Since the early 1960s location problems have been used throughout various industries and in various countries. During recent years the field of location problems has become increasingly popular due to the fact that it is applicable in real life situations – especially in emergency services such as hospital, police station and ambulance locations to name a few. Despite the fact that location problems are so widely used with great success, it is still not being used to full potential in industries where it can have a major impact. One of these industries is the private security industry in South Africa. This dissertation addresses various mathematical models that can assist the management of privately owned security companies to determine strategic locations for their reaction vehicles, these locations will increase both resource utilization and improve the level of service they provide to customers. These models are used in different scenarios to see how the models adapt to input changes. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Industrial and Systems Engineering / MSc / Restricted

The lack of scientific research covering the factors contributing to the growth and regulation of the private security industry (PSI) in India and South Africa gave rise to the study. The study used qualitative research methods, a case study design and documentary analysis techniques, including personal interviews supported by a qualitative questionnaire and e-mailing the questionnaires to participants, to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study. The researcher interviewed seven participants from India personally and eight responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher conducted eight one-on-one interviews with South African participants and eleven members responded to the qualitative questionnaire sent by e-mail. The researcher carried out a pilot study to identify any shortcomings in the qualitative questionnaire. The study examined various theories on regulations and regulatory frameworks and considered the theoretical aspects of regulating the private security industry. This study confirmed that private security is growing at a rapid pace in India and South Africa, and the common factors encouraging growth include socio-economic factors like rapid growth and infrastructure, increasing urbanisation, growth of the middle class, poverty and unemployment, illegal immigration, growth in private property and increase in personal wealth. Indian participants especially, felt strongly that an increase in terror attacks is a key factor contributing to the rapid growth of the PSI, whilst South African participants confirmed, a fear of political violence and being scared of civil unrest were reasons for the increased presence of the PSI in the country. The participants corroborated that statutory-based legislation imposed by the Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 and the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 is not wholly effective in regulating the PSI in India. / Ukusweleka kocwaningo lwesisayense olwengamela izinto ezinomthelela ekukhuleni kanye nemitheshwana yolawulo kwimboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese i-private security industry (PSI) eNdiya naseNingizimu Afrika kwenze ukuthi kube nalolu cwaningo. Ucwaningo lusebenzise izindlela ze-qualitative research methods, i-case study kanye nethekniki yohlaziyo lwamadokhumende, okubandakanya nama-interview nabantu ziqu, ngokusekelwa wuhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative kanye nohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe (questionnaires) ethunyelwe nge-email kulabo ababambe iqhaza, ukufezekisa izinhloso nezinjongo zocwaningo. Umcwaningi wenze ama-interview nababambi qhaza abayisikhombisa ziqu baseNdiya kanti abayisishagalombili baphendule imibuzo yohla ebhaliwe ye-qualitative oluthunyelwe nge-email. Umcwaningi ubuye waba nama-interview okubhekana ubusu nobuso nababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika abayisishagalombili, kwathi abayishumi nanye baphendula uhla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative ethunyelwe nge-email. Kwenziwe ucwaningo lokulinga (pilot study) ukubheka ukuntengantenga kohla lwemibuzo ebhaliwe ye-qualitative. Lolu cwaningo luhlole amathiyori ahlukahlukene ngokwenziwa kwemithetho yolawulo kanye nohlaka lwemitheshwana yolawulo, kanye nokubonelela izingxenye zethiyori yemitheshwana yolawulo lwemboni yonogada bezokuvikeleka yangasese. Ucwaningo luqinisekise ukuthi imboni yonogada bangasese bezokuvikeleka ikhula ngokuyisimanga eNdiya kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, kanti okuyixhumanisayo nokufanayo, kubandakanya ukukhula kwezinto eziphathelene nabantu nezomnotho njengokukhula ngesivinini kwezingqalasizinda, ukuya kakhulu kwabantu ezindaweni zamadolobha, ukukhula kwe-middle class, inhlupheko nokusweleka kwemisebenzi, ukungena kakhulu kwabantu ababuya kwezinye izindawo ngokungemthetho (illegal migration), ukukhula kwempahla yangasese kanye nokwanda kokunotha kubantu. Ababambi qhaza baseNdiya bona banemizwa eqinile yokuthi uhlaselo lwamaphekulazikhuni (terror attacks) yinto enomthelela kakhulu ukukhuleni kwemboni ye-PSI. Ababambi qhaza baseNingizimu Afrika bona baqinise ukwesaba udlame lwezepolitiki kanye nokwesaba izivungu-vungu zovukelwano lwabantu, yikho okube yizizathu zokukhula kobukhona be-PSI ezweni. Ababambi qhaza baqinise ukuthi imithetho efakelwe ye-Private Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kanye