Στα κεφάλαια που ακολουθούν, αρχικά πραγματοποιείται μια σύντομη περιγραφή της γεωλογίας του νομού Αχαΐας με παράθεση στοιχείων της σεισμικότητας της ευρύτερης περιοχής καθώς και παράθεση νεοτεκτονικών στοιχείων. Η σπουδαιότητα των στοιχείων αυτών έγκειται στην κατανόηση του ευρύτερου γεωλογικού περιβάλλοντος στο οποίο ανήκουν και οι σχηματισμοί των οποίων οι ιδιότητες διερευνήθηκαν. Ακολουθεί η περιγραφή των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών που εκτελέστηκαν, σύμφωνα με τις προδιαγραφές της ισχύουσας νομοθεσίας αλλά και της διεθνούς πρακτικής. Δίνονται, τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών και παρουσιάζονται τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν, ενώ παρατίθενται και τα πλήρη στοιχεία που αφορούν στην εκτέλεσή τους. / -

Η συγκεκριμένη εργασία συνιστά προϊόν μικροσκοπικής εξέτασης και ανάλυσης 50 δειγμάτων (λεπτές τομές) τα οποία συλλέχθηκαν από χαλαζιτικούς ορίζοντες της Φυλλιτικής-Χαλαζιτικής σειράς της νότιας Πελοποννήσου, περιοχή Ταϋγέτου και Πάρνωνα, των Κυθήρων και τέλος, της κεντρικής και δυτικής Κρήτης. Κύριος σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη των μικροδομών, όπως αυτές προέκυψαν από τη δράση των μηχανισμών παραμόρφωσης στα πετρώματα της ενότητας, καθώς και η ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων της μικροσκοπικής εξέτασης, η οποία αφορά το μέγεθος των κόκκων του χαλαζία (grain size) και κατ' επέκταση την τάση ροής (flow stress). Σε πρώτη φάση γίνεται εκτεταμένη αναφορά, στη χωρική κατανομή (γεωγραφική και κατακόρυφη) της φυλλιτικής-χαλαζιτικής σειράς στον ελλαδικό χώρο, στη μελέτη τεκτονικών κυρίως, αλλά και πετρογραφικών δεδομένων, τα οποία συντελούν στην κατανόηση του τρόπου και των συνθηκών σχηματισμού των πετρωμάτων της ενότητας αυτής. Ακολουθεί εργαστηριακή εξέταση, με τη βοήθεια οπτικού μικροσκοπίου και σχολιασμός των χαρακτηριστικών των δειγμάτων. Τέλος, γίνεται αναφορά στον τρόπο λήψης των μετρήσεων, στην επεξεργασία των δεδομένων με γραφήματα, στη συσχέτιση και ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων. / -

Η παρούσα εργασία πραγματεύεται την τεκτονική ανάλυση δύο μεγασκοπικών επωθήσεων στο βόρειο τμήμα της νήσου Κεφαλονιάς. Για την ανάλυση αυτών πάρθηκαν μετρήσεις με γεωλογική πυξίδα οι οποίες προβλήθηκαν σε στερεογραφικά δίκτυα για εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων. Βάσει των μετρήσεων αυτών κατασκευάστηκαν δύο γεωλογικές τομές εγκάρσια στις επωθήσεις με σκοπό την απεικόνιση της λειτουργίας αυτών. Τονίζεται ότι τα παραπάνω παρουσιάζουν ορθή ερμηνεία μόνο σε συσχέτιση με υπαίθριες παρατηρήσεις. / The present work is a tectonic analysis of two major thrusts in the northern part of Kefalonia island. Measures were taken in the area with a geologic compass and then plotted in Schmidt diagramms. Presented are also two geologic cross sections perpendicular to the two thrusts.

Η γεωλογική εργασία αυτή έχει σκοπό τη χαρτογράφηση του Βορείου τμήματος, της νήσου Άνδρου μέσα από την αναγνώριση δομών. Ακόμη μέσα από την αναγνώριση των φάσεων παραμόρφωσης, αναλύονται τα εξελικτικά στάδια αυτής. Τέλος χρησιμοποιήθηκε το stereo 32 για την απεικόνιση δικτύων, όπου μέσα από αυτά οδηγηθήκαμε σε συμπεράσματα όσον αφορά τις διευθύνσεις στρωμάτων. / This geological paper has aim the mapping of Northern department,of the island Andros through the recognition of structures. Besides through the recognition of phases of deformity, are analyzed the evolutionary stages of the derfomity. Finally it was used stereo 32 for the depiction of networks, where through them we were led to conclusions with regard to the addresses of layers.

