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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Design and development of a universal handheld probe for optoacoustic-ultrasonic 3D imaging / Conception et développement d’une sonde portable universelle pour l’imagerie 3D optoacoustique-ultrasonique

Azizian Kalkhoran, Mohammad 05 April 2017 (has links)
La présente dissertation est principalement consacrée à la conception et à la caractérisation d’une sonde universelle pour l’imagerie volumétrique ultrasons-optoacoustique et le développement d’un algorithme de reconstruction adapté aux exigences physiques pour la conception du système. Les traits distinctifs de cette dissertation sont l’introduction d’une nouvelle géométrie pour les sondes manuelles ultrasons-optoacoustique et des évaluations systématiques basées sur des méthodes de pré-reconstruction et post-reconstruction. Pour éviter l’interprétation biaisée, une évaluation capable d’évaluer le potentiel de la sonde doit être faite. Les caractéristiques mentionnées établissent un cadre pour l’évaluation des performances du système d’imagerie d’une manière précise. En outre, elle permet d’optimiser les performances suivant l’objectif fixé. Ainsi, deux algorithmes de reconstruction anticipée ont été élaborés pour la conception du système OPUS (optoacoustique ultrasons) capables de produire des images avec un contraste et une résolution homogènes sur tout le volume d’intérêt. L’intérêt d’avoir de tels algorithmes est principalement dû au fait que l’analyse des données médicales est souvent faite dans des conditions difficiles, car on est face au bruit, au faible contraste, aux projections limités et à des transformations indésirables opérées par les systèmes d’acquisition. Cette thèse montre, aussi, comment les artefacts de reconstruction peuvent être réduits en compensant les propriétés d’ouverture et en atténuant les artefacts dus à l’échantillonnage angulaire parcimonieux. Afin de transférer cette méthodologie à la clinique et de valider les résultats théoriques, une plate-forme d’imagerie expérimentale a été développée. En utilisant le système de mesure développé, l’évolution d’une nouvelle géométrie annulaire parcimonieuse et sa dynamique ont été étudiées et une preuve de concept a été démontrée à travers des mesures expérimentales dans le but d’évaluer les progrès réalisés. / When the interest is in multiscale and multipurpose imaging, there exists such a will in integrating multi-modalilties into a synergistic paradigm in order to leverage the diagnostic values of the interrogating agents. Employing multiple wavelengths radiation, optoacoustic imaging benefits from the optical contrast to specifically resolve molecular structure of tissue in a non-invasive manner. Hybridizing optoacoustic and ultrasound imaging comes with the promises of delivering the complementary morphological, functional and metabolic information of the tissue. This dissertation is mainly devoted to the design and characterization of a hybridized universal handheld probe for optoacoustic ultrasound volumetric imaging and developing adaptive reconstruction algorithms toward the physical requirements of the designed system. The distinguishing features of this dissertation are the introduction of a new geometry for optoacoustic ultrasonic handheld probe and systematic assessments based on pre and post reconstruction methods. To avoid the biased interpretation, a de facto performance assessment being capable of evaluating the potentials of the designed probe in an unbiased manner must be practiced. The aforementioned features establish a framework for characterization of the imaging system performance in an accurate manner. Moreover, it allows further task performance optimization as well. Correspondingly, two advanced reconstruction algorithms have been elaborated towards the requirement of the designed optoacoustic-ultrasound (OPUS) imaging system in order to maximize its ability to produce images with homogeneous contrast and resolution over the entire volume of interest. This interest is mainly due to the fact that the medical data analysis pipeline is often carried out in challenging conditions, since one has to deal with noise, low contrast, limited projections and undesirable transformations operated by the acquisition system. The presented thesis shows how reconstruction artifacts can be reduced by compensating for the detecting aperture properties and alleviate artifacts due to sparse angular sampling. In pursuit of transferring this methodology to clinic and validating the theoretical results, a synthetic imaging platform was developed. Using the measurement system, the evolution of a novel sparse annular geometry and its dynamics has been investigated and a proof of concept was demonstrated via experimental measurement with the intention of benchmarking progress.
72

