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This thesis investigates States Parties' implementation of the 1972 UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Its objectives are two-fold. The first of these is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the evolution of the values for which cultural heritage sites have been nominated for World Heritage status in relation to the decisions of the World Heritage Committee across different categories of cultural heritage. The second objective is the examination of States Parties' representations of the past and the nation, of human and cultural diversity, of economic value, and of authenticity and conservation by means of an evaluation of sampled nomination dossiers of cultural heritage sites for inclusion on the World Heritage List. The thesis methodology is based on intensive archival work of UNESCO documents as well as value-led analyses of one hundred and six purposefully sampled nomination dossiers. ATLAS. ti, a Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software program, was used for the quantitative and qualitative analyses and interpretation of the sampled data set. The end result has been to identify how States Parties have understood the notion of outstanding universal value which is the key and central concept of the World Heritage Convention. It has also been to highlight the problems in States Parties' implementation of the World Heritage Convention and in the requested format of nomination dossiers. This has led to practical changes to official discourses on World Heritage and suggestions for procedural improvements. These changes and suggestions should help States Parties to identify better the values for which sites are being nominated for World Heritage status and improve their long-term conservation and management.

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In the work that is described in this thesis we studied a new cast iron based composite material that was produced by a double casting technique using sedimentation sand casting. The material is based on the high Cr white cast irons (WCI) 15, 20 % Cr-Mo- LC and 25 % Cr matrixes, according to ASTM A532-75a and was designed to exceed the wear life of wear resistant materials that are used in cement, mining, coal extraction and chemical and process industries currently. The working region of the material extends to a depth of 5-8 mm below the surface and is an in situ and ex situ particle reinforced composite. WC particles of different sizes (1-3 and 3-5 mm) were selected as the ex situ reinforcements. Thus, the composite consisted of a WCI matrix, which was reinforced with WC and other transition metal carbide particles. A sand casting method was developed during which the WC particles were directed to a specific location in the ingot and were distributed uniformly in the near surface area of the composite (the working region of the material) during casting/solidification of the ingot. This ensured chemical bonding between the high Cr WCI and the particle reinforced composite (the working region) at a well defined interface parallel to the working surface. Solidification of the melt started from the WC particles around which three reaction zones were formed. Owing to partial dissolution of the WC particles and the resulting interdiffusion of elements such as W, Co, Fe, C and Cr, carbides containing Fe, Cr, W and Co were formed in the reaction zones. It is shown that current models for the interaction between a reinforcing particle and an advancing S/L interface in liquid route MMCs cannot describe the present case successfully because the solidification of the melt starts around the WC particles after the latter have settled in the near surface region of the casting. Two new approaches have been studied; in the first the WC particles travel through the iron melt and settle at the bottom of the mould and in the second WC particles settled at the bottom of the mould experience the forces of the liquid flow. The solidification paths of the three WCI matrixes and MMCs have been simulated with the Scheil-Gulliver model using the Thermo-Calc software for different iron based alloy systems, by changing the W, Cr and C concentrations. In the WCI, carbides solidify after the austenite. The increase in Cr from 14 to 25 wt. %, for fixed C (at 2, 2.5 or 3 wt. %), causes the stabilization of phases according to cementite M7C3 FCC (stable). Only for Cr up to 30 wt. % and C up to 2.5 wt. % the cementite is replaced by the BCC phase. The increase in C content from 2 to 3 wt. % for fixed Cr (at 14, 20 or 25 wt. %) has the same effect. In the MMC, the increase in W from 15 to 25 wt. % causes the stabilization of M6C. As the C increases from 2.5 to 6 wt. %, first the M7C3 is stabilised and for C > 4 wt. % the MC phase is favoured. The increase in Cr leads in the formation of the M23C6 while simultaneous increase in Cr and C promotes the M7C3 phase and restrains the formation of the M6C that resulted from the increase of W. Finally the simultaneous increase of C, W and Cr stabilize the MC phase for > 4 wt. % C. The wear of the new materials was evaluated both in an industrial scale and in the laboratory (pin-on-disc). Segments of an industrial pulverising ash mill used in the cement industry were manufactured using the casting method and materials developed in this thesis. The results showed an improvement in the wear life of the component of several times compared to the standard high Cr WCI material used by the same industry to date.