The Kyrenia Range forms part of an approximately east-west lineament extending from northern Cyprus to southern Turkey. During Plio-Pleistocene the northern Cyprus segment of the lineament uplifted to ca. 1000 m above modern sea level. Plio- Pleistocene sediments document the uplift of the Kyrenia Range. A combination of sedimentology and a range of dating techniques including uranium series, optical stimulated luminescence (OSL), strontium isotopes and magnetostratigraphy are used to help understand the geological processes controlling uplift. Shallowing from a deepmarine basin to a shallow-marine, cool-water carbonate ramp represents the earliest uplift of the Kyrenia Range. The base of the carbonate ramp is made up of thick-bedded, benthic foraminiferal-rich grainstones, which are discontinuously overlain by calcareous red algal-rich rudstones. Erosively overlying this sequence is a coral- and molluscrich conglomerate, representing a short-lived relative sea-level fall. The upper part of the carbonate ramp sequence is composed of cross-bedded grainstone representing a shoreface environment. Interbedded with the upper grainstone facies are occasional fluvial conglomerates. The shallowing-upward marine environment represents the earliest emergence of the Kyrenia Range. After a major break in deposition, six marine and non-marine terraces (K0 to K5) reflect the sedimentary response to the main phase of tectonic uplift of the Kyrenia Range. The K0 terrace, the oldest and highest terrace, is composed of megabreccia and is interpreted as representing a major phase of rapid tectonic uplift. The K2-K5 terraces form a series marine to non-marine terraces on the northern flank of the range and also non-marine terraces on the southern flank of the range. The terraces on the northern flank each begin with a major marine transgression followed by a regressive sedimentary sequence. Marine environments range from nearshore open-marine below the storm-wave base, to shoreface, foreshore (beachrock), and backshore lagoonal environments. The non-marine environments range from aeolian dune to fluvial drainage systems. The fluvial systems are characterised by channelised debris-flow deposits interbedded with mudstones and palaeosols. The non-marine deposits on the southern flank of the range comprise a series of fluvial drainage systems. The fluvial systems on the southern flank of the range comprise a mixture of planar-bedded and channelised conglomerates, mudstones and aeolianites. Portable luminescence data are used to correlate quantitatively the K4 and K5 terraces on both the northern and southern flanks of the range. Each of the K4 and K5 terraces produce a unique luminescence signal, which is used as the basis for correlating the lower terraces. The unique luminescence signals of the K4 and K5 terraces are likely to be caused by varying sedimentary histories of the quartz and feldspar grains within the two terraces. The shallow-marine environments surrounding the Kyrenia Range prior to major uplift were dated using strontium isotopes and palaeomagnetism. The results of this dating suggest that marine environments persisted throughout the Early Pleistocene. U-series and OSL dating were used to date the K4 and K5 terraces on the northern flank of the range. The U-series results indicate that the marine deposits of the K4 terrace formed during several Middle Pleistocene interglacial stages. The OSL dating shows that the aeolian dunes of the K5 terrace formed during a Late Pleistocene glacial stage. The formation of the K2-K5 terraces was controlled by the interaction between tectonic uplift, climatic change and global eustatic sea-level change. The basal marine deposit of each terrace formed during an interglacial stage. Major fluvial deposition also occurs during the interglacial period as a result of a wetter climate. The inter-glacialglacial transition resulted in major fluvial erosion as a result of falling global sea-level. Aeolian carbonate deposition was dominant during the glacial stage, which represent arid climatic conditions. The only exception to this is the K4 terrace, which represents three glacial stages. The K1-K3 terraces can be correlated with the global sea-level curve suggesting approximate ages for each terrace, and ca. 600 ka for the entire K1- K5 terrace sequence. The Kyrenia Range underwent rapid uplift during the late Early Pleistocene at >1.2 mm/yr, followed by continuous but slower uplift during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. These results indicate that the uplift occurred in tandem with the Troodos Massif in southern Cyprus. The driving mechanism of the uplift of the Kyrenia Range is likely to be related to the collision of the Eratosthenes Seamount with the Cyprus trench to the south of the island. The seamount-trench collision resulted in compressional tectonics around Cyprus within the large-scale tectonic setting resulting from the early stages of convergence of the African and Eurasian plates.

