Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder in which the pancreatic β-cells are destroyed by the body's immune system. The reduced number of β-cells leads to inadequate insulin secretion and high glucose levels in the body. The requirement of insulin injection throughout life and lack of donors for islet transplantations has prompted a search for more accessible and available sources of insulin producing cells that can be transplanted in T1D patients. To that end, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has provided a potential source of precursors for cell therapy for T1D. iPS cells are reprogrammed somatic cells which can be transplanted back into the patient from whom the somatic cells were initially derived, thus potentially avoiding immune rejection when transplanted. As a potential therapy for T1D, we aim to derive insulin producing cells (IPCs) from human iPS cells. In contrast to the conventional two dimensional (2D) cell culture systems used in many iPS derived IPC studies, the inner cell mass (ICM) from which various organs differentiate during embryogenesis is a cluster of cells that enables signaling crosstalk between cells of different types. Three dimensional (3D) cell culture systems allows cells to form cell clusters that promote cell - cell signaling. Hence, we hypothesized that 3D cell culture systems will yield better efficiency of differentiation to functional IPCs in vitro than 2D cultures. Initially, the synthetic polymers sodium alginate and matrigel were analyzed for their ability to enable cell clustering to establish 3D cell culture systems. The 3D cell environment established using matrigel was used for the differentiation of human iPS cells to Insulin Producing Cells (IPC). The cells were first converted to endodermal cells. A mixture of growth factors then induced the differentiation of endodermal cells to pancreatic cells. The pancreatic cells were converted to IPCs that resemble pancreatic β-cells. Our 3D differentiated IPCs strongly expressed pancreatic endocrine transcription factors and pancreatic hormones. The IPCs also produced insulin when exposed to a high glucose environment. But the number of IPCs obtained at the end of the differentiation was low. Hence, our results demonstrate that 3D differentiation generates functional IPCs in vitro unlike 2D differentiation. In the future we aim to improve the percentage of IPCs that we generate from the 3D differentiation. Our expectation is that these cells will be able to cure hyperglycemia in diabetic mice more rapidly compared to the 2D differentiated cells owing to their proven insulin production in the presence of a high glucose environment in vitro.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely deadly disease characterized by aggressive metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Reactive stroma in pancreatic tumors contributes to tumor signaling, fibrosis, inflammation, and hypoxia. Hypoxia signaling creates a more aggressive phenotype with increased potential for metastasis and decreased therapeutic efficacy. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) functions as part of the cellular response to hypoxia by regulating intracellular pH to promote cell survival. Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease-1-Reduction/oxidation Effector Factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multi-functional protein with two major activities: endonuclease activity in DNA base excision repair and a redox signaling activity that reduces oxidized transcription factors, enabling them to bind target sequences in DNA. APE1/Ref-1 is a central node in redox signaling, contributing to the activation of transcription factors involved in tumor survival, growth, and hypoxia signaling. This work evaluates the mechanisms underlying PDAC cell responses to hypoxia and APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling control of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1a), a critical factor in hypoxia-induced CA9 transcription. We hypothesized that obstructing the HIF-CA9 axis at two points via APE1/Ref-1 inhibition and CA9 inhibition results in enhanced PDAC cell killing under hypoxic conditions. We found that HIF1a-mediated induction of CA9 is significantly attenuated following APE1/Ref-1 knock-down or redox signaling inhibition in patient-derived PDAC cells and pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblast cells. Additionally, dual-targeting of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling activity and CA9 activity results in enhanced acidification and cytotoxicity of PDAC cells under hypoxic conditions as well as decreased tumor growth in an ex-vivo 3-dimensional tumor co-culture model. Further experiments characterized novel analogs of clinically relevant drugs targeting the key enzymes in this pathway, resulting in improved potency. These results underscore the notion that combination therapy is essential and demonstrate the potential clinical utility of blocking APE1/Ref-1 and CA9 function for novel PDAC therapeutic treatment.

La fibrose hépatique est un problème de santé publique. Cette pathologie est caractérisée par une accumulation excessive de matrice extracellulaire, composée principalement de collagène, augmentant la rigidité du foie. Environ 90% des hépatocarcinomes se développent sur un foie fibrotique / cirrhotique, laissant présager une relation entre la rigidité tissulaire et le développement tumoral. Pour étudier le rôle des forces exercées par la matrice extracellulaire sur le phénotype des cellules hépatiques, nous avons développé un modèle de culture 3D de cellules hépatiques dans des gels de collagène de rigidités variables. Dans ces conditions, les cellules hépatiques présentent une forte prolifération et un maintien de la différenciation dans les matrices les plus rigides. En parallèle, les cellules hépatiques transformées peuvent modifier la matrice de collagène pour former des signatures de collagène TACS (Tumor Associated Collagen Signatures). Une analyse des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la formation des TACS 3 nous a permis de déterminer 2 voies indispensables pour ces mécanismes: MEK/ERK et MLCK. Le bon maintien des fonctions différenciées et de biotransformation des cellules hépatiques font des cultures 3D en gel de collagène un excellent modèle pour des applications en biotechnologie. Nous avons également développé une technique de quantification standardisée et automatisée du collagène, dans un modèle murin de fibrose hépatique, par utilisation de la microscopie SHG, qui permet de détecter de faibles variations de quantité de collagène. Cette technique permet également de caractériser qualitativement, après analyse d'images, le collagène et de renforcer la discrimination entre les différents stades fibrotiques. La caractérisation des cross-links de collagène, par cette approche, est actuellement en cours d'étude et permettrait d'appréhender les capacités de réversion. / Liver fibrosis is a real public health problem. This pathology is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, mainly composed of collagen, increasing liver rigidity. Approximately 90% of hepatocellular carcinomas develop from a fibrotic/cirrhotic liver, suggesting a relationship between tissue rigidity and tumor development. To investigate the role of stiffness on the hepatic phenotype, we have developed a 3D culture model of collagen gels of varying stiffness. Our results show a better survival, an increase of proliferation and differentiation of liver cells in rigid matrices. In addition, the cells are able to modify the collagen matrix and to form collagen signatures TACS (Tumor Associated Collagen Signatures). An analysis of the signaling pathways involved in the formation of TACS 3 allowed us to determine that 2 pathways are important for these mechanisms: MEK/ERK and MLCK. The high level of differentiated functions and biotransformation of the hepatic cells make 3D collagen cultures an excellent model for applications in biotechnology. Using the SHG microscopy, we have also developed a standardized and automated quantification of collagen to detect small amount of collagen in a mouse liver fibrosis model. This technique allows us to characterize qualitatively the collagen and to strengthen the discrimination between fibrotic scores. The characterization of the collagen cross-links by this approach is under study and would allow to study the reversion capacity.