Apport de la morphométrie géométrique et de l'imagerie 3D intra-orale dans l'étude du shoveling des incisives centrales maxillaires / Contribution of geometric morphometry and intra-oral 3D imaging in the study of shoveling of human maxillary central incisors

Carayon, Delphine 19 December 2018 (has links)
Le shoveling de l'incisive centrale maxillaire est une caractéristique dentaire non-métrique utilisée en anthropologie comme indicateur des relations entre les populations. Ce trait morphologique dentaire est défini comme le degré d'élévation des crêtes mésiales et distales marginales sur la surface linguale des incisives maxillaires avec des formes plus prononcées renfermant une fosse. Plusieurs tentatives ont été faites pour classer et évaluer les différences de shoveling entre les populations humaines modernes et fossiles, en utilisant d'abord des approches descriptives détaillées et en élaborant par la suite des systèmes de notation ordinale des traits. A ce jour, la technique gold standard pour l'analyse du shoveling est basée sur une échelle ordinale de sept grades qui a été adaptée et intégrée à un système formel de notation des traits non métriques de la morphologie dentaire: le Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). Ce protocole standard est basé sur des plaques de plâtre de référence représentant les moulages de dents sélectionnées montrant un gradient d'expression d'un trait particulier. La notation ordinale, même si elle est contrôlée par des définitions strictes des caractéristiques, des références visuelles et l'expérience de l'observateur, comprend une part inévitable de subjectivité. De plus, les supports d'information conventionnels utilisés par ASUDAS peuvent entrainer des pertes d'information dans le temps. Dans un premier temps, nous avons élaboré une nouvelle approche morphométrique quantitative pour évaluer la variation du shoveling des incisives centrales maxillaires humaines modernes (UI1). Nous avons analysé par imagerie virtuelle 87 UI1 humaines modernes (Europe, Afrique, Asie) et les 7 UI1 de la plaque de référence ASU-UI1 en utilisant la morphométrie géométrique et le positionnement de points de repères glissants. Les résultats de la répartition du shoveling en fonction des populations selon notre nouvelle méthode morphométrique sont en étroite corrélation avec la répartition du shoveling largement décrite dans la littérature. En outre, nos résultats ont mis en évidence certaines limites dans l'utilisation des plaques ASUDAS, laissant supposer qu'elles ne représentent pas nécessairement un gradient objectif d'expression de cette caractéristique dentaire non métrique. [...] / The shoveling of the maxillary central incisor is a non-metric dental characteristic frequently used in anthropology as an indicator of population relations for its taxonomic and phylogenetic relevance for many decades. This dental morphological feature is defined as the degree of elevation of the mesial and distal marginal ridges on the lingual surface of the maxillary incisors, canines and mandibular incisors, with more pronounced pit-like forms. From the 19th century until today, several attempts have been made to classify and assess the shoveling differences between fossil and modern human populations, first using detailed descriptive approaches and later developing ordinal feature notation systems. The standard gold technique for shoveling analysis is based on a seven-grade ordinal scale that has been adapted and integrated into a formal system for scoring non-metric features of dental morphology: the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS). This widely-used standard protocol is based on reference plaster plaques representing the casts of selected teeth showing a gradient of expression of a particular trait. Ordinal notation, even if controlled by strict definitions of characteristics, visual references, and observer experience, includes an inevitable element of subjectivity. Moreover, the conventional information support used by ASUDAS can lead to loss of information over time. Some researchers have attempted to reduce visual subjectivity by measuring the depth of lingual shoveling, but with little success in their results due to method accuracy problems. First, we developed a new quantitative morphometric approach to assess the shoveling variation of modern human maxillary central incisors (UI1). We analyzed by virtual imaging 87 modern human UI1 (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the 7 UI1 of the ASU-UI1 reference plaque using geometric morphometry and the positioning of sliding reference points. The results of the distribution of shoveling according to populations according to our new morphometric method are in close correlation with the distribution of shoveling widely described in the literature. In addition, our results showed some limitations in the use of ASUDAS plaques, suggesting that they do not necessarily represent an objective gradient of expression of this non-metric dental characteristic. [...]
73