Quaternary landform features and their associated sedimentary assemblages (river terraces and alluvial fans) often provide important records of long-term landscape evolution. The reconstruction of global terrace sequences has enabled the identification of numerous external and internal forcing mechanisms which operate within the Quaternary landscape system. The relative effects of these forcing mechanisms are highly variable over a range of spatial and temporal scales. In this research, a combined study approach is adopted in order to ascertain the significance of external (e.g. tectonics, climate) and/or internal (e.g. lithological thresholds) forcing mechanisms upon patterns of Quaternary landscape development within the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain. The results of extensive field investigation have developed a four-tiered landform stratigraphy (i.e. basin wide terrace levels) for the Tabernas Basin. Chronological constraints for the Quaternary stratigraphy were obtained from Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating. Age estimations develop a pattern of climatically driven terrace aggradations during glacial phases throughout the Middle to Late Pleistocene. This pattern fits well with regional models of enhanced terrace formation during glacial phases after the Middle Pleistocene. The Quaternary stratigraphy of the Tabernas Basin was investigated by methods of geospatial interpolation and numerical modelling. The results of conceptual and quantitative modelling approaches highlight the dominance of non-uniform rates of base-level change driven by variable rates of tectonic uplift throughout the Mid-Late Pleistocene. Enhanced uplift in the west of the basin associates well with regional patterns, with tectonically driven base-level changes focused in the eastern Alpujarran Corridor. Internal landscape thresholds were important in the Holocene development of the Tabernas basin. Increased rates of incision in the final stages of basin development were likely attributed to the effects of lithological controls coupled with anthropogenic activity in the basin catchment.

Le style et la distribution de la déformation dans les chaînes d’avant-pays peuvent varier le long de la chaîne et entre l’avant- et l’arrière-pays en raison de facteurs tels que l’héritage tectonique, la stratigraphie du bassin ou l’intensité des processus de surface. Dans cette thèse, nous avons dans un premier temps étudié la dynamique structurale d’une chaîne se propageant vers un domaine sédimentaire présentant des séquences lithologiques contrastées. Nous avons notamment analysé l’évolution tectonique de deux séries de modèles analogiques où un niveau de décollement visqueux de largeur variable a été introduit en position de décollement basal ou interstratifié. Dans les deux cas, les résultats mettent en évidence des interactions structurales et cinématiques entre les provinces pourvues et dépourvues du niveau de décollement visqueux. Ces interactions concernent notamment la séquence de propagation de la déformation et le style structural de la chaine, tant en surface qu’en profondeur. Ces résultats sont comparés à des exemples naturels tels que les chaînes de Kuqa (Chine) ou les Salt Range (Pakistan). Nous avons dans un second temps étudié l’impact des processus de surface sur le partitionnement amont-aval de la déformation au travers de l’exemple du chevauchement de Chazuta dans le bassin de Huallaga (Pérou). Les résultats expérimentaux indiquent que le déplacement exceptionnel accommodé par ce chevauchement et la forte épaisseur d’évaporites allochtone qu’il transporte dépendent de 1) une sédimentation syntectonique en biseau, 2) la présence d’un synclinal à l’arrière du chevauchement poussant les évaporites vers l’avant et 3) l’érosion du front de déformation. / In foreland thrust-belts, deformation may vary across- and along-strike because of tectonic inheritance, basin stratigraphy or surface process intensity. In this study, we first investigated the dynamic of a thrust-belt that propagates toward a foreland that comprises contrasted lithological sequences. We notably investigated the tectonic evolution of two sets of analogue models where a viscous level of varying width were introduced as a basal or an interbedded décollement. In both cases, results indicate that there are structural and kinematic interactions between adjacent provinces either having or not the viscous décollement. These interactions depend on the width of the viscous décollement province and concern both the sequence of deformation and structural style of the belt, at both shallow and deeper levels. Our results are compared to natural examples, such as the Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt in China and the Salt Ranges in Pakistan. Finally, we investigated the impact of surface processes on across-strike partitioning of deformation inspire by the example of the Chazuta Thrust in the Huallaga basin (Peru). Experimental results indicate that the exceptionally large displacement accommodated by this thrust and the thick evaporitic series transported in an allochtonous position depend on 1) a wedge-shaped syntectonic sedimentation, 2) the presence of a syncline at the rear of the thrust that pushes the evaporites toward the foreland, and 3) erosion of the deformation front.

The North Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB) comprises sediments of late Eocene to middle Miocene age. The earliest deposits are the North Helvetic Flysch which are exposed in the regions of Glarus and Graubunden, eastern Switzerland. The Taveyannaz sandstones are the first thrust wedge (southerly) derived sediments of the North Helvetic Flysch. The Taveyannaz basin was divided into two sub-basins by a thrust ramp palaeohigh running ENE/WSW (parallel to the thrust front). Palaeocurrent directions were trench parallel towards the ENE. Sedimentation in the Inner basin (140m thick) is characterised by very thick bedded turbidite sands generated by thrust induced seismic events confined within the thrust-top basin. The Outer basin (240m min. thickness) comprises 10-15 sand packages (5-100m thick) formed by turbidite sands which are commonly amalgamated. Sedimentation in the Outer basin is considered to have been controlled by thrust-induced relative sea-level variations. The Inner basin underwent intense deformation at the sediment/water interface prior to the emplacement of a mud sheet over the basin whilst the sediments were partially lithified. Later tectonic deformation involved fold and thrust structures detaching in the underlying Globigerina marls. The stratigraphy of the NAFB can be considered as two shallowing upward megasequences separated by the base Burdigalian unconformity. This stratigraphy can be simulated by computer by simplifying the foreland basin/thrust wedge system into 4 parameters: 1) the effective elastic thickness of the foreland plate, 2) a transport coefficient to describe the erosion, transport and deposition of sediment, 3) the surface slope angle of the thrust wedge, 4) the thrust wedge advance rate. The Alpine thrust wedge underwent thickening during the underplating of the External Massifs at about 24-18Ma. This event is simulated numerically by slowing the thrust wedge advance rate, and increasing the slope angle and keeping all other parameters constant. This event causes rejuvenation of the forebulge, and erosion of the underlying stratigraphy, so simulating the base Burdigalian unconformity without recourse to eustasy or anelastic rheologies to the foreland plate.

