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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Chemical denudation in the proglacial zone of Finsterwalderbreen, Svalbard

Cooper, Richard James January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
2

The use of Aster remotely sensed information to quantify gully networks in southern Italy

Ghaffari, Alireza January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
3

Rainfall intensity and soil erosion by water : limitations of current erosion models and implications for erosion model-based studies under future climates

Choi, Daniel Mintae January 2012 (has links)
Existing simulation studies of the effects of future climate change upon erosion indicate that, under land usages that leave the soil unprotected, even minor increases in rainfall amounts are likely to result in disproportionately large increases in erosion, but commonly make the simplifying assumption that distributions of future rainfall intensities remain unchanged from the present. This research aims to determine implications of rainfall -intensity changes on soil erosion using computerised models. Thus, this thesis is a step towards the ultimate goal of predicting future rates of soil erosion caused by future rainfall intensity changes. Three soil erosion models, WEPP, EUROSEM, and RillGrow are employed to investigate impacts of various rainfall intensities on runoff and soil loss rates. Two extreme daily rainfall events in summer and autumn are subjectively selected from the tipping-bucket rainfall data, and runoff and soil losses are simulated using three erosion models. Estimated runoff and soil loss rates with high resolution rainfall data are greater than those with low temporal resolution rainfall data. Within-Storm Intensity Patterns (WSIPs) affect soil erosion amount, although runoff was not much affected. An additional daily rainfall event with Within-Storm Gaps (WSGs) is also selected to investigate effects of WSG removals on soil erosion. For a given amount of rainfall, events with constant low intensity (constant WSIP) produced dramatically less erosion: thus it appears that assuming a constant (or averaged) intensity throughout a storm does not provide a good representation of a real rainfall with its continuously varying intensity. Analyses of outputs from WEPP simulations revealed a problem that WEPP modifies original rainfall intensity and, thus, simulates erroneous runoff and erosion rates. Future soil erosion rates are estimated using WEPP and CLIGEN data. 30 year-long weather is generated by CLIGEN. Likely future rainfall frequency and intensity are anticipated by changing the mean maximum 30 minutes peak intensity also known as MX.SP. No fu ture rainfall amount change is assumed. WEPP simulation results suggest that where mean maximum 30-min peak intensity of the wet months increases soil erosion increases at a greater rate than runoff. This research assists in improving the performance of erosion models with respect to changes of rainfall intensity by highlighting where current problem exists. In conclusion, greater knowledge found here will, once future changes in rainfall intensity become better known and appropriate rainfall data become available, improve our ability to estimate future rates of erosion.
4

Novel particle model for the prediction of stability and episodic collapse of coastal cliffs and levees

Vandamme, Johan Richard January 2012 (has links)
This thesis investigates the WCSPH model by considering fluid entry and exit, and integrates the WCSPH method into a new, novel, particle-based Bluff Morphology Model (BMM). Using the BMM, this thesis investigates the stability, collapse and equilibrium position of soft coastal bluffs (cliffs). Fluid and floating object interaction using a novel adaptation of the WCSPH method is investigated by incorporating a floating object model. In particular, this thesis examines the water impact, hydrodynamic forces, fluid motions, and movement of objects in the conventional case studies of object entry and exit from still water. A two-dimensional wedge drop analysis was examined, and the hydrodynamic forces show acceptable agreement with published experimental and numerical results. Simulations for water entry and exit of a buoyant and neutral density cylinder compares well with the previous experimental, numerical and empirical studies. These results provide a good foundation to evaluate the accuracy and stability of WCSPH for modelling complex flows, and therefore offers a platform for the use of WCSPH in a Bluff Morphology Model. The BMM combines a multiple wedge displacement method with an adapted Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method. At first the wedge method is applied to compute the stability of the bluff. Once the critical failure mechanism of the bluff slope has been identified, if the Factor of Safety for the mechanism is less than 1, the adapted WCSPH method is used to predict the failure movement and residual shape of the slope. The model is validated against benchmark test cases of bluff stability for purely frictional, purely cohesive, and mixed strength bluff materials including 2D static water tables. The model predictions give a good correlation with the expected values, with medium resolution models producing errors of typically less than 2.0%. In addition, the prediction of lateral movement of a surveyed cliff and the dynamic collapse of a vertical bluff are computed, and compare well with published literature. This model is further extended to then investigate the effect of two dimensional seepage on the stability and collapse of soil slopes and levees. To incorporate the seepage in the model, Darcy’s Law is applied to the interactions among neighbouring soil particles and ghost particles are introduced along the enclosed soil boundary to ensure that no fluid crosses the boundary. The contribution of partially saturated soils and matric suction, as well as the change in hydraulic conductivity due to seepage, are predicted well by this model. The predicted time evolution of slope stability and seepage induced collapse are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results for homogeneous frictional sand and multiple layered cohesive soils. Rapid drawdown over a sand soil is also investigated, and the location and time of the levee collapse occurrence are captured well. A toe erosion model is incorporated within the numerical model, and the location and quantity of erosion caused by lateral seepage is well predicted. The interplay of erosion, seepage and slope instability is examined.
5

