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Robert Clyde Armstrong. / Originally presented as author's thesis (Electrical Engineer --Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 1985. / Bibliography: leaf 116. / Supported in part by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract F49620-84-C-0004

Ο στόχος της παρούσας έρευνας είναι να διερευνήσει αν τα μικρά παιδιά μπορούν να διακρίνουν τη διαφορά μεταξύ των φανταστικών καταστάσεων που προβάλλονται στις τηλεοπτικές διαφημίσεις και της πραγματικότητας. Με αυτό τον τρόπο θα μπορούσαμε να συνεισφέρουμε σε κάποιο βαθμό κατανόησης στο ζήτημα του πώς οι τηλεοπτικές διαφημίσεις επηρεάζουν τα μικρά παιδιά. Για να επιτευχθεί αυτός ο σκοπός, τα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα εστίασαν στην προσπάθεια εύρεσης απαντήσεων σχετικά με το πώς μπορεί να περιγραφεί η προοπτική των παιδιών για τα τηλεοπτικά διαφημιστικά μηνύματα, καθώς και πώς εκλαμβάνονται οι διαφορετικοί τύποι και τεχνικές της τηλεοπτικής διαφήμισης. Βασισμένοι σε αυτά τα ερευνητικά ερωτήματα, κάναμε μία βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση που οδήγησε σε ένα εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο, το οποίο μας καθοδήγησε ως προς το είδος των εμπειρικών δεδομένων που θα έπρεπε να συγκεντρωθούν. Αρχικά, καταγράφηκαν όλα τα τηλεοπτικά προγράμματα της πρωινής ζώνης τεσσάρων ημερών (Σαββάτου και Κυριακής), έτσι ώστε να συλλέξουμε όσο το δυνατόν περισσότερα διαφημιστικά μηνύματα είχαν ως κοινό-στόχο μικρά παιδιά. Βασιζόμενοι σε διάφορα κριτήρια επιλέξαμε οκτώ από αυτά για να τα επεξεργαστούμε με τα παιδιά. Έξι ακόμα επιλέχθηκαν για να διερευνήσουμε αν τα παιδιά μπορούσαν να ταυτίσουν το προβαλλόμενο στη διαφήμιση αντικείμενο με το πραγματικό. Για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων, ακολουθήθηκε ποιοτική ερευνητική προσέγγιση. Ομαδικές συνεντεύξεις με 32 νήπια από δύο σχολεία της Αθήνας έλαβαν χώρα. Τα ευρήματα αυτής της έρευνας αποκαλύπτουν ότι τα μικρά παιδιά έχουν δυσκολία στη διάκριση φαντασίας –πραγματικότητας, ιδιαίτερα όταν εμπλέκονται χαρακτήρες κινουμένων σχεδίων. Υπάρχουν κάποιες ενδείξεις ότι τα παιδιά των κατώτερων κοινωνικών τάξεων αναπτύσσουν τη ζητούμενη ικανότητα νωρίτερα από τους συνομηλίκους τους των ανώτερων κοινωνικών στρωμάτων. Όσον αφορά το κομμάτι της ταύτισης, ο πιο καθοριστικός παράγοντας για την επιτυχία ή αποτυχία φαίνεται να είναι η ύπαρξη ή η απουσία ενός εμβληματικού χαρακτήρα κινουμένων σχεδίων πάνω στη συσκευασία του προϊόντος. / The goal of the present study is to investigate whether young children distinguish between fastasy presented in television advertisements and reality. This way we could provide a better understanding of how television advertising affects young children. To reach this purpose, research questions focused on asking questions about how children’s perspective on TV advertising can be described, as well as how the different types and techniques of TV advertisement can be perceived. Based on these research questions, a literature review was conducted that resulted in a conceptual framework that provided what empirical data should be collected. We recorded all TV programmes of the morning zone of four days (Saturday and Sunday) so as to gather all tv advertisements which had young children as a target group. Based on several criteria we selected eight for discussion with children. Six more were picked to investigate whether children could identify the object they saw on TV when presented in front of them. In order to collect the data, a qualitative study approach was used. Group interviews with 32 kindergarden students from two schools of Attica then took place. The findings of this study reveal that young children have difficulty in distinguishing fantasy from real life, especially when cartoon characthers are involved. There is some evidence that children of lower classes develop the ability in question sooner than their peers of upper-classes. As far as the identification part is concerned, the most important factor for success of failure seems to be the existance or absence of a symbolic cartoon characther on the product packaging.

