Osteossarcoma (OS) é uma neoplasia que acomete principalmente as metáfises de ossos longos, sendo o tumor ósseo pediátrico mais comum. O tratamento consiste em ressecção cirúrgica, tratamento quimioterápico multimodal neo-adjuvante e adjuvante. No entanto, apesar dos tratamentos, cerca de 80% dos pacientes que apresentam metástase tem uma sobrevida curta. Deste modo, torna-se necessário um melhor entendimento do processo metastático, assim como da busca por novos alvos terapêuticos. Uma das principais vias relacionada à invasão e migração das células neoplásicas é a das GTPases Rho, cujas principais moléculas efetoras são as quinases ROCK1 e 2, responsáveis por mediar a migração através do controle do citoesqueleto. Tais quinases têm sido relatadas hiperexpressas em diversas neoplasias e associadas ao pior prognóstico. Recentemente, pesquisas também têm apontado a desregulação de miRNAs na tumorigênese, sendo que a hipoexpressão de alguns microRNAs estão relacionados à hiperexpressão das ROCKs e, portanto, envolvidos no processo metastático. No presente trabalho, estudou-se a expressão tanto das ROCKs quanto de miRNAs associados a elas em amostras tumorais de OS por meio de PCR em tempo real. Encontramos uma hipoexpressão de ROCK1 nas amostras OS quando comparadas ao osso não neoplásico controle, enquanto que ROCK2 não apresentou diferença. O miR-138 foi encontrado hiperexpresso e obteve correlação com ROCK2, além de associação com a sobrevida. Os miR-139 e miR-708 demonstraram-se hipoexpressos nas amostras tumorais. Já os miR-196b e miR-584 não apresentaram diferenças. Após as análises de expressão, optou-se pelo estudo do miR-708 em linhagens de OS, desta forma, sua expressão foi induzida em três linhagens celulares, através de um vetor lentiviral, e foram realizados ensaios funcionais com o objetivo de estabelecer o papel deste miRNA. Não foi observada diferença nas taxas de proliferação ou capacidade clonogênica quando a expressão do miR-708 foi indizida. No ensaio de migração wound healing o miR-708 reduziu a migração da linhagem SAOS-2, enquanto que no ensaio de invasão induziu a invasão da linhagem MG-63 em matrigel, mas reduziu esse potencial nas linhagens HOS e SAOS-2 na matriz de gelatina. Uma análise in silico dos alvos deste miRNA apontou sua associação às vias WNT, MAPK e de Junções Aderentes. Desta forma, sugere-se que o miR-708 pode estar envolvido no controle processos que levam ao desenvolvimento de metástase, principalmente na interação com a matriz extracelular. / Osteosarcoma (OS) is a neoplasia that mainly occurs at the metaphyses of long bones, being the most common pediatric bone tumor. The treatment is based on surgical resection and the multimodal chemoterapy adjuvant and neoadjuvant. However, despite the treatment, around 80% of patients who evolve to metastais present a poor survival. Therefore, understanding the metastatic process is essencial, as well as the search for new therapy targets. The mainly pathway related to invasion and migration in neoplasic cells is regulated by the Rho GTPases, and their main effectors are the kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2, which are responsible for cytoskeleton control. The hyperexpression of these kinases has been described in different cancers and it has been associated to poor prognostic. In parallel, several studies have extensively demonstrated miRNA deregulation in tumorigenesis, and the hipoexpression of some miRNA are related to ROCK upregulation, consequently, involved with metastasis. Herein, we studied the expression profiles of ROCK1 and 2 and associated miRNAs in OS tumor samples by means of qRT-PCR. We found downregulation of ROCK1 in OS samples when compared to normal bone (control), while ROCK2 did not show differences. MiR-138 showed hiperexpression and was correlated with ROCK2, and an association with survival rates. MiR-139 and miR-708 were found downregulated in tumor samples, though miR- 196b and miR-584 did not show differences in expression. Afterwards, miR-708 expression was induced in three OS cell lines, aiming establish miR-708 role. Proliferation and clonogenic essays did not present any effects when miR-708 was induced. In the wound healing essay, miR-708 reduced the migration of SAOS-2 cells, and in invasion essay, miR-708 induced invasion of MG-63 cells in a matrigel matrix, while reduced the invasive potential of HOS and SAOS-2 cell lines in a gelatin matrix. An in silico analysis of miR-708 targets highlighted its association with WNT, MAPK and Adherent Junction pathways. Therefore, we suggest that miR-708 can be involved in process that leads to metastasis, mainly related to extracellular matrix interation.

