The high levels of crimes in society have led people to seek assistance outside public law enforcement agencies such as police and the army, to private law enforcement agencies such as the private security industry. Security guards are involved in providing protection to people, properties and their valuables and in South Africa, they intervene in high crime and violence situations, resulting in their working environment being dangerous and unpredictable. The study aimed to understand some of the factors contributing to the work-related challenges encountered by contract security guard officers. The study utilised a qualitative research design in exploring the narrations of 14 contract security guards, identified and selected using a non-probability purposive sampling procedures. For triangulation purposes, two key informants namely: senior supervisor and a site manager were interviewed. Semi-structured interview schedules were conducted, where in-depth one-on-one interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed into verbatim and subsequently analysed using thematic content analysis. The results revealed that economic factors such as poverty and unemployment contribute to one becoming a security guard officer. Furthermore, factors such as low wages, long working hours, lack of respect, safety, lack of water and sanitation facilities were identified as challenges encountered by security guard officer in the industry. The results also showed that the identified challenges impact on the work discipline and work motivation of security guards, their family responsibilities and to their occupational wellbeing. Recommendations emanating from the study included the involvement of occupational social workers in the private security industry, for the developing of interventional programmes in enhancing the effective use of coping strategies by security guards, and the collaboration between security companies and security guards within the contractual service negotiations process with clients.

Effective and satisfactory security service is critical to private security officers (PSOs) working in the private, state-owned and public sectors as it plays a pivotal role in improving organisational productivity and helps to promote good working relationships. When PSOs project poor attitudes, clients are seriously affected by such negative behaviour and the level of service rendered will eventually deteriorate. This study sought to understand and explore the factors that contributed to unsatisfactory services rendered by PSOs at GPW in Tshwane. The researcher utilised a nonexperimental quantitative research approach and a self-administered questionnaire survey was used to collect data. Data collected was analysed and interpreted using quantitative methods and procedures. The findings emanating from the research revealed that the levels of service rendered by PSOs at GPW in Tshwane was ineffective and unsatisfactory and various factors contributed to ineffective service delivery. Several recommendations are proposed to improve the level of service rendered by PSOs. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

The existence of security breaches in most spheres of modern society has caused loss of property and life. Some of these losses are so big that they eventually cripple organisations they affect. There is a need for private security within the South African context. Private security is executed through various security strategies. In most cases, companies operate with both contract and in-house security personnel on site. Regardless of the strategy adopted, companies continue to experience a variety of security risks. Therefore, swift transformation is needed in the security industry. To achieve this, appropriate security strategies will be necessary to overcome security risks. This study was directed by its aim and objectives. The aim was to evaluate contract and in-house security strategies in order to recommend the appropriate strategy to be used in security programmes. This aim was achieved through the sum of its outlined objectives. The first research objective was to establish the advantages and disadvantages of contract and in-house security. The second objective was to examine the effectiveness of contract and in-house security strategies, and the third to recommend appropriate security strategies to be used in security programmes. This study evaluated contract and in-house security in a registered security company located in Johannesburg, South Africa. A qualitative inquiry was implemented, and a case study approach was used to conduct