Context. Over the past few years, on several occasions, large, continuous rotations of the electric vector position angle (EVPA) of linearly polarized optical emission from blazars have been reported. These events are often coincident with high energy gamma-ray flares and they have attracted considerable attention, since they could allow us to probe the magnetic field structure in the gamma-ray emitting region of the jet. The flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 279 is one of the most prominent examples showing this behaviour. Aims. Our goal is to study the observed EVPA rotations and to distinguish between a stochastic and a deterministic origin of the polarization variability. Methods. We have combined multiple data sets of R-band photometry and optical polarimetry measurements of 3C 279, yielding exceptionally well-sampled flux density and polarization curves that cover a period of 2008-2012. Several large EVPA rotations are identified in the data. We introduce a quantitative measure for the EVPA curve smoothness, which is then used to test a set of simple random walk polarization variability models against the data. Results. 3C 279 shows different polarization variation characteristics during an optical low-flux state and a flaring state. The polarization variation during the flaring state, especially the smooth similar to 360 degrees rotation of the EVPA in mid-2011, is not consistent with the tested stochastic processes. Conclusions. We conclude that, during the two different optical flux states, two different processes govern polarization variation, which is possibly a stochastic process during the low-brightness state and a deterministic process during the flaring activity.

The quasar 3C 279 was the target of an extensive multiwavelength monitoring campaign from 2006 January through April. An optical-IR-radio monitoring campaign by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) collaboration was organized around target-of-opportunity X-ray and soft γ-ray observations with Chandra and INTEGRAL in 2006 mid-January, with additional X-ray coverage by RXTE and Swift XRT. In this paper we focus on the results of the WEBT campaign. The source exhibited substantial variability of optical flux and spectral shape, with a characteristic timescale of a few days. The variability patterns throughout the optical BVRI bands were very closely correlated with each other, while there was no obvious correlation between the optical and radio variability. After the ToO trigger, the optical flux underwent a remarkably clean quasi-exponential decay by about 1 mag, with a decay timescale of T d ∼ 12.8 days. In intriguing contrast to other (in particular, BL Lac type) blazars, we find a lag of shorter wavelength behind longer wavelength variability throughout the RVB wavelength ranges, with a time delay increasing with increasing frequency. Spectral hardening during flares appears delayed with respect to a rising optical flux. This, in combination with the very steep IR-optical continuum spectral index of α0 ∼ 1.5-2.0, may indicate a highly oblique magnetic field configuration near the base of the jet, leading to inefficient particle acceleration and a very steep electron injection spectrum. An alternative explanation through a slow (timescale of several days) acceleration mechanism would require an unusually low magnetic field of B ≲ 0.2 G, about an order of magnitude lower than inferred from previous analyses of simultaneous SEDs of 3C 279 and other flat-spectrum radio quasars with similar properties.

Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist die Emission von hochenergetischer Gammastrahlung aus Aktiven Galaxienkernen, anhand von Beobachtungen mit den MAGIC Teleskopen. Aktive Galaxien entstehen durch die Freisetzung von Gravitationsenergie der Stellarmaterie, die in das zentrale Schwarze Loch fällt. Zwei diametral entgegengesetzte Jets strömen aus dem Kern. Falls einer von diesen Jets zum Beobachter zeigt, wird der aktive Galaxienkern als Blazar bezeichnet. In dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Analyse der MAGIC Beobachtungen von drei Blazaren präsentiert: der bisher unbekannte hochenergetische Blazar 1ES 1727+502 und die bekannten Objekte 3C 279 und PKS 1510-089. Die Quelle 1ES 1727+502 gehört zu der Unterklasse der BL Lac Objekte, die die zahlenmässig größte Klasse an extragalaktischen hochenergetische Objekten ist. Diese Entdeckung beweist, wie wichtig es ist, mehrere und verschiedene Kriterien für die Auswahl von Objekten zu benutzen. Der Blazar 1ES 1727+502 wurde aus einem X-ray Katalog ausgesucht, die Datennahme war unabhängig von dem Aktivitätsstatus der anderen Energiebänder. Die Blazare 3C 279 und PKS 1510-089 gehören zu der Unterklasse des Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars. Es gibt nur drei bekannte Flat Spectrum Radio Quasare. Die Entdeckung von Flat Spectrum Radio Quasaren ist schwierig, weil im leisen Zustand der hochenergetische Fluss niedrig ist. Während eines Flares steigt der Fluss in sehr kurzer Zeit um mehrere Größenordnungen an, deswegen ist die Beobachtung eines Flares schwer zu realisieren aber physikalisch äußerst interessant. Die MAGIC Beobachtungen sind mit Messungen aus anderen Energiebändern kombiniert. Mögliche Interpretationen des beobachteten Verhaltens werden diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse werden erläutert und mit historischen Beobachtungen verglichen. Die offenen Fragen und Probleme, die Ziel zukünftiger Studien sein sollen, werden am Schluss hervorgehoben. / This PhD thesis addresses the problem of understanding the very high energy emission from active galactic nuclei as detected with the MAGIC telescopes. Active galactic nuclei are galaxies powered by the release of gravitational energy of stellar material falling into a black hole, located in their core. Two opposed jets extend from the central region outwards, if one of the them points towards the observer, the source is called a blazar. In this thesis the analysis of MAGIC observations of three different blazars is presented: the newly discovered very high energy blazar 1ES 1727+502, and the two known objects 3C 279 and PKS 1510-089. The source 1ES 1727+502 belongs to the subclass of BL Lac objects, the most numerous class of extragalactic very high energy emitters. This source was selected for observations from an X-ray catalogue and was observed even if no high activity states were reported at lower energies. For this reason, this discovery proves the importance of using several criteria for the selection of very high energy observation targets. The other two objects, 3C 279 and PKS 1510-089, belong to the subclass of flat spectrum radio quasars. We count only three representatives of this class in the very high energy domain. Their detection is critical because during quiescent states they have low flux levels at very high energies. During flaring states, flat spectrum radio quasars exhibit flux enhancements of orders of magnitudes and short time scales. Observations during such states, difficult to catch, are interesting because extreme processes are taking place. Very high energy observations of these three objects are complemented with measurements at lower energies and interpretations of the observed behaviours are discussed. The results are compared with historical observations, highlighting open questions and problems which should be addressed by future studies.