This study explores the visitor experience at one of the world's most famous historic houses, Graceland, Elvis Presley's home. The research methodology prioritises the visitor's voice, examining the impact of the Graceland experience on visitor perception. Particular attention is paid to theories of personal narrative and affective presence as interpretive devices. Personal Meaning Maps from 170 visitors form the core data and provide evidence of the profound conceptual changes that occur in visitors' perceptions of Elvis. Visitors consistently describe Elvis as a 'real' person, with personal characteristics such as humility and generosity proving more memorable than his fame or career. The Graceland tour is designed for visitors to connect with Elvis in an affective manner, evoking emotions and relying on narratives of family and nostalgic discourses. This succeeds in providing visitors with an experience that challenges and extends their pre-visit views of Elvis as the 'King of Rock and Roll.' The ability to change visitor perception is linked to the quality of the experience, as Adams et al. (2003) suggests, 'the better the experience, the greater the change' (p. 22). The transformations documented at Graceland prompted investigation, searching for indicators of quality interpretation through analysis of the audio tour content and visitor photographs. This examination reveals a set of interpretive practices potentially useful for other historic properties, including the contextualising of space through personal accounts, the introduction of emotive media, and a reliance on a narrative that is personal rather than objective. This set of practices is framed within the context of the 'Experience Economy,' which proves to be a useful tool for examining the successes of the Graceland tour and visitor impact. While historic sites struggle 2 to find new audiences and compel current audiences to return, this experience framework yields new insights into concepts of effective historic house interpretation.

This thesis shows how heritage conservation can engage in cultural work. In the course of preserving an object, it can reveal social patterns and stimulate dialogue about representing the past. At the same time, the cultural "findings" can enter into the physical intervention of conservation. The aim is to use a more participatory process of conserving material culture that simultaneously opens up relationships between communities and objects, while enabling people to take greater control over elements of their environment. Such a practice has potential for creating culture and community in the process of conserving objects and cultural sites. It expands the focus of conservation from its product to its process. In so doing it addresses heritage industry critics that charge conservation of freezing inauthentic versions of the past to sustain elite ideological control or facilitate commercial exploitation. The "participatory conservation" of the Kamehameha I monument in North Kohala, Hawai'i, provides the case-study basis for the research. Commissioned in 1878 to commemorate Captain Cook's "discovery" of the Hawaiian Islands and promote a western style monarchy, the monument lends itself to revealing complex and contested meanings. The image of Hawaii's first monarch is a cultural hybrid; he stands in the posture of a Roman emperor while wearing highly symbolic feathered garments of Hawaiian sovereignty. Over the monument's history, the community deliberately altered its physical appearance by painting it in life-like colours. The monument physically deteriorated, with surface elements obscured by the heavy layering of paint. Conservation of the monument proceeded through ethnographic and other methods of qualitative methodology, combined with archival research, materials analysis, and technical intervention. The project shows how complex networks of symbolic meaning can become an intrinsic part of the conservation process. Participatory conservation is proposed as a conservation method that is applicable to other circumstances and world settings.