nomthetho we-Private Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufanele ukulawula kahle imboni ye-PSI eNdiya. / Esi sifundo sibe ngunozala wokunqongophala kophando lobunzululwazi malunga nezinto ezincedisa ekukhuleni nasekulawulweni korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala, iprivate security industry (PSI), kwilizwe laseIndia naseMzantsi Afrika. Isifundo sisebenzise indlela yophando lomgangatho, uyilo lwenkqubo engumzekelo, uhlalutyo lwemibhalo, udliwano ndlebe lobuso ngobuso nabantu ngabantu, oku kuxhaswa luluhlu lwemibuzo olubhaliweyo noluthunyelwe kubathathi nxaxheba ngeimeyile ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo zesi sifundo. Umphandi udlane indlebe nabathathi nxaxheba abasixhenxe abavela eIndia kanti abasibhozo baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Umphandi uqhube udliwano ndlebe ubuso ngobuso nabathathi nxaxheba abasibhozo eMzantsi Afrika kanti abalishumi elinanye bona baphendule uluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho kwi-imeyile. Kwaqhutywa isifundo sokutshayelela ngenjongo yokuqonda ukuba akukho zikhwasilima na kuluhlu lwemibuzo yomgangatho. Isifundo siphonononge iingcingane okanye iithiyori ezingemigaqo nezakhelo zemigaqo yolawulo kwaza kwaqatshelwa imiba yeengcingane emalunga nokulawulwa norhwebo lokhuseleko lwabucala. Esi sifundo singqine ukuba ukhuselo lwabucala lukhula ngesantya esikhawulezayo eIndia naseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye izinto ezikhuthaza oku kukhula ziquka imiba yezentlalo noqoqosho njengokwanda okukhawulezayo nezibonelelo, ukwanda kweendlela zokuphila budolophu, ukukhula kwezinga loluntu eliphakathi (middle class), ubuhlwempu nentswela ngqesho, ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukwanda kokufumaneka komhlaba wabucala nokwanda kobutyebi babantu. Abathathi nxaxheba baseIndia bathi bacinga ukuba ukwanda kohlaselo ngabagrogrisi kuphambili ekuncediseni ukukhula korhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala. AbaseMzantsi Afrika bona bangqina ukuba uloyiko lobundlobogela bezopolitiko nokoyika uvukelo mbuso zizizathu zokwanda kobukho borhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala kweli lizwe. Abathathi nxaxheba bavuma ukuba imigaqo esekelwe emthethweni nebethelelwa nguMthetho Wokhuselo Lwabucala wama-2005, iPrivate Security Agencies (Regulation) Act 2005 kunye nePrivate Security Industry Regulation Act 2001 ayisebenzi ngokufezekileyo ekulawuleni urhwebo lokhuselo lwabucala eIndia. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)

This study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a performance management system within the security industry, applicable specifically to Security Officers. To investigate which performance factors, apply to security officers and how security officers perceived performance management. The management of Security Officers’ performance is an aspect of management which has not garnered much interest compared to other operational and management areas – hence the paucity of research on the performance management of security officers. They make a major contribution to the labour market with 7 949 security companies listed on the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA) website, and 2 973 companies (37%) based in Gauteng alone. However, despite the high number of companies, the industry has attracted the least attention in terms of performance. The overall research purpose of this study was to explore the management of security officers’ performance in a private security company operating in South Africa,focussing specifically on a company based in the Gauteng Province. The scope of the study was aimed at investigating security officers’ perception of performance management and to link performance to actual job performance and security officers’ perceived work performance. The researcher also investigated whether biographical factors had an influence on security officers’ performance. A quantitative research methodology was utilised to conduct the study. The main research instruments were primary data, comprising a self-developed questionnaire and secondary data, comprising company records. The respondents consisted of security officers whom had been subjected to the Dependability and Safety Instrument (DSI) during the period 2013 to 2015, in the region, who were still employed at the company at the time of the study. The findings of the study identified 11 performance management factors and indicated links between self-reported and actual work performance. Biographical characteristics did not seem to influence the work performance of the security officers. However, the results did indicate that employees with less tenure were more prone to disciplinary action by the company and those with higher levels of education were prone to fewer disciplinary actions and dismissals based on AWOL. The study identified the areas that play a significant role in the management of security officers’ performance. The identification of performance management factors in the security industry and security officers’ perceptions about performance management should enable HR officers to develop and implement a performance management system that will contribute to better service delivery to both internal and external clients in this industry. