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This study is the result of exploratory research on the daily lives and experiences of private security officers working in Hong Kong housing estates. As the first qualitative investigation of its kind, it examined two case studies of separate estates through the lens of Nodal Governance, which involved interviews with security practitioners and end-users, work practice observations, and documentary analysis. Security officers were found to ‘wear many hats’. Apart from crime prevention, the core roles and functions of private security in these estates are to enforce property owners’ orders and maintain the residents’ quality of life. These ‘hats’ were underpinned by the operational characteristics of property management businesses, especially that of security provision structures. The study found that security officers needed to improvise strategies that stopped short of exercising their legal powers, but dealt with suspects and rule breakers nonetheless. In this way, these officers and security companies provided a resident-orientated service style of private policing, with a focus on neighbourhood safety and harmony.The private security industry in Hong Kong is regulated by a ‘hybrid regulation mechanism’, with a unique mix of public and private actors, and closer inspection suggested that government ordinance initiatives on building management and security services have unintentionally shifted policing responsibility from the state to its citizens, which did much to address residential security inequity indirectly. These findings contribute to a variation on the theme of nodal governance in two ways: ordinances implicitly delegating security provision to citizens paradoxically centralised governance as an unintended consequence; and the genealogy of policing institutions in Hong Kong test the hidden assumptions in western norms of governance. Elsewhere, the study shed light on private security industry regulation, shifting policing responsibilities, security inequity, ad hoc strategizing by actors with limited powers, and high-rise housing security for future reference and further research.

Crime is rife in South Africa. Explanations abound for the high crime statistics, including the weakening of the family unit, the political history of South Africa, urbanisation and the fast growing urban neighbourhood, a weak criminal justice system and the abundant availability of firearms. In the quest to prevent crime, the private security industry has become a key performer in helping to deter and prevent crime and criminal activities. Yet there are no set criteria for selecting security officers against the backdrop of the high crime rates and a growing private security sector. Therefore the purpose was to develop a competency model for the selection of security officers for the safekeeping and protection of persons and property in the Thaba Tshwane area. I chose to do qualitative research using an interpretive approach in an attempt to understand the views of the participants concerning the work context and requirements of security officers. A grounded theory approach to the strategy of inquiry was employed as it was best suited to keeping the information that was gathered grounded in the participants’ own opinions. The focus of this research was on designing a competency model for security officers for selection purposes. Data were gathered through disciplinary records and open-ended structured interviews where the repertory grid and the behavioural event interview were applied.Eight subject matter experts, who included security officers, managers and a client working in the security industry, were used. The result of the study was a competency model of nine competencies and their definitions, which were grounded in the data and critical in functioning as an efficient security officer. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Crime is rife in South Africa. Explanations abound for the high crime statistics, including the weakening of the family unit, the political history of South Africa, urbanisation and the fast growing urban neighbourhood, a weak criminal justice system and the abundant availability of firearms. In the quest to prevent crime, the private security industry has become a key performer in helping to deter and prevent crime and criminal activities. Yet there are no set criteria for selecting security officers against the backdrop of the high crime rates and a growing private security sector. Therefore the purpose was to develop a competency model for the selection of security officers for the safekeeping and protection of persons and property in the Thaba Tshwane area. I chose to do qualitative research using an interpretive approach in an attempt to understand the views of the participants concerning the work context and requirements of security officers. A grounded theory approach to the strategy of inquiry was employed as it was best suited to keeping the information that was gathered grounded in the participants’ own opinions. The focus of this research was on designing a competency model for security officers for selection purposes. Data were gathered through disciplinary records and open-ended structured interviews where the repertory grid and the behavioural event interview were applied.Eight subject matter experts, who included security officers, managers and a client working in the security industry, were used. The result of the study was a competency model of nine competencies and their definitions, which were grounded in the data and critical in functioning as an efficient security officer. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