蘇美儀. / "2002年7月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (16 leaves (2nd group)) / 附中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 7 yue" / Su Meiyi. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (16 leaves (2nd group)) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 提要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究動機及硏究方向 頁 --- p.001-014 / Chapter 第二節 --- 蕭繹詩賦的版本 頁 --- p.015-020 / Chapter 第二章 --- 蕭繹的生平、著述及交遊 / Chapter 第一節 --- 蕭繹的生平及著述 頁 --- p.021-026 / Chapter 第二節 --- 蕭繹的交遊情況 頁 --- p.026-032 / Chapter 第三章 --- 蕭繹的文學觀 頁 --- p.033-054 / Chapter 第四章 --- 蕭繹詩歌析論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 緒論 頁 --- p.055-056 / Chapter 第二節 --- 五言詩的題材內容與藝術表現 頁056- --- p.1 13 / Chapter 第三節 --- 七言詩的開創 頁 --- p.113-134 / Chapter 第四節 --- 雜體詩「以文爲戲」的特色 頁 --- p.134-152 / Chapter 第五節 --- 蕭繹詩的藝術特色及成就 頁 --- p.152-173 / Chapter 第五章 --- 蕭繹賦析論 / Chapter 第一節 --- 緒論 頁 --- p.174-177 / Chapter 第二節 --- 蕭繹賦的題材內容 頁 --- p.177-189 / Chapter 第三節 --- 蕭繹賦的藝術表現 頁 --- p.189-217 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 頁 --- p.218-219 / 主要參考書目 / 附錄 / 附錄一蕭繹年譜 / 附錄二蕭繹著述簡表 / 附錄三蕭繹交遊情況簡介 / 附錄四蕭繹詩歌題材內容分類表 / 附錄五蕭繹詩歌「對仗」情況簡表 / 附錄六蕭繹硏究集評（選輯） / 附錄七蕭繹硏究之專篇論文 / 附錄八蕭繹詩賦

The main goal of this thesis is a comparison of tools used for web page accessibility evaluation, mainly their ability to find an accessibility issues defined in US law Section 508 paragraph § 1194.22 Web-based intranet and internet information and applications. A new web page created for the tool analysis, which contains accessibility issues described in paragraph § 1194.22, has been used to evaluate how many issues the tool can find. Based on the analysis results every tool is scored and the final ranks are decided. The results of the analysis and the final ranks are the main outcome of this thesis. The theoretical part of the thesis describes accessibility in detail and introduces the main dissabilities affecting their ability to use computers. A detailed description of all Section 508 rules is present as well. It consists of translation of every rule into czech language, short description of the rule's meaning and points when the rule is met. The practical part describes the test web page, analysis proces and results in detail.

Research reports that the search for health information is the fourth most popular activity being done on the web (Pew Internet & American Life Project, 2004). However, for disabled persons, barriers experienced when interfacing with the Internet may cause healthcare websites to be inaccessible to them. This study explores the level of accessibility of healthcare websites and the relationship between accessibility and usability by determining how compliant state department of health and human services websites are with accessibility and usability guidelines. A content analysis of each state’s department of health and human services website was conducted. Results revealed that state department of health and human services websites are not very compliant with accessibility guidelines, are somewhat compliant with usability guidelines, and overall are not very accessible. The findings also indicate that there is a significant moderate relationship between accessibility and usability which suggests that the two concepts are interconnected.