the research study. The research study combines both literature and empirical research to reach its findings and make its recommendations. While there are 500 employees in the company, the sample was made up of 38 participants. A non-probability sampling method was adopted, and a purposive sampling method was used to select the participants. Furthermore, a face-to-face semi-structured interview schedule that included probing questions was used to collect data. The participants were targeted based on their knowledge and experience in issues surrounding management, policy, and security strategies. The sample consisted of 10 employees in the management category, 13 human resources employees and 15 security employees. The findings of this study were wide, but specific to the context in which it was researched. The advantages and disadvantages of contract and in-house security were comprehensively explored and narrated. This was done through a review of the literature and the raw data obtained from the research participants. The study determined the effectiveness of the two security strategies within the milieu of the case study under study. Furthermore, the study determined that there is no conclusive answer with regards to the most appropriate security strategy to be used. This chosen strategy is dependent on the specific security requirements. Once these requirements have been outlined, the specific strategy can be chosen, namely: contract security, in-house security or a hybrid approach. Recommendations are surplus to the findings of the study. The findings of a research study often go beyond the aim and objectives it set out to achieve. This study produced findings wider than the context of its predetermined aim and objectives and that are relevant to role players within the security industry. / Ukuba khona kwezenzo zokuphula amahlelo wezokuphepha emikhakheni eminengi yomphakathi wesimodeni sekubangele ukulahleka kwepahla nepilo. Ezinye zezehlakalo zalokhu kulahleka kwepahla ngendlela kukukhulu ngakho kuze kubulala neenhlangano ezithintekako. Kunesidingo sehlelo lezokuphepha langasese ngaphakathi kobujamo beSewula Afrika. Ihlelo lezokuphepha langasese/langeqadi Ihlelo lezokuphepha langeqadi lisetjenziswa ngamano ahlukeneko. Esikhathini esinengi, iinkampani zisebenza ngabasebenzi besivumelwano sesikhatjhana (contract) nabasebenzi bezokuphepha abahlaliswe esikhungweni esisodwa. Ngaphandle kokuqala amano amukelweko, iinkampani ziragela phambili nokuhlangabezana neengozi zokuphepha ezahlukahlukeneko. Yeke-ke, ihlelo elirhabileko lamatjhuguluko liyadingeka ebubulweni lezokuphepha. Ukuphumelela kilokhu, kuzokufuneka amano wezokuphepha afaneleko ukuze kuqedwe iingozi kezokuphepha. Leli rhubhululo belirholwa phambili mnqopho neenhloso zalo. Umnqopho kwakukuhlola ikontraga kanye namano wezokuphepha okwenziwa esikhungwini esisodwa ukuze kunconywe amano afaneleko okufanele asetjenziswemkumaphrogremu wezokuphepha. Lo mnqopho wafikelelwa ngeenhloso zoke zeminqopho zawo eyendlaliweko. Irhubhululo lokuthoma kwakukuhloma amathuba amahle kanye namathuba amambi wehlelo lezokuphepha eliyikontraga nelingaphakathi kwesikhungo. Umnqopho wesibili kwakukuhlolisisa ukusebenza kuhle kwamano wekontraga namano wezokuphepha ezisesikhungwini, kanti umnqopho wesithathu kuncoma amano afaneleko wezokuphepha ukobana asetjenziswe kumaphrogremu wezokuphepha. Leli rhubhululo lihlole ihlelo lezokuphepha lesivumelwano/sekontraga nelesikhungo kukhamphani yezokuphepha etlolisiweko enzinze eJohannesburg, eSewula Afrika. Iphenyisiso elidzimelele kukhwalithi lisetjenzisiwe ukwenza isifundo serhubhululo. Isifundo serhubhululo sihlanganisa yomibili imitlolo yobukghwari kanye nerhubhululo eliphathekako ukufikelela kulwazi belenze iincomo zalo. Njengombana kunabasebenzi abama-500 kukhamphani, isampuli yenziwa ngabadlalindima abama-38. Indlela yezampula i-non-probability sampling yalandelwa, kanti kusetjenziswe indlela yesampuli enehloso i-purposive sampling isetjenziselwe ukukhetha abadlalindima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itjhejuli yehlolombono equntwe phakathi yokuqalana ubuso nobuso efaka imibuzo ephenyako isetjenziswe ukubuthelela idatha. Abadlalindima bebakhethwa ngokuqala ilwazi labo kanye nelwazi elimalungana neendaba zokuphatha, umthethomgomo kanye namano wezokuphepha. Isampuli beyinabasebenzi abali-10 esigabeni sezokuphatha, 13 yabasebenzi bomnyango wezokuqatjhwa kwabasebenzi kanye nabasebenzi abali-15 bezokuphepha. Ilwazi elitholakeleko laleli rhubhululo belinabile, kodwana linqophe ikakhulukazi ebujameni lapho irhubhululo lenziwa khona. Ubuhle nobumbi bamahlelo