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The regulation of the private security industry has been an issue of debate for a number of years in South Africa, as well as in the rest of the world. The debate mainly centers around issues such as the need for regulation in this Industry and the objectives of regulation. This thesis argues that regulation is of utmost importance in this Industry and furthermore, that the objective ofregulation should be to set standards in the Industry. If this is the case, the protection of the public interest will be a natural result of regulating the standards. In addition, this thesis argues for the inclusion of the private investigator into the scope of regulation and suggests that this sector should ultimately be regulated through the means of separate legislation. This thesis furthermore provides two models for the regulation of the private security industry in South Africa. These models are described as the Semi-Integrated Wide Model (SIWM) and the Fully Integrated Wide Model (FIWM). These two models provide Government with the option of regulating the Industry without alienating the latter. Government will still have the ultimate responsibility for regulation, but will allow the Industry to be central in setting standards and requirements. In this way, the Industry will not regulate itself and Government will have the ultimate responsibility of protecting the interests of the public and the State / Police Practice / D. litt. et. Phil. (Police Science)

Private security forms part of a key strategy component in South Africa in terms of the alignment of the safety and security sector. Both private and public sector businesses in South Africa depend on private security systems to safeguard their assets. Although the growth in the private security sector has not provided for outstanding qualities and high levels of qualification criteria for employment in the sector, this quiet transformation of South Africa’s every day security landscape has potentially wide-ranging concerns. It raises important questions about the accountability and responsibility of security companies in providing their clients with disciplined security officers. There are reasons for concerns at Eskom because of the disciplinary problems experienced by security officers. These disciplinary problems create an environment of instability and uncertainty, which impacts on the core purpose of Eskom which is to provide sustainable electricity solutions to grow the economy and improve the quality of life of people in South Africa. Accordingly, the main purpose for the deployment of security officers to Eskom centres is to create a safer environment for Eskom and to safeguard its assets. Currently, disciplinary problems in the workplace constitute one of the most basic problems facing employers in both the public and private sectors. Therefore, developing and maintaining a disciplined security workforce is a priority that should be on the agenda of all private security companies. The objectives of this research included the following:  Examine which factors contribute to disciplinary problems;  Determine what the causes of these factors are that contribute to disciplinary problems; and  Identify what solutions can be used to address the factors contributing to disciplinary problems. A qualitative research approach was used in this study, in that verbal non-numerical data was collected from people in their natural environments who experience xiv everyday situations in the workplace in order to gain a more complete understanding of the problem area. The main method of data collection was by means of face-to-face interviews between the researcher and the interviewees which took place according to a standardised interview schedule. Thirty (30) respondents drawn by means of probability and non-probability sampling processes and were individually interviewed by the interviewer. Accordingly, this study has examined issues as to why security officers do not reliably uphold the discipline that is required of them in the provision of security services at the Eskom centres. The problem of poor discipline at Eskom centres compromises security, which impacts negatively on profitability when a site experiences losses and theft because security officers do not adhere to Eskom’s security requirements while they are deployed at Eskom centres. It is important for any institution to first examine and identify the disciplinary problems experienced by its employees before those problems can be addressed successfully. Accordingly, the nature and extent of disciplinary problems by security officers were examined within this study to assess the effectiveness of security management practices within the private security companies supplying a security service to Eskom. This study, therefore, examined disciplinary problems at Eskom centres (on the north coast of KwaZulu-Natal) to identify the specific problems which the security officers have been experiencing and to indicate how effective their company management systems were in dealing with those problems. The study also assisted with formulating adequate recommendations with regard to managing the disciplinary problems at Eskom centres. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