The lack of scientific research covering the factors contributing to the growth and regulation of the private security industry (PSI) in India and South Africa gave rise to the study. The study used qualitative research methods, a case study design and documentary analysis techniques, including personal interviews supported by a qualitative questionnaire and e-mailing the questionnaires to participants, to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study. The researcher interviewed seven participants from India personally and eight responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher conducted eight one-on-one interviews with South African participants and eleven members responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher carried out a pilot study to identify any shortcomings in the qualitative questionnaire. The study examined various theories on regulations and regulatory frameworks and considered the theoretical aspects of regulating the private security industry. This study confirmed that private security is growing at a rapid pace in India and South Africa, and the common factors encouraging growth include socio-economic factors like rapid growth and infrastructure, increasing urbanisation, growth of the middle class, poverty and unemployment, illegal immigration, growth in private property and increase in personal wealth. Indian participants especially, felt strongly that an increase in terror attacks is a key factor contributing to the rapid growth of the PSI, whilst South African participants confirmed, a fear of political violence and being scared of civil unrest were reasons for the increased presence of the PSI in the country. The participants corroborated that statutory-based legislation imposed by the Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 and the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 is not wholly effective in regulating the PSI in India. / Ukusweleka kocwaningo lwesisayense olwengamela izinto ezinomthelela ekukhuleni kanye nemitheshwana yolawulo kwimboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese i-private security industry (PSI) eNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika kwenze ukuthi kube nalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lusebenzise izindlela ze-qualitative research methods, i-case study kanye nethekniki yohlaziyo lwamadokhumende, okubandakanya nama-interview nabantu ziqu, ngokusekelwa wuhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative kanye nohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe (questionnaires) ethunyelwe nge-email kulabo ababambe iqhaza, ukufezekisa izinhloso nezinjongo zocwaningo. Umcwaningi wenze ama-interview nababambi qhaza abayisikhombisa ziqu baseNdiya kanti abayisishagalombili baphendule imibuzo yohla ebhaliwe ye-qualitative oluthunyelwe nge-email. Umcwaningi ubuye waba nama-interview okubhekana ubusu nobuso nababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika abayisishagalombili, kwathi abayishumi nanye baphendula uhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative ethunyelwe nge-email. Kwenziwe ucwaningo lokulinga (pilot study) ukubheka ukuntengantenga kohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative. Lolu cwaningo luhlole amathiyori ahlukahlukene ngokwenziwa kwemithetho yolawulo kanye nohlaka lwemitheshwana yolawulo, kanye nokubonelela izingxenye zethiyori yemitheshwana yolawulo lwemboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese. Ucwaningo luqinisekise ukuthi imboni yonogada bangasese bezokuvikeleka ikhula ngokuyisimanga eNdiya kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, kanti okuyixhumanisayo nokufanayo, kubandakanya ukukhula kwezinto eziphathelene nabantu nezomnotho njengokukhula ngesivinini kwezingqalasizinda, ukuya kakhulu kwabantu ezindaweni zamadolobha, ukukhula kwe-middle class, inhlupheko nokusweleka kwemisebenzi, ukungena kakhulu kwabantu ababuya kwezinye izindawo ngokungemthetho (illegal migration), ukukhula kwempahla yangasese kanye nokwanda kokunotha kubantu. Ababambi qhaza baseNdiya bona banemizwa eqinile yokuthi uhlaselo lwamaphekulazikhuni (terror attacks) yinto enomthelela kakhulu ukukhuleni kwemboni ye-PSI. Ababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika bona baqinise ukwesaba udlame lwezepolitiki kanye nokwesaba izivungu-vungu zovukelwano lwabantu, yikho okube yizizathu zokukhula kobukhona be-PSI ezweni. Ababambi qhaza baqinise ukuthi imithetho efakelwe ye-Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kanye nomthetho we-Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufanele ukulawula kahle imboni ye-PSI eNdiya. / Esi sifundo sibe ngunozala wokunqongophala kophando lobunzululwazi malunga nezinto ezincedisa ekukhuleni nasekulawulweni korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala, iprivate security industry (PSI), kwilizwe laseIndia naseMzantsi Afrika. Isifundo sisebenzise indlela yophando lomgangatho, uyilo lwenkqubo engumzekelo, uhlalutyo lwemibhalo, udliwano ndlebe lobuso ngobuso nabantu ngabantu, oku kuxhaswa luluhlu lwemibuzo olubhaliweyo noluthunyelwe kubathathi nxaxheba ngeimeyile ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zesi sifundo. Umphandi udlane indlebe nabathathi nxaxheba abasixhenxe abavela eIndia kanti abasibhozo baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Umphandi uqhube udliwano ndlebe ubuso ngobuso nabathathi nxaxheba abasibhozo eMzantsi Afrika kanti abalishumi elinanye bona baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Kwaqhutywa isifundo sokutshayelela ngenjongo yokuqonda ukuba akukho zikhwasilima na kuluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho. Isifundo siphonononge iingcingane okanye iithiyori ezingemigaqo nezakhelo zemigaqo yolawulo kwaza kwaqatshelwa imiba yeengcingane emalunga nokulawulwa norhwebo lokhuseleko lwabucala. Esi sifundo singqine ukuba ukhuselo lwabucala lukhula ngesantya esikhawulezayo eIndia naseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye izinto ezikhuthaza oku kukhula ziquka imiba yezentlalo noqoqosho njengokwanda okukhawulezayo nezibonelelo, ukwanda kweendlela zokuphila budolophu, ukukhula kwezinga loluntu eliphakathi (middle class), ubuhlwempu nentswela ngqesho, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukwanda kokufumaneka komhlaba wabucala nokwanda kobutyebi babantu. Abathathi nxaxheba baseIndia bathi bacinga ukuba ukwanda kohlaselo ngabagrogrisi kuphambili ekuncediseni ukukhula korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala. AbaseMzantsi Afrika bona bangqina ukuba uloyiko lobundlobogela bezopolitiko nokoyika uvukelo mbuso zizizathu zokwanda kobukho borhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala kweli lizwe. Abathathi nxaxheba bavuma ukuba imigaqo esekelwe emthethweni nebethelelwa nguMthetho Wokhuselo Lwabucala wama-2005, iPrivate Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kunye nePrivate Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufezekileyo ekulawuleni urhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala eIndia. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)