Within the field of heritage studies-that discipline which considers the past from the perspective of the present - the concept of the heritage site is a key component. Yet, to date, the heritage site as a cultural phenomenon remains under-explored and poorly understood. Heritage sites form some of the essential building blocks of heritage and have an important and significant role in the development of individual and group identity and in the creation of a sense of the past. As physical places heritage sites - be they museums, ancient monuments or any other sort of place which has as a primary mandate the portrayal of "the past" - are relatively easy to recognise: as a cultural phenomenon they are much harder to grasp. In part, because these unique social spaces are so readily recognised, there has been a failure to develop a coherent and holistic methodology that may be used to assess the heritage site. Instead, many of our definitions of heritage (and its components) are based upon an innate understanding of the phenomenon of heritage. As such, we are left without an overarching characterisation of the heritage site. Previously, researchers addressing this problem have relied upon a methodology based upon a rigidly defined set of criteria. However, the number of different types of place that tend to be categorised as a "heritage site" means that (a) sites often are evaluated by a rigidly defined set of criteria which has been developed for one site but which may not necessarily be applicable to another and (b) the list of places considered as heritage sites varies widely amongst researchers and heritage practitioners. In short, we lack a consistent and coherent means of characterising and discussing heritage sites. Further, not only does this approach obscure the individual "personality" of a site, more importantly, it makes it impossible to identify those underlying processes that accompany a heritage site. This dissertation offers a new method of analysis: the heritagescape, which provides a coherent means by which sites may be evaluated. The heritagescape is predicated first on the understanding that all heritage sites are made up of a landscape and second, that there are universal processes which may be found at these sites. Critically, the heritagescape is made up of a set of "guiding principles" that allows features at an individual site to be assessed against a constant rather than against each other. Instead of imposing a set of criteria, the individual personality of a particular site begins to emerge and we are able to begin to discern those universal features that make heritage sites "work". This concept of the heritagescape represents a significant advance in the way that heritage sites may be discussed and offers notable, long term potential towards a greater theoretical and practical understanding of how heritage sites operate and how they may change over time.

Ο θεσμός της Ευρωπαϊκής Πολιτιστικής Πρωτεύουσας αποτελεί ένα από τα σημαντικότερα πολιτιστικά γεγονότα σε Ευρωπαϊκό επίπεδο. Η πόλη της Πάτρας συμμετείχε στη διοργάνωση του θεσμού το 2006, θέτοντας στόχους τόσο στον πολιτιστικό όσο στον οικονομικό, τουριστικό και επιχειρηματικό τομέα της πόλης. Στόχος της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο προσδιορισμός και η καταγραφή της πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς που επιτεύχθηκε από τη διοργάνωση του θεσμού στην πόλη της Πάτρας αξιοποιώντας δευτερογενή στοιχεία. Για την επίτευξη του ερευνητικού στόχου ο θεσμός μελετήθηκε αξιοποιώντας στοιχεία από αρθρογραφίες, μονογραφίες – βιβλία, δημοσιευμένα κείμενα, δημοσιευμένες μελέτες, δεδομένα εμπορικού επιμελητηρίου και ΕΛ.ΣΤΑ καθώς και από μηχανές διαδυκτιακής αναζήτησης. Το υπό διερεύνηση θέμα είναι αρκετά σύνθετο και κρίθηκε ότι η πιο κατάλληλη μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση είναι η μελέτη περίπτωσης. Ο μόνος διαθέσιμος τρόπος άντλησης των δεδομένων είναι αποκλειστικά οι υπάρχουσες βάσεις δεδομένων. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας τεκμηριώνουν την ύπαρξη σημαντικής πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς ως απόρροια του συγκεκριμένου πολιτιστικού γεγονότος. Τα δεδομένα δείχνουν ότι δημιουργήθηκαν πλήθος πολιτιστικών χώρων, αυξάνοντας σε σημαντικό βαθμό τις πολιτιστικές υποδομές της πόλης. Ενισχύθηκε η διεθνής φήμη της πόλης, η πόλη αναπτύχθηκε τουριστικά και επιχειρηματικά, δημιουργήθηκε και εμπεδώθηκε μια νέα κουλτούρα εθελοντισμού. / The institution of the European Capital of Culture is one of the most important cultural events at European level. The city of Patras participated in the organization of the institution in 2006, setting targets both cultural as economic, tourist and business area of the city. The aim of this thesis is the identification and recording of cultural heritage achieved by the organization of the institution in the city of Patras utilizing secondary data. To achieve the research objectives, the institution studied utilizing data from columnists, monographs - books, published texts, published studies, data and EL.STA Chamber of Commerce and Networking by search engines. The issue under investigation is very complex and found that the most appropriate methodological approach is the case study. The only available way to raise data is only through existing databases. The survey results document the existence of significant cultural heritage as a result of this cultural event. The data show that numerous cultural sites were created, increasing considerably the cultural infrastructure of the city. Strengthened the international reputation of the city, the city developed in both the tourist and business sectors and created and embedded a new culture of volunteering.

Σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας είναι η απόδειξη της αναγκαιότητας ενός συστήματος διαχείρισής αρχαιολογικών έργων, αξιοποιώντας μεθόδους διαχείρισης τεχνικού έργου, προσαρμοσμένες στη λογική και τη φύση του αρχαιολογικού έργου. Στόχος της εργασίας αυτής, είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας πρότασης μεθοδολογίας διαχείρισης του αρχαιολογικού έργου έτσι ώστε η διαχείριση αυτή να αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι του αρχαιολογικού έργου και όχι μια ευκαιριακή παρέμβαση σε αυτό. Πιο συγκεκριμένα η εργασία αυτή επιδιώκει να παρουσιάσει και να αναλύσει τις ιδιαιτερότητες των αρχαιολογικών έργων και να δώσει απαντήσεις στα παρακάτω ερωτήματα: • Τι ορίζουμε ως αρχαιολογικό έργο; Ποια η φύση και η λογική του αρχαιολογικού έργου; • Ποιες είναι οι ιδιαιτερότητες ενός αρχαιολογικού έργου και κατά πόσο διαφοροποιείται αυτό από ένα κοινό τεχνικό έργο; • Σε ποιο βαθμό μπορεί ένα αρχαιολογικό έργο να θεωρηθεί διαχειρίσιμο; Τέλος, έγινε προσπάθεια μελέτης του τρόπου διαχείρισης του αρχαιολογικού έργου καθώς και με βάση την παρούσα νομοθεσία, σε ποιο βαθμό μπορεί να εφαρμοσθεί στην πράξη μια μέθοδος διαχείρισης. / Main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the necessity of a system of management of archaeological projects, utilizing technical project management methods, tailored to the logic and nature of the archaeological project. Through this work we are aiming to develop a proposal for a methodology of archaeological project management so that management is an integral part of the archaeological project and not an opportunistic intervention on it. More specifically, this paper aims to present and analyze the particularities of archaeological projects in general and give answers to the following questions: • What we define as an archaeological project? What is the nature and logic of an archaeological project? • What are the specifics of an archaeological project and how it differs from any other technical project? • To what extent can an archaeological project be considered manageable? Efforts were made to study how archaeological project management can be organized, to what extent can be practically applied as a method of project management, under current legislature.

In the United Kingdom (UK) historic houses form part of the tourism and leisure market. Heritage encompasses a wide variety of establishments including historic houses, historic gardens, heritage centres, town centres, countryside and museums. The UK has a vast cultural resource in this respect and the research intends to concentrate on establishments that are known as the "built heritage" and that are often described as "historic" or "country houses". Millions of visitors annually visit properties to experience an insight into earlier periods of British history and culture. Many operate similarly to small businesses and often have a more diverse range of needs. A model was developed for the study to show the information needs of historic houses and the information seeking behaviour of those managing historic houses. Data have been collected both via questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires involved the investigation of those managing (owners, administrators, custodians) heritage establishments. The interview questions were put directly to individuals responsible for properties from a geographically dispersed area, with different categories of ownership (English Heritage, National Trust, private, local authority) and with different levels of visitor traffic. The survey focused on diversity of activities, information provision, use of information, developments (including technology) and collaboration. Historic houses have been part of a growing sector, allied to the growth in the leisure industry, which has led to increasing demands on their time and finances. In a world that increasingly provides more information than can be handled effectively by any one individual, properties need to be able to make effective use of this to protect the heritage for future generations. Building on the empirical work recommendations are made on policy making, education, audits, co-operation and technology to improve the provision and management of information within the sector to support these establishments. The research represents the first study to investigate the existing situation of historic houses and their information needs in the UK, to try and provide an overview of the sector and information provision and how that might be improved.