In South Africa, there are high numbers of criminal incidents that are reported to the police every year. Crime prevention needs different stakeholders to work together in order to reduce crime. The South African Police Service (SAPS) looks after the interests of all citizens while the Private Security Industry (PSI) looks after the interests of their paying clients. Only people who can afford to pay extra ‘private’ protection services that are rendered by private security service providers use these services. In this manner, the PSI is a very important stakeholder in crime reduction. Of critical importance is the effective collaboration between the PSI and SAPS in combating crime. The mixed methods approach was used in this study: qualitative (focus group discussions which were only used by the researcher to familiarise himself with the topic being studied and one-on-one interviews with the members of top management from both PSI and the SAPS) and quantitative (questionnaires completed by members of the PSI and members of SAPS from operational levels). The study revealed the following: • There are barriers to more effective partnership policing between the SAPS and PSI in combating crime. These barriers came from both sides (SAPS and PSI) whereby the SAPS are said to be looking down on PSI and taking time to respond to the crime scenes when called upon. On the other hand, the manner in which the security members behave on the crime scene was said to be problematic; • Lack of effective control of PSI by the regulating body makes it easy for fly-by-night security companies to operate in South Africa hence tarnishing the image of the PSI; • There is a need to give additional legal powers to the deserving private security officers, after thorough training, in order to qualify them as Peace Officers so as to strengthen their role in crime prevention in areas where they do not render their security services as opposed to the citizens powers that the private security officers have as outlined in section 42 of the Criminal Procedure Act No. 51 of 1977; • The Memorandum of Understanding between the SAPS and PSI should be formulated by the crime prevention stakeholders in order to combat crime effectively; • The security training should be improved in order to enable the security officers to help police combat crime effectively. Based on the research findings, the recommendations were formulated which, hopefully, would help the stakeholders to improve their roles in crime prevention. / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

The regulation of the private security industry has been an issue of debate for a number of years in South Africa, as well as in the rest of the world. The debate mainly centers around issues such as the need for regulation in this Industry and the objectives of regulation. This thesis argues that regulation is of utmost importance in this Industry and furthermore, that the objective ofregulation should be to set standards in the Industry. If this is the case, the protection of the public interest will be a natural result of regulating the standards. In addition, this thesis argues for the inclusion of the private investigator into the scope of regulation and suggests that this sector should ultimately be regulated through the means of separate legislation. This thesis furthermore provides two models for the regulation of the private security industry in South Africa. These models are described as the Semi-Integrated Wide Model (SIWM) and the Fully Integrated Wide Model (FIWM). These two models provide Government with the option of regulating the Industry without alienating the latter. Government will still have the ultimate responsibility for regulation, but will allow the Industry to be central in setting standards and requirements. In this way, the Industry will not regulate itself and Government will have the ultimate responsibility of protecting the interests of the public and the State / Police Practice / D. litt. et. Phil. (Police Science)

Private security forms part of a key strategy component in South Africa in terms of the alignment of the safety and security sector. Both private and public sector businesses in South Africa depend on private security systems to safeguard their assets. Although the growth in the private security sector has not provided for outstanding qualities and high levels of qualification criteria for employment in the sector, this quiet transformation of South Africa’s every day security landscape has potentially wide-ranging concerns. It raises important questions about the accountability and responsibility of security companies in providing their clients with disciplined security officers. There are reasons for concerns at Eskom because of the disciplinary problems experienced by security officers. These disciplinary problems create an environment of instability and uncertainty, which impacts on the core purpose of Eskom which is to provide sustainable electricity solutions to grow the economy and improve the quality of life of people in South Africa. Accordingly, the main purpose for the deployment of security officers to Eskom centres is to create a safer environment for Eskom and to safeguard its assets. Currently, disciplinary problems in the workplace constitute one of the most basic problems facing employers in both the public and private sectors. Therefore, developing and maintaining a disciplined security workforce is a priority that should be on the agenda of all private security companies. The objectives of this research included the following:  Examine which factors contribute to disciplinary problems;  Determine what the causes of these factors are that contribute to disciplinary problems; and  Identify what solutions can be used to address the factors contributing to disciplinary problems. A qualitative research approach was used in this study, in that verbal non-numerical data was collected from people in their natural