The role of 3D printing in biological anthropology

Allard, Travis T. 14 September 2006 (has links)
The following work explores the role of 3D printing in biological anthropology. A case study approach is used to provide an understanding of two different applications for 3D printing and to identify a potential methodology for creating 3D models. Case study one looks at the application of 3D printing to reconstruction projects using a flowerpot to test the reconstruction methodology. The second case study uses both laser surface and CT scanning to create a replica of a human skeleton. The two methods of data acquisition are evaluated for advantages and limitations in creating the virtual model. This work shows that there is a role for 3D printing in biological anthropology, but that data acquisition and processing issues are the most significant limiting factors in producing skeletal replicas. / October 2006
74

Structural priors for multiobject semi-automatic segmentation of three-dimensional medical images via clustering and graph cut algorithms

Kéchichian, Razmig 02 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
We develop a generic Graph Cut-based semiautomatic multiobject image segmentation method principally for use in routine medical applications ranging from tasks involving few objects in 2D images to fairly complex near whole-body 3D image segmentation. The flexible formulation of the method allows its straightforward adaption to a given application.\linebreak In particular, the graph-based vicinity prior model we propose, defined as shortest-path pairwise constraints on the object adjacency graph, can be easily reformulated to account for the spatial relationships between objects in a given problem instance. The segmentation algorithm can be tailored to the runtime requirements of the application and the online storage capacities of the computing platform by an efficient and controllable Voronoi tessellation clustering of the input image which achieves a good balance between cluster compactness and boundary adherence criteria. Qualitative and quantitative comprehensive evaluation and comparison with the standard Potts model confirm that the vicinity prior model brings significant improvements in the correct segmentation of distinct objects of identical intensity, the accurate placement of object boundaries and the robustness of segmentation with respect to clustering resolution. Comparative evaluation of the clustering method with competing ones confirms its benefits in terms of runtime and quality of produced partitions. Importantly, compared to voxel segmentation, the clustering step improves both overall runtime and memory footprint of the segmentation process up to an order of magnitude virtually without compromising the segmentation quality.
75

Surgical tools localization in 3D ultrasound images

Uhercik, Marian 20 April 2011 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis deals with automatic localization of thin surgical tools such as needles or electrodes in 3D ultrasound images. The precise and reliable localization is important for medical interventions such as needle biopsy or electrode insertion into tissue. The reader is introduced to basics of medical ultrasound (US) imaging. The state of the art localization methods are reviewed in the work. Many methods such as Hough transform (HT) or Parallel Integral Projection (PIP) are based on projections. As the existing PIP implementations are relatively slow, we suggest an acceleration by using a multiresolution approach. We propose to use model fitting approach which uses randomized sample consensus (RANSAC) and local optimization. It is a fast method suitable for real-time use and it is robust with respect to the presence of other high-intensity structures in the background. We propose two new shape and appearance models of tool in 3D US images. Tool localization can be improved by exploiting its tubularity. We propose a tool model which uses line filtering and we incorporated it into the model fitting scheme. The robustness of such localization algorithm is improved at the expense of additional time for pre-processing. The real-time localization using the shape model is demonstrated by implementation on the 3D US scanner Ultrasonix RP. All proposed methods were tested on simulated data, phantom US data (a replacement for a tissue) and real tissue US data of breast with biopsy needle. The proposed methods had comparable accuracy and the lower number of failures than the state of the art projection based methods.
76

VISUALIZATION OF BRAIN WHITE MATTER TRACTS USING HEAVILY T2-WEIGHTED THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLUID-ATTENUATED INVERSION-RECOVERY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

KAWAI, HISASHI, BOKURA, KIMINORI, NAGANAWA, SHINJI, YAMAZAKI, MASAHIRO 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
77