This thesis revisits the liberal intellectual tradition of the Scottish Enlightenment by comparing two editions of The Natural History of Aleppo (1756: 1794) written and/or edited by Scottish physicians, half-brothers Alexander and Patrick Russell, in which they recorded their observations of Aleppo in northern Syria. There has been only one other monograph written about this text, entitled Aleppo observed by Maurits van den Boogert and published in 2010. As yet no comparative study of the two editions seems to have been made. As a result, this thesis should revitalize interest in The Natural History of Aleppo (1756 and 1794) across academic fields including Levantine and Ottoman studies, subject-specific disciplines and in the Scottish context. This thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part Chapter 1 provides a literature review and outlines the structure of this thesis. Chapter 2 is a synopsis of the authors’ life histories as background for subsequent discussion. In Part II, the popularity of the two editions (1756 and 1794) is assessed (Chapter 3). This assessment is followed by an appraisal of literary aspects of the two editions of an eighteenth-century text (Chapter 4). To assess the quality, originality and relative significance of Aleppo further, selected topics covered variously in the two editions are explored in Part III (Chapter 5 on medicine, Chapter 6 on flora and fauna, and Chapter 7 on aspects of the exotic). The final Part IV provides a range of conclusions to revitalize eighteenth-century texts and suggests topics for further research.

This thesis presents an investigation into some of the structural colours that are produced in nature. There are many animals and plants that produce structural colour, with a particularly high structural colour diversity in insects. Of the species that exhibit structural colours, three species are the subjects for investigation of this thesis. Those comprise a group of beetles from South-East Asia, Torynorrhina flammea, a buttery, Parides sesostris and a fruit, Margaritaria nobilis, both from South American rainforests. The structures that produce the vivid colours of these species were analysed using electron microscopy. This information aided the design and creation of three inorganic, synthetic replicas of the natural structures. The fruit of Margaritaria nobilis was structurally analysed, yielding the discovery of a novel multilayer fibre. These fibres were cylindrical in design and were found to be layered together producing the epidermis of the fruit. The multilayer structure produced a vivid blue colour appearance, which is believed to offer a selective advantage because the colour deceives birds into thinking that the fruit contains nutritious flesh. This selective advantage earns M. nobilis the label of mimetic fruit. The structure found within the M. nobilis fruit epidermis inspired the synthesis of a structure which comprises single cylindrical multilayer fibres. The synthetic fibres were manufactured from elastic materials which allow the structure to be deformed under strain and, therefore, a change in colour can be observed. As the structure was stretched, this made the layers get thinner and, therefore, the colour of the fibre blue-shifted. The fibre was able to be stretched to over twice its original length which yields a shift in peak reflected wavelength of over 200 nm. Four beetles from the Torynorrhina flammea species were investigated with the aim of replicating the nanostructures responsible for their colour appearance. The initial interest in the beetles came from their strikingly vivid colour appearances. The structure responsible for the vivid colours in all four of the subspecies is a multilayer with high structural order and over 100 laminae. Both of these attributes contribute to the saturation of the colours exhibited. The multilayer was found to be intersected by an array of rods, the long axis of which is orthogonal to the surface. The rods are believed to be the cause of an interesting diffraction phenomenon exhibited by the beetles. Using imaging scatterometry, the structure was found to diffract the colour produced by the multilayers into an annulus around a specularly reflected white spot. This inspired the synthesis of a multilayer permeated with an array of holes with the aim of replicating a system that could reproduce the annular pattern of colour reflection. The initial synthesised system comprised a quarter-wave stack with a perfectly ordered hexagonal array of holes permeating the surface orthogonally. The sample displayed the scattering characteristics of a hexagonal array, and the reflection spectra of the multilayer stack. When disordered hexagonal arrays were milled into the structure with a focussed ion beam, the scattering pattern started to show more of the green colour from the multilayer and less of the ordered scattering pattern. The highly disordered, synthesised structure displayed no hexagonal scattering pattern, but instead it showed a highly scattered bluish-green colouration. One sample was created by directly mapping out the array of holes using an image of the original array from one of the beetle samples. This sample was expected the same annular diffraction pattern as the beetles, however, the sample instead exhibited the same scattering pattern as the highly disordered array. Some structurally coloured systems in nature have more than one light scattering structure, all of which contribute to the overall colour of the system. For complicated systems such as this, it is necessary to devise a technique to characterise the individual scattering structures separately. One such species that displays a