wezokuphepha wekontraga newesikhungwini ahlolisiswe begodu acocwa ngendlela enabileko. Lokhu kwenziwe ngokubuyekezwa komtlolo wobukghwari kanye nedatha ehlaza etholakele kubadlalindima berhubhululo. Irhubhululo liveze ukusebenza kuhle kwamano amabili wezokuphepha ngaphakathi kobujamo (milieu) besibonelorhubhululo (case study) ngaphasi kwesifundo serhubhululo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, irhubhululo liveze ukuthi akunapendulo yinye esiphetho malungana namano afaneleko wezokuphepha okufanele asetjenziswe. La mano akhethiweko adzimelele phezu kweemfuneko ezithileko zokuphepha. Ngemva kobana iimfuneko lezi sezendlaliwe, amano athileko angakhethwa, wona ngilawa: ihlelo lezokuphepha lekontraga, ihlelo lezokuphepha langendleni nanyana indlela ehlanganisiweko. / U vha hone ha matavhi a tsireledzo kha masia manzhi a tshitshavha tsha zwino ho vhanga ndozwo kha ndaka na matshilo. Dzinwe dza ndozwo idzi ndi khulwanesa dzine dza fhedzisela dzi tshi khou hotefhadza zwiimiswa zwine zwa khou zwi thithisa. Hu na thodea ya tsireledzo ya phuraivethe kha nyimele ya Afrika Tshipembe. Tsireledzo ya phuraivethe dzi shumiswa kha zwitirathedzhi zwa tsireledzo zwo fhambanaho. Kha nyimele nnzhi, khamphani dzi shuma na vhuvhili ha vhashumi vha khonthiraka na vha tshiimiswa kha vhupo. Zwi si na ndavha na tshitirathedzhi tshine tsha khou shumiswa, khamphani dzi bvela phanda na u tshenzhela khohakhombo dza tsireledzo dzo fhambanaho. Nga zwenezwo, hu khou todea tshanduko nga u tavhanya kha ndowetshumo ya tsireledzo. U swikelela izwi, zwitirathedzhi zwo teaho zwa tsireledzo zwi do vha zwa ndeme u kunda khohakhombo dza tsireledzo. Tsedzuluso iyi i do sedza kha ndivho na zwipikwa zwayo. Ndivho ho vha u ela zwitirathedzhi zwa tsireledzo ya khonthiraka na ya tshiimiswa u itela u themendela zwitirathedzhi zwo teaho u shumiswa kha mbekanyamushumo dza tsireledzo. Ndivho yo swikelelwa nga kha tshivhalo tsha zwipikwa zwo bviselwaho khagala. Tshipikwa tsha u thoma tsha thodisiso ho vha u bveledza vhudi na vhuvhi ha tsireledzo ya khonthiraka na ya tshiimiswa. Tshipikwa tsha vhuvhili ho vha u tola u shuma ha zwitirathedzhi zwa tsireledzo ya khontiraka na ya tshiimiswa, na tsha vhuraru u themendela zwitirathedzhi zwo teaho zwa tsireledzo zwine zwa do shumiswa kha mbekanyamushumo dza tsireledzo. Tsedzuluso yo tola tsireledzo ya khontiraka na ya tshiimiswa kha khamphani ya tsireledzo yo nwaliswaho ine ya wanala Johannesburg, Afrika Tshipembe. Ho shumiswa maitele a khwaḽithathivi, na maitele a thodisiso o shumiswa u ita ngudo dza thodisiso. Ngudo ya thodisiso yo tanganyisa manwalwa na zwithu zwi re khagala u swikelela mawanwa ayo na u ita themendelo dzayo. Musi hu na vhashumi vha 500 kha khamphani, tsumbonanguludzwa dzo bveledzwa nga vhadzheneleli vha 38. Ho shumiswa kuitele kwa tsumbonanguludzwa dza vhadzheneleli vhane vha si fhiwe zwikhala zwine zwa edana, na u shumisa kuitele kwa tsumbonanguludzwa ho sedzwa vhukoni kha vhadzheneleli. U isa phanda, kha u kuvhanganya data ho shumiswa inthaviwu ya u tou livhana zwifhatuwo ya mbudziso dzo tou u dzudzanywaho ine ya katela na u vhudzisa mbudziso. Vhadzheneleli vho tiwa ho sedzwa ndivho na tshenzhemo zwavho, kha mafhungo ane a kwama ndangulo, mbekanyamaitele, na zwitirathedzhi zwa tsireledzo. Tsumbonanguludzwa dzo vhumbwa nga vhashumi vha 10 kha khethekanyo ya ndangulo, 13 u bva kha vhashumi vha zwiko zwa vhashumi na vhashumi vha tsireledzo vha 15. Mawanwa a ngudo heyi o tandavhuwa, fhedzi o dodombedza nyimele ye ha itwa thodisiso khayo. Vhudi na vhuvhi ha tsireledzo ya khonthiraka na ya tshiimiswa zwo wanulusa na u talutshedzwa nga vhudalo. Hezwi zwo itwa nga kha u sedzwa hafhu ha manwalwa na data i songo vanganyiwaho ye ya waniwa u bva kha vhadzheneleli vha vhatodisisi. Thodisiso yo ta u shuma ha zwitirathedzhi zwa tsireledzo zwivhili fhethu ha ngudo nga fhasi ha ngudo. U ya phanda, ngudo yo ta uri a hu na phindulo yo khwathisedzwaho zwi tshi da kha tsireledzo yo teaho nga maanda ine ya fanela u shumiswa. Tshitirathedzhi tsho nangiwaho tsho ditika nga thodea dza tsireledzo dzo tiwaho. Musi thodea idzi dzo no bviselwa khagala, tshitirathedzhi tsho tiwaho tshi nga nangiwa, tshine tsha vha: tsireledzo ya khonthiraka, tsireledzo ya tshiimiswa, kana maitele o tanganelaho. Themendelo ndi zwo salaho kha mawanwa a ngudo. Mawanwa a thodisiso dza ngudo tshifhinga tshothe a fhira ndivho na zwipikwa zwo vhewaho u zwi swikelelwa. Ngudo heyi yo bveledza mawanwa o tandavhuwaho u fhira nyimele ya ndivho na zwipikwa zwo tiwaho u thoma o teaho kha vhashelamulenzhe kha ndowetshumo ya tsireledzo. / Security Risk Management / M. Tech. (Security Management)