The role of 3D printing in biological anthropology

Allard, Travis T. 14 September 2006 (has links)
The following work explores the role of 3D printing in biological anthropology. A case study approach is used to provide an understanding of two different applications for 3D printing and to identify a potential methodology for creating 3D models. Case study one looks at the application of 3D printing to reconstruction projects using a flowerpot to test the reconstruction methodology. The second case study uses both laser surface and CT scanning to create a replica of a human skeleton. The two methods of data acquisition are evaluated for advantages and limitations in creating the virtual model. This work shows that there is a role for 3D printing in biological anthropology, but that data acquisition and processing issues are the most significant limiting factors in producing skeletal replicas.
78

The role of 3D printing in biological anthropology

Allard, Travis T. 14 September 2006 (has links)
The following work explores the role of 3D printing in biological anthropology. A case study approach is used to provide an understanding of two different applications for 3D printing and to identify a potential methodology for creating 3D models. Case study one looks at the application of 3D printing to reconstruction projects using a flowerpot to test the reconstruction methodology. The second case study uses both laser surface and CT scanning to create a replica of a human skeleton. The two methods of data acquisition are evaluated for advantages and limitations in creating the virtual model. This work shows that there is a role for 3D printing in biological anthropology, but that data acquisition and processing issues are the most significant limiting factors in producing skeletal replicas.
79

Construction d'un modèle de réseau de pores à partir d'une image 3D pour l'estimation de la perméabilité / Building a pore network model from a 3D image for perme- ability estimation

Combaret, Nicolas 12 December 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse propose d'étudier en détail une méthode générale de construction d'un réseaude pores interconnectés à partir d'une image 3D d'un matériau poreux afin de calculer laperméabilité absolue. Un squelette de l'espace poral est tout d'abord utilisé pour définir laposition des pores. Ce squelette est transformé en graphe, puis plusieurs étapes de fusiondes nœuds sont réalisées pour obtenir un réseau exploitable. Une ligne de partage des eauxprenant comme marqueurs les nœuds du graphe permet d'attribuer une géométrie auxpores. Le système d'équation linéaire à résoudre est construit en intégrant les équations deStokes sur des éléments de l'espace poral. Une méthode originale de calcul du coefficient deproportionnalité existant entre les pressions au centre de deux pores et le débit traversantla surface les séparant est proposée. Une application de l'intégralité de l'approche estégalement présentée sur un matériau réel. / A general method to build a pore network model from a 3D image of a porous material ispresented in this work in order to compute its permeability. A skeleton of the void spaceis first used to define pores position. This skeleton is converted to a first graph. Mergingsteps are necessary to obtain a relevant network. A volume is allocated to the pores using awatershed algorithm, starting with markers defined from the nodes of the graph. The linearsystem of equations to solve is deduced by integrating the Stokes equations on pore spacepartitioning elements. The proportionality coefficient linking the pressure drop betweentwo pore centers and the flow going through the surface separating them is calculated withan original method. Application of the complete process to a real material is presented.
80

Nanocomposites et mousses à base de nanofibrilles de cellulose : rhéologie au cours de leur mise en forme et propriétés mécaniques / Nanocomposites and foams from cellulose nanofibrils : rheology during their processing and mechanical properties