environments who experience xiv everyday situations in the workplace in order to gain a more complete understanding of the problem area. The main method of data collection was by means of face-to-face interviews between the researcher and the interviewees which took place according to a standardised interview schedule. Thirty (30) respondents drawn by means of probability and non-probability sampling processes and were individually interviewed by the interviewer. Accordingly, this study has examined issues as to why security officers do not reliably uphold the discipline that is required of them in the provision of security services at the Eskom centres. The problem of poor discipline at Eskom centres compromises security, which impacts negatively on profitability when a site experiences losses and theft because security officers do not adhere to Eskom’s security requirements while they are deployed at Eskom centres. It is important for any institution to first examine and identify the disciplinary problems experienced by its employees before those problems can be addressed successfully. Accordingly, the nature and extent of disciplinary problems by security officers were examined within this study to assess the effectiveness of security management practices within the private security companies supplying a security service to Eskom. This study, therefore, examined disciplinary problems at Eskom centres (on the north coast of KwaZulu-Natal) to identify the specific problems which the security officers have been experiencing and to indicate how effective their company management systems were in dealing with those problems. The study also assisted with formulating adequate recommendations with regard to managing the disciplinary problems at Eskom centres. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

In South Africa, there are high numbers of criminal incidents that are reported to the police every year. Crime prevention needs different stakeholders to work together in order to reduce crime. The South African Police Service (SAPS) looks after the interests of all citizens while the Private Security Industry (PSI) looks after the interests of their paying clients. Only people who can afford to pay extra ‘private’ protection services that are rendered by private security service providers use these services. In this manner, the PSI is a very important stakeholder in crime reduction. Of critical importance is the effective collaboration between the PSI and SAPS in combating crime. The mixed methods approach was used in this study: qualitative (focus group discussions which were only used by the researcher to familiarise himself with the topic being studied and one-on-one interviews with the members of top management from both PSI and the SAPS) and quantitative (questionnaires completed by members of the PSI and members of SAPS from operational levels). The study revealed the following: • There are barriers to more effective partnership policing between the SAPS and PSI in combating crime. These barriers came from both sides (SAPS and PSI) whereby the SAPS are said to be looking down on PSI and taking time to respond to the crime scenes when called upon. On the other hand, the manner in which the security members behave on the crime scene was said to be problematic; • Lack of effective control of PSI by the regulating body makes it easy for fly-by-night security companies to operate in South Africa hence tarnishing the image of the PSI; • There is a need to give additional legal powers to the deserving private security officers, after thorough training, in order to qualify them as Peace Officers so as to strengthen their role in crime prevention in areas where they do not render their security services as opposed to the citizens powers that the private security officers have as outlined in section 42 of the Criminal Procedure Act No. 51 of 1977; • The Memorandum of Understanding between the SAPS and PSI should be formulated by the crime prevention stakeholders in order to combat crime effectively; • The security training should be improved in order to enable the security officers to help police combat crime effectively. Based on the research findings, the recommendations were formulated which, hopefully, would help the stakeholders to improve their roles in crime prevention. / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

Effective and satisfactory security service is critical to private security officers (PSOs) working in the private, state-owned and public sectors as it plays a pivotal role in improving organisational productivity and helps to promote good working relationships. When PSOs project poor attitudes, clients are seriously affected by such negative behaviour and the level of service rendered will eventually deteriorate. This study sought to understand and explore the factors that contributed to unsatisfactory services rendered by PSOs at GPW in Tshwane. The researcher utilised a nonexperimental quantitative research approach and a self-administered questionnaire survey was used to collect data. Data collected was analysed and interpreted using quantitative methods and procedures. The findings emanating from the research revealed that the levels of service rendered by PSOs at GPW in Tshwane was ineffective and unsatisfactory and various factors contributed to ineffective service delivery. Several recommendations are proposed to improve the level of service rendered by PSOs. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)