Soil erosion on buried archaeological sites in arable areas : a modelling approach

Bowes, Jonathan Paul January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
6

O processo erosivo e o material hidro-transportado na bacia hidrografica do rio Pinhal no Sudoeste do Parana

Tomazoni, Julio Caetano January 1998 (has links)
Orientador: Andre Virmond Lima Bittencourt / Co-orietadores: Naldy E. Canali, Luiz Eduardo Mantovani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná
7

Glissements de terrain et érosion des chaînes de montagnes : étude de cas dans l'Himalaya central / Landslides and erosion of mountain ranges : Case study in Central Himalayas

Gallo, Florian 02 July 2014 (has links)
L'évolution des paysages est au coeur d'un système complexe d'interactions entre les phénomènes tectoniques, climatiques et érosifs. Si le contrôle principal du climat sur les taux d'érosion est encore sujet à débat, les régions montagneuses restent un milieu particulièrement sensible aux modifications climatiques. Pour mieux appréhender ces liens en milieu montagneux et le contrôle des processus d'érosion, il est nécessaire de comprendre et de quantifier l'importance de chaque phénomène érosif dans l'évolution des paysages. Parmi ceux-ci, les glissements de terrain sont un phénomène brusque, imprévisible et souvent catastrophique pouvant mobiliser des volumes rocheux considérables. De nombreux travaux suggèrent d'ailleurs que les glissements constituent le principal agent de l'érosion des pentes dans les vallées non englacées de l'Himalaya. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux appréhender l'évolution et la dynamique des glissements de terrain de l'Himalaya central et leur rôle dans l'érosion de cette chaîne de montagnes, sur une large échelle de temps. Ces travaux ont été menés selon 3 axes principaux imbriqués spatialement et temporellement. Le bassin de la Khudi Khola, au Népal central, présente un large glissement de terrain, actif depuis plusieurs décennies. Cette particularité nous a permis d'étudier en détail ce glissement, dans un contexte d'érosion intense, au jour le jour, à l'échelle d'une mousson et sur plusieurs décennies. L'histoire du glissement de Saituti a été reconstituée grâce à l'analyse d'images satellite et aériennes. Une activité continue, bien que variable, du glissement depuis près d'un demi siècle a pu être observée. L'estimation des volumes de sédiments produits par le glissement a permis de mettre en évidence la place prépondérante de cette structure érosive dans l'érosion totale du bassin au cours des dernières années, voire des dernières décennies. La dynamique quotidienne des mouvements au sein du glissement associée à l'export des sédiments par le réseau de drainage ont également été observés. Il apparaît un découplage entre les mouvements de terrain, donc la production de sédiments, qui sont contrôlés par le niveau de nappe, et l'export du matériel par la rivière, dépendant du débit de surface. Une fois initiés, les mouvements se poursuivent durant toute la période de mousson, mais seuls les épisodes pluvieux importants permettent un transport efficace du matériel produit à la rivière. Les flux annuels de matière en suspension dans la rivière ont également pu être estimés et s'accordent au premier ordre avec les volumes créés par le glissement. Ces résultats suggèrent également le rôle principal du glissement de Saituti dans l'érosion de la vallée. A l'échelle de l'Himalaya central, l'activité des glissements au cours de la dernière décennie témoigne d'une domination de l'érosion par des événements majeurs, de l'ordre de plusieurs millions de mètres cubes, similaires à celui de Saituti. Cette étude montre qu'à moyen terme, de tels glissements peuvent influencer très fortement les concentrations en isotopes cosmogéniques des sables de rivières dans les bassins versants de taille intermédiaire (quelques centaines de km2). La concentration de ces sables apparaît principalement dépendante de la date et de l'amplitude du dernier événement majeur de glissement. Dans ces environnements, les taux de dénudation déterminés par l'utilisation des isotopes cosmogéniques doivent être interprétés avec beaucoup de précaution. Ainsi, l'activité, possiblement continue, de quelques glissements de terrain peut exercer une influence majeure sur l'érosion des vallées de l'Himalaya central. Ce facteur doit être pris en compte dans l'analyse des processus érosifs ainsi que dans les modèles d'évolution des paysages, à court et moyen terme / Landscape evolution is at the heart of a complex system of interactions between tectonics, climate and erosion. While the influence of climate on erosion rates is still debated, mountainous areas are a priori particularly sensitive to climatic changes. In order to better understand these interactions, it is of fundamental importance to quantify the importance of each erosion process, in addition to their sensitivity to rainfall. Among the erosion processes, landslides represent a major, unpredictable and often catastrophic, phenomenon that can involve considerable volumes of rocks. Many previous works have shown that landslides are the primary agent of hillslope erosion in the unglaciated valleys of the Himalayas. From this point of view, the aim of this work is to better constrain landslide evolution and dynamics in the central Himalayas, and their role in the erosion of this mountain range, on different timescales. The Khudi Khola catchment, in central Nepal, displays a large landsliding zone that has been active for several decades, in a context of intense erosion. This characteristic provides the opportunity to study this landslide in detail, from timescales ranging from an hour to several decades. The Saituti landslide history was reconstructed from analysis of satellite and aerial images. A continuous, but variable, activity of the landslide has been observed for almost a half century. Estimates of sediment volumes produced by the landslide highlight the dominant role this erosive structure plays in the overall catchment erosion over the last few years and possibly for the past few decades. Indeed, the landslide-induced erosion rates are in the same range as the total erosion rates, i.e. around 2.5 mm/y. The daily dynamics of the landslide were also studied, as well as the sediment export to the drainage network. The results highlight a decoupling between the displacements and the sediment production within the landslide, and the export of sediment to the river. The baseflow level primarily controls these displacements, while the export is more dependant on the runoff discharge that follows rainfall peaks. Once the slide is set in motion, it keeps moving during the whole monsoon period. However, only intense rainfall events result in an efficient transport of sediment to the river. The annual flux of suspended load were estimated at the Khudi mouth, these roughly agree with the volumes of landslide material. These results confirm the dominant role of the Saituti landslide in the overall catchment erosion and suggest rapid export of the landslide sediment to the river mouth. On the scale of the entire central Himalayas, landslide activity over the last decade highlights a deficit of landslides, compared to independent estimates of secular denudation rates. Nevertheless, this activity is dominated by major events, in the range of several millions cubic metres, such as the Saituti one. The stochastic nature of landslides influences the variability of sediment fluxes in the river. However, this study also highlights that, in medium-sized catchments (around a few hundred square kilometres) such landslides may strongly influence the median concentration of cosmogenic nuclides in river sands. This concentration seems to be primarily dependant on the date and on the magnitude of the last major slide event. In such environments, secular denudation rates estimated from cosmogenic nuclides need to be interpreted very cautiously. The (possibly) long-lasting activity of a few large landslides can then strongly influence the erosion of the Himalayan valleys. This parameter should be taken into account in studies of short- to mid-tem erosion processes as well as in landscape evolution models generally.
8