In central Anatolia, Turkey, a strand of the former northern Neotethys Ocean subducted northwards under the Eurasian (Pontide) active margin during Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic time. Subduction and regional plate convergence were associated with the generation and emplacement of accretionary complexes and supra-subduction zone-type ophiolites onto former passive margins of microcontinents. The resultant suture zones contain Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene basins (“The Central Anatolian Basins”) including: 1) the Kırıkkale Basin; 2) the Çankırı Basin, 3) the Tuz Gölü Basin and; 4) the Haymana - Polatlı Basin. Using stratigraphic logging, igneous geochemistry, micropalaeontology and provenance studies, this study tests two end-member models of basin evolution. In model one, the basins developed on obducted ophiolitic nappes following closure of a single northern Neotethys Ocean during the latest Cretaceous. In model two, northern Neotethys comprised two oceanic strands, the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean to the north and the Inner Tauride Ocean to the south, separated by the Niğde-Kırşehir microcontinent, which was rifted from the Gondwana continent to the south. In this scenario, the basins developed as accretionary-type basins, associated with north-dipping subduction which persisted until the Middle Eocene when continental collision occurred. Where exposed, the basements of the Central Anatolian Basins comprise the Ankara Mélange, a mainly Upper Cretaceous subduction-accretion complex and the western/northern margin of the Niğde-Kırşehir microcontinent. New geochemical data from the composite basement of the Kırıkkale Basin identify mid ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), here interpreted to represent relict Upper Cretaceous Neotethyan oceanic crust. During the latest Cretaceous, the Kırıkkale and Tuz Gölü Basins initiated in deep water above relict MORB crust and ophiolitic mélange, bordered by the Niğde-Kırşehir microcontinent to the east where marginal facies accumulated. Further west, the Haymana-Polatlı Basin represents an accretionary-type basin constructed on the Ankara Mélange. To the north, the Çankırı Basin developed on accretionary mélange, bounded by the Pontide active margin to the north. Palaeocene sedimentation was dominated by marginal coralgal reef facies and siliciclastic turbidites. Latest Palaeocene–middle Eocene facies include shelf-type Nummulitid limestone, shallow-marine deltaic pebbly sandstones and siliciclastic turbidites. This thesis proposes a new model in which two north-dipping subduction zones were active during the late Mesozoic within northern Neotethys. In the south, ophiolites formed above a subduction zone consuming the Inner Tauride Ocean until the southward retreating trench collided with the northern margin of the Tauride continent emplacing ophiolites and mélange. In the north, subduction initiated outboard of the Eurasian margin triggering the genesis of supra-subduction zone ophiolites; the subduction zone rolled back southwards until it collided with the Niğde-Kırşehir microcontinent, again emplacing ophiolites during latest Cretaceous time. Neotethyan MORB still remained to the west of the Niğde-Kırşehir microcontinent forming the basement of the Kırıkkale and Tuz Gölü Basins. Latest Palaeocene–middle Eocene regional convergence culminated in crustal thickening, folding, uplift and strike-slip faulting which represent final continental collision and the geotectonic assembly of central Anatolia.

Οι επαναλαμβανόμενες σεισμικές δονήσεις στη περιοχή, και ειδικότερα μετά τους σεισμούς στις 10/10/2001 (3,9 βαθμοί της κλίμακας Ρίχτερ) και στις 23/11/2011 (3,3 βαθμοί της κλίμακας Ρίχτερ), οι οποίοι προκάλεσαν εμφανείς ζημίες και οδήγησαν στο να κριθούν κτίρια της περιοχής ακατοίκητα, έγειραν το γεωλογικό ενδιαφέρον. Πιο συγκεκριμένα στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η χρήση μορφομετρικών δεικτών για τον υπολογισμό της ενεργότητας του ρήγματος. / Application of morphotectonic criteria for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the tectonic activity on the mountain range front segment, which is formed north – east of Arfara town, located in Messinia, southern – western part of Peloponnese.