Martoïa, Florian 30 November 2015 (has links)
Ce travail porte sur l'incorporation de nanorenforts biosourcés, c'est-à-dire des nanofibrilles de cellulose (NFC), dans les matériaux composites à matrice polymère et les mousses. Ces nouveaux matériaux biosourcés peuvent par exemple être utilisés pour la conception de structures sandwich. L'étude à caractère expérimental, théorique et numérique s'articule autour de trois axes visant à optimiser tant les procédés d'élaboration que les propriétés en service de ces matériaux.Dans un premier temps, la rhéologie des suspensions concentrées de NFC, fluides à seuil thixotropes, a été étudiée aux échelles macro- et mésoscopiques en utilisant un dispositif original de rhéométrie couplé à des mesures de champs cinématiques par vélocimétrie ultra-sonore. Nous montrons ainsi que l'écoulement des suspensions de NFC est fortement hétéro-gène et présente des glissements aux parois, de multiples bandes de cisaillement couplés avec des écoulements de type « bouchon ». Sur la base de cette étude, un modèle rhéolo-gique multi-échelles est proposé. Ce modèle tient compte d'une part de l'architecture aniso-trope des réseaux connectés de NFC dans ces suspensions, et d'autre part des interactions mécaniques et physico-chimiques aux échelles nanométriques. Il permet de montrer que les interactions colloïdales et hydrodynamiques, ainsi que la tortuosité et l'orientation des NFC jouent un rôle majeur sur la contrainte seuil et sur le comportement rhéofluidifiant de ces suspensions.Dans un deuxième temps, des nanocomposites à matrice polymère ont été élaborés sous forme de films en faisant varier sur une très grande plage la fraction volumique de NFC. En utilisant d'une part des techniques de microscopie (AFM, MEB) et de diffraction aux rayons X, et d'autre part des essais mécaniques (traction, DMA) nous montrons (i) que les NFC ont une orientation plane et s'organisent en réseaux connectés par des liaisons hydro-gènes, (ii) que ces réseaux jouent un rôle majeur sur le comportement mécanique des nano-composites et (iii) que le comportement élastique des nanocomposites est bien en deçà des prévisions données par les modèles micromécaniques de la littérature. De là, nous proposons un modèle multi-échelles alternatif où les principaux nano-mécanismes de déformation sont ceux se produisant dans les parties amorphes des NFC et au niveau des très nombreuses interfaces entre NFC.Enfin, nous avons étudié l'influence des conditions d'élaboration, de la nature et de la con-centration des NFC sur les microstructures (microtomographie synchrotron à rayons X), les propriétés mécaniques (essais de compression) et les micro-mécanismes de déformation (essai in situ en microtomographie) de mousses préparées par cryodessiccation de suspensions aqueuses de NFC. / This study focuses on the use of cellulose nanofibrils (NFCs) as bio-based nano-reinforcement in polymer composites and foams. These renewable materials can be used in place of traditional materials such as for instance to produce sandwich panels. This experi-mental, theoretical and numerical work aims at optimizing the processing of these NFC-based materials as well as their use properties.In the first part of this work, the rheology of concentrated NFC suspensions, that behave as thixotropic yield stress fluids, is investigated at macro- and mesoscales using an original rheo-ultrasonic velocimetry (rheo-USV) setup allowing the local flow kinematic to be obtai-ned. We show that the flow of NFC suspensions is highly heterogeneous and exhibits com-plex situations with the coexistence of wall slippage, multiple shear bands and plug-like flow bands. Using this experimental database, we develop an original multiscale rheological model for the prediction of the rheology of NFC suspensions. The model takes into account the anisotropic fibrous nature of NFC networks as well as colloidal and mechanical interaction forces occurring at the nanoscale. The model predictions prove that colloidal and hydrody-namic interaction forces together with the orientation and the wavy nature of NFCs play a major role on the yield stress and shear thinning behaviour of the suspensions.In the second part of this work, NFC-reinforced polymer nanocomposite films are processed for a wide range of NFC contents. Using advanced microscopy techniques (AFM, SEM), X-ray diffraction and mechanical tests (tensile and DMA tests), we show (i) that NFCs form highly connected nanofibrous structures with in-plane random orientation, (ii) that these connected NFC networks play a leading role on the mechanical behaviour of the nanocompo-sites and (iii) that the elastic properties of nanocomposite films are much lower than those predicted from the micromechanical models of the literature. In light of these observations, we propose an alternative multiscale model in which the main involved deformation nano-mechanisms are those occurring both in the amorphous segments of the nanofibers and in the numerous nanofiber-nanofiber contact zones.Finally, in a third part we focus on the influence of the processing conditions, the suspension type and the NFC concentration on the microstructure (using X-ray synchrotron microto-mography), the mechanical properties (using compression tests) and the deformation micro-mechanisms (using in situ compression test with X-ray microtomography) of various foams prepared from NFC suspensions by freeze-drying.

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