Gefahrenabwehr bei Bodenerosion: Arbeitshilfe

January 2013 (has links)
Im Freistaat Sachsen tritt jährlich mehr oder weniger ausgeprägt nach lokalen Starkregenereignissen Bodenerosion auf. In der Öffentlichkeit werden die Erosionsschäden meist erst beachtet, wenn über den Ackerboden hinaus Siedlungs- und Verkehrsbereiche betroffen sind. Bodenerosion kann eine schädliche Bodenveränderung begründen, die nach § 4 Bundesbodenschutzgesetz abzuwehren oder zu sanieren ist. Für die Frage, ob eine schädliche Bodenveränderung vorliegt, enthält die Arbeitshilfe Hinweise.
9

Gefahrenabwehr bei Bodenerosion

27 January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Im Freistaat Sachsen tritt jährlich mehr oder weniger ausgeprägt nach lokalen Starkregenereignissen Bodenerosion auf. In der Öffentlichkeit werden die Erosionsschäden meist erst beachtet, wenn über den Ackerboden hinaus Siedlungs- und Verkehrsbereiche betroffen sind. Bodenerosion kann eine schädliche Bodenveränderung begründen, die nach § 4 Bundesbodenschutzgesetz abzuwehren oder zu sanieren ist. Für die Frage, ob eine schädliche Bodenveränderung vorliegt, enthält die Arbeitshilfe Hinweise.
10

Influence des molécules antioxydantes produites par des plantes sur l’évolution physico-chimique et microbiologique de l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien / Influence of antioxidants synthesized by plants on physico-chemical and microbiological evolution of Callovo-Oxfordian clay material

