation, mainly through the creation of a new regulatory body, the National Audio-visual Council (or NAC) responsible for studying license applications. The present study will document the various stages of the new broadcasting law by relying almost exclusively on primary sources: i.e., archival material, most of which is inaccessible to the general public (e.g., application files); and personal interviews with high ranking government officials and media representatives. Finally, by relying on elite theory and an "evolutionary" theory of policy analysis, I will attempt to interpret the findings of the primary research, and to add to our understanding of media, law, and change in post-Civil War Lebanon.

This thesis takes as its starting point claims that practices of financial speculation in commodity derivative markets were instrumental in the causation of the global food crisis in 2007-08. Adopting an approach informed by critical legal studies, I seek to challenge dominant conceptions about the role that law has played in this context. Campaigners concerned about these practices place great faith in financial regulation as means of restraining ‘excessive’ speculation. Equally, those concerned with the vulnerability of poor communities to its effects — their condition of ‘food insecurity’, as it is designated in the prevailing discourse — turn to human rights, in particular, the right to adequate food, as a means of response. In both instances, law is positioned as the solution to fix malfunctioning markets. Examining the significance of law in the creation of the two global markets in question — one for a trade in financial instruments linked to food commodities, the other for tangible food commodities — I will consider whether this way of positioning law is accurate. I will explore the possibility that a preoccupation with regulatory solutions obscures other roles that law might play in global commodity markets. Focusing on the role law plays in enabling market behaviours, such as speculation, and in entrenching market entitlements that prevent equitable access to food, I will suggest that a body of law that is constituting and entrenching the market might stand in the way of regulatory ambition. The call for financial regulation to tackle food price volatility and for the strengthening of domestic legal regimes to protect against vulnerability is a call on the state to use law to constrain the excesses of the market in the interests of society. Is this a promising strategy, however, when the constitutive role of law and the state in facilitating the operations of the market is taken into account?

Gegen Ende der ersten Dekade des 21. Jahrhunderts rückte eine lange in Vergessenheit geratene Bedrohung für die Seefahrt schlagartig wieder ins Bewusstsein der Öffentlichkeit: Die Piraterie. Überfälle von Seeräubern, vor allem auf Frachtschiffe, begannen sich zu häufen. Die Vorfälle, um die es in der Berichterstattung der Medien ging, spielten sich vor der Küste Somalias ab. Diese somalische Piraterie wurde schnell zu einem derart großen Problem für die Wirtschaft der westlichen Welt, dass bald über Maßnahmen zu deren Bekämpfung nachgedacht wurde. Als Mittel der Wahl wurden hierfür Kriegsschiffe ausgemacht. In der Folge startete die EU die erste maritime Militäroperation in ihrer Geschichte, an der sich auch Deutschland von Anfang an beteiligte. Diese Militäroperation, ”Atalanta“ genannt, wirft verschiedene rechtliche Fragen aus verschiedenen Ebenen des internationalen und nationalen Rechts auf, deren Beantwortung sich das vorliegende Werk zum Ziel gesetzt hat. Neben der Bekämpfung der somalischen Piraterie und deren Methoden werden dabei auch die historischen und soziologischen Hintergründe dieser Bedrohung für den freien Welthandel beleuchtet. / At the beginning of the 21st century piracy at sea rose up again, this time in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia. This piracy turned out to be a major problem for international trade. As a result, several countries and also the European Union decided to launch a military mission to fight piracy in the Indian Ocean. The german armed forces participated in this military mission from the beginning. From a legal point of view this participation causes several questions regarding international law as well as german law. This dissertation aims at answering these legal questions.

Der Artikel beinhaltet eine Einleitung, sowie drei Abschnitte zu den Themen 'the opinion & the legal thinking', 'internal investigations', 'the person of the mastermind in the future development of the law of internal investigations'. Außerdem ist ein Fazit zu den beschriebenen Themen enthalten. / The article includes three clauses concerning 'the opinion & the legal thinking', 'internal investigations', 'the person of the mastermind in the future development of the law of internal investigations', as well as a final conclusion.

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Interview mit Kerstin Grosch und Holger A. Rau über Gender Differences in Leader's compliant Behaviour. / Interview with Kerstin Grosch and Holger A. Rau concerning Gender Differences in Leader's compliant Behaviour.