complex, multicomponent system is Parides sesostris. The male of the species displays bright green patches on the dorsal side of the forewings which are made up of thousands of green wing scales. These green scales contain a 3D gyroid poly-crystal at centre with a membrane layer surrounding the underside of each scale and a scattering structure on top. Using focussed ion beam milling techniques allowed the individual characterisation of each of these structures. The gyroid poly-crystal was found to reflect not green but blue wavelengths. This led to the discovery by another group [1] that the scales contain at least one type of fluorophore. The removal of the membrane structure and some of the gyroid poly-crystal from the base of the scale resulted in the change of the overall scale structure from green to cyan. This suggests that the membrane maybe a significant source of fluorescence. Computational modelling, without fluorescence, suggests that the addition of the membrane layer to the gyroid does not shift the band-gap wavelengths; however, the overall reflection intensity does increase. The scattering structure on the top side of each scale is comprised a bi-grating which sits on top of the 3D gyroid structure. The long periodicity of the bi-grating protrudes above the surface, resulting in the very top layer of the scale to be a mono-grating. This whole structure decreases the angular-dependence of the colour by efficiently scattering the incident light into the gyroid and also scattering the reflected light from the gyroid, resulting in a double-scattering. FIB-milling was used to isolate the scattering part of the structure. Analysis of this component of the structure revealed that it was not a source of the green colour itself; however, it did show the characteristic scattering pattern of a mono-grating. The small periodicity of the bi-grating did not produce a scattering pattern since the periodicity is too small to produce optical diffraction at normal incidence. To characterise the effect of the fluorophores, the whole scale structure was photo-bleached using ultra-violet radiation for two months with the aim of destroying the fluorophores contained within the structure. The expected result occurred which was the blue-shifting of the peak reflected wavelengths. However, it could not be confirmed whether or not the photo-bleaching reduced the physical size of the light scattering structures which would, in theory, result in a blue-shift of the peak reflected wavelengths. The male P. sesostris green wing scales were also the subject for investigation for trying to make inorganic replicas of the gyroid-polycrystal. A surface sol-gel coating process was utilised to coat the green wing scales with titania. This coating process was performed using a few different methods. Half of the samples were coated with TiO2 and the other half with tin-doped TiO2. Half of each of these samples had their surfaces dendritically amplified before the coating processes and the other half were left untreated. The samples were coated with 25 surface sol-gel (SSG) cycles of each treatment at a time. After each 25 cycle treatment the samples were optically characterised. The total number of cycles applied to the samples at the end was 150. The addition of layers of titania resulted in a general red-shift that was higher for the tin-doped titania samples than for the titania samples. Another general trend found was that the samples that had their surfaces dendritically amplified, produced a lower red-shift in peak wavelength. This was contrary to the hypothesis that the amplification process was supposed to aid the SSG coating process and, therefore, increases the red-shift in peak wavelength.

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1998 took effect in 2001 and provides encouragement for universal design and compliance requirements to the federal sector for purchases that are accessible by people with disabilities. A division of General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (GDAIS) is located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts and provides electronic and information technology solutions to federal customers in the defense, intelligence, and homeland security communities. The general lack of training is a major factor for low compliance to Section 508. Improving awareness is important at GDAIS in order to increase its federal sales market share, develop new products and services, transfer technology to other fields, and support a global market for users with different human conditions. The study aimed to implement a computer-based training program for design engineers and managers within GDAIS to foster universal design skills and increase accessibility awareness. The four-level model created by Donald L. Kirkpatrick was utilized to evaluate the training. Survey, test, and interview instruments were designed to evaluate the reaction, learning, and behavior of the participants. An expert panel provided validation and reliability of the instruments. A case study methodology was used to analyze Section 508 compliance in depth for four months. Also analyzed were the possible effects of the training on the engineering design, the organization both financial and cultural, and the individual. Learning of the standards and universal design concepts through better application of usability and accessibility features were improved. While the training did improve compliance slightly, there was a lack of Section 508 inclusion within solicitations. The organizational culture to support the disabled community showed a possibility of improving through awareness and education.

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