Ubersfeld, Dimitri 13 October 2016 (has links)
Cette étude s’inscrit dans le contexte du stockage profond de déchets radioactifs sur le site de Meuse-Haute Marne (Andra) et plus précisément de l’évolution bio-physico-chimique de roches sédimentaires argileuses (Callovo-Oxfordien, COx), excavées et stockées en surface sous forme de verses. Durant la phase préparatoire et la phase d’exploitation, plusieurs millions de mètres cubes d’argilites seront excavées. L’argilite stockée à l’air libre sera ainsi exposée durant plusieurs décennies aux altérations météoritiques et aux conditions oxydantes de surface et à la colonisation biologique (plantes, bactéries, champignons). L’objectif de la thèse était d’étudier l’impact de molécules antioxydantes et de la végétalisation des verses par des plantes produisant ces molécules, sur les processus d’altération physiques, chimiques ou microbiens de l’argilite du COx. Ce travail visait à (i) identifier des molécules antioxydantes et des plantes d’intérêt (ii) évaluer les effets inhibiteurs des substances antioxydantes sur l’altération des minéraux et la lixiviation des métaux du COx au laboratoire, (iv) tester la cultivabilité des plantes sélectionnées sur les verses, (iii) suivre in situ l’évolution physico-chimique et microbiologique de l’argilite d’une verse plantée ou non. Des expériences de percolation en colonnes avec des molécules antioxydantes « modèles » des Lamiacées (linalol, thymol, carvacrol) ont montré des taux d’altération/lixiviation très variables en fonction de l’élément. Ils étaient très faibles pour l’aluminium (<1‰), compris entre 1-3% pour les autres métaux (Ca, Mg, Fe…) et atteignaient plus de 60% pour le sodium. Avec le thymol à 20 mg/l ont été observés sur 3 mois une diminution des taux de lixiviation du soufre et des éléments métalliques constitutifs des sulfures (Fe, As) et carbonates (Ca, Sr) et une diminution de l’abondance microbienne bactérienne et fongique. Cependant, l’apport d’exsudats racinaires synthétiques dans les colonnes a stimulé le développement microbien et amélioré la disponibilité de l’aluminium et du fer et la séquestration du calcium. Parmi les plantes testées, la lavande et le lavandin ont été sélectionnés. Deux essais successifs de plantations ont été menés in situ sur une verse d’argilite âgée (10 ans) durant un an. Le lavandin s’est mieux développé que la lavande et a été conservé pour la deuxième étude in situ. La comparaison de la partie plantée de la verse avec la partie nue a montré (i) une diminution significative des quantités de calcium, strontium, fer et soufre lixiviées (ii) une réduction importante de la quantité de matériel érodé (de deux ordres de grandeur) sur le talus planté par rapport au non planté (iii) un développement microbien et un taux de mycorhization important des racines. En conclusion, même si les molécules antioxydantes n’inhibent pas significativement l’altération de l’argilite, le lavandin s’est révélé une plante tout à fait pertinente pour la phytostabilisation des verses et la production de molécules antioxydantes in situ a été montrée / This study is a part of the deep disposal site development for radioactive waste in Meuse-Haute Marne (France), most specifically on the bio-physico-chemical conversion of sedimentary clay rocks (Callovo-Oxfordian, COx), excavated and stored on surface in the form of heap. During the experimental and operational phases, several million cubic meters of argillite will be excavated. Argillite stored in the open air will be exposed to meteoritic alterations, oxidizing conditions of surface and colonized biologically (plants, bacteria, fungi). The aim of the thesis is to study the impact of naturally derived antioxidants from revegetation of heap with antioxidant-producing plants on the physical, chemical or microbial weathering processes of argillite. This work was designed to (i) identify suitable naturally derived antioxidants and the plants to produce them (ii) assess the antioxidant inhibitory effects on weathering and leaching COx metals in the laboratory, (iv) field test selected plants on the heap, (iii) follow in situ physicochemical and microbiological evolution of the argillite heap planted with antioxidant producing plants. In the laboratory, percolating model antioxidants of Lamiaceae (linalool, thymol, carvacrol) through a packed column of argillite showed variable water weathering/leaching rate depending on the metal elements present; very low for aluminum (<1 ‰), between 1-3% for other metals (Ca, Mg, Fe ...) and reach more than 60% for sodium. With thymol at 20 mg/l for 3 months, it was found that there are a decrease in sulfur leached amount and the metal elements from the sulfides (Fe, As) and carbonates (Ca, Sr) and inhibition of bacterial and fungal microflora growths. However, intake of artificial root exudates in columns stimulates microbial growth, improves the availability of aluminum, iron and provides sequestration of calcium. Among the tested plants, lavender and lavandin were selected. Two successive plantation tests were carried out in situ on a heap of old argillite (10 years) for one year. The lavandin grew better than lavender and was retained for the second study in situ. The comparison of the planted part of the COx heap with bare COx showed (i) a significant reduction in the quantities of calcium, strontium, iron and sulfur leached (ii) a significant reduction (by two orders of magnitude) to the amount of eroded material on the slope planted compared to unplanted (iii) a significant rate of mycorrhiza roots and microbial growth. In conclusion, although the naturally derived antioxidants did not significantly inhibit the alteration of argillite, the lavandin is an excellent plant for phytostabilisation of heap and for production of antioxidants.

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