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No entanto, este é o primeiro estudo citogenético -molecular e clínico com as duas síndromes presentes em uma mesma família. No presente estudo existe onze afetados vivos com a monossomia ou trissomia parcial 5p. decorrente de uma translocação equilibrada t(5;15)(p13;p12) parental. Objetivos: Este trabalho teve como objetivos: realizar a identificação citogenética e clínica dos casos com monossomia e trissomia 5p na família e dos indivíduos portadores da translocação na forma equilibrada; produzir subsídios para o aconselhamento genético da família; avaliar as variações fenotípicas intra-familial e a correlação genótipo-fenótipo na monossomia 5p e trissomia 5p e determinar o ponto de quebra envolvido na translocação; . Casuística e métodos: Quatro gerações de uma família. A avaliação citogenética foi realizada por culturas de linfócitos e posterior bandamento G TG e NOR. A técnica de Hibridação in situ por fluorescência (FISH) utilizando clones de BACs foi utilizada para a determinação do ponto de quebra em 5p. Resultados: Foram identificados seis indivíduos com a monossomia parcial 5p e cinco com a trissomia parc ial 5p, apresentando cariótipos: 46,XX ou XY,der(5)t(5;15)(p13;p12) e cariótipo 46,XX ou XY,der(15)t(5;15)(p13;p12), respectivamente , além de sete portadores da translocação equilibrada, seis deles com filhos afetados. Após a utilização de 12 clones de BACs o ponto de quebra foi mapeado na região correspondente ao BAC RP11 -1079N14 em 5p13.3, resultando em deleção ou duplicação de cerca de 32 Mb nos pacientes em questão. A avaliação clínica intrafamilial dos portadores da monossomia 5p demonstrou que estes pacientes apresentam a maioria das características descritas na síndrome de cri-du-chat, enquanto que nos pacientes com a trissomia 5p existe uma maior heterogeneidade clínica, comparado aos casos da literatura, decorrente da região em triplicata presente na família estudada. Conclusões: O estudo identificou os indivíduos com monossomia ou trissomia 5p e os possíveis portadores da translocação na forma equilibrada possibilitando o aconselhamento genético da família. Por haver vários indivíduos afetados e, por ter sido identificado o ponto de quebra, foi possível uma melhor caracterização clínica das duas síndromes e uma maior correlação do segmento cromossômico em desequilíbrio com as alterações fenotípicas. / Introduction: Partial monosomy 5p (Cri du Chat syndrome) and partial trisomy 5p are clinically well characterized syndromes, with several cases described in the literature. This, however, is the first molecular-cytogenetic and clinical study with both syndromes present in the same family. We describe eleven alive affected individuals with partial 5p monosomy or trisomy resulting from a parental balanced translocation t(5;15)(p13;p12). Objectives: The objectives of this work were to identify cytogenetically and clinically the 5p monosomy and trisomy cases and the carriers of the balanced translocation in the family, to determine molecularly the breakpoint involved in the translocation, to evaluate the intrafamilial phenotypic variations, to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation in 5p monosomy and trisomy, and to provide genetic counseling to the family. Casuistic and methods: Four generations of a family were studied. Cytogenetic evaluation was performed on G- and NOR-banded cultured lymphocytes. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) probes was used to determine the breakpoint on 5p. Results: Six individuals with partial 5p monosomy and five with partial 5p trisomy were identified, presenting the karyotypes 46,XX or XY,der(5)t(5;15)(p13;p12) and 46,XX or XY,der(15)t(5;15)(p13;p12), respectively. Seven carriers of the balanced translocation were identified, six of them with affected children. After using 12 BAC probes, the breakpoint was mapped to the region corresponding to BAC RP11-1079N14, at 5p13.3, resulting in a deletion or duplication of about 32 Mb in the studied patients. The intrafamilial clinical evaluation of the patients with 5p monosomy showed that they presented most of the characteristics described in the cat eye syndrome, whereas the patients with 5p trisomy displayed a greater clinical variability, compared to the cases from the literature. Conclusions: The study identified the individuals with 5p monosomy and trisomy and the carriers of the balanced translocation, thus enabling to provide genetic counseling to the family. The determination of the breakpoint and of the unbalanced chromosome segment made it possible to establish a more precise karyotype-phenotype correlation and to better characterize the partial 5p monosomy and trisomy syndromes. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Osteossarcoma (OS) é uma neoplasia que acomete principalmente as metáfises de ossos longos, sendo o tumor ósseo pediátrico mais comum. O tratamento consiste em ressecção cirúrgica, tratamento quimioterápico multimodal neo-adjuvante e adjuvante. No entanto, apesar dos tratamentos, cerca de 80% dos pacientes que apresentam metástase tem uma sobrevida curta. Deste modo, torna-se necessário um melhor entendimento do processo metastático, assim como da busca por novos alvos terapêuticos. Uma das principais vias relacionada à invasão e migração das células neoplásicas é a das GTPases Rho, cujas principais moléculas efetoras são as quinases ROCK1 e 2, responsáveis por mediar a migração através do controle do citoesqueleto. Tais quinases têm sido relatadas hiperexpressas em diversas neoplasias e associadas ao pior prognóstico. Recentemente, pesquisas também têm apontado a desregulação de miRNAs na tumorigênese, sendo que a hipoexpressão de alguns microRNAs estão relacionados à hiperexpressão das ROCKs e, portanto, envolvidos no processo metastático. No presente trabalho, estudou-se a expressão tanto das ROCKs quanto de miRNAs associados a elas em amostras tumorais de OS por meio de PCR em tempo real. Encontramos uma hipoexpressão de ROCK1 nas amostras OS quando comparadas ao osso não neoplásico controle, enquanto que ROCK2 não apresentou diferença. O miR-138 foi encontrado hiperexpresso e obteve correlação com ROCK2, além de associação com a sobrevida. Os miR-139 e miR-708 demonstraram-se hipoexpressos nas amostras tumorais. Já os miR-196b e miR-584 não apresentaram diferenças. Após as análises de expressão, optou-se pelo estudo do miR-708 em linhagens de OS, desta forma, sua expressão foi induzida em três linhagens celulares, através de um vetor lentiviral, e foram realizados ensaios funcionais com o objetivo de estabelecer o papel deste miRNA. Não foi observada diferença nas taxas de proliferação ou capacidade clonogênica quando a expressão do miR-708 foi indizida. No ensaio de migração wound healing o miR-708 reduziu a migração da linhagem SAOS-2, enquanto que no ensaio de invasão induziu a invasão da linhagem MG-63 em matrigel, mas reduziu esse potencial nas linhagens HOS e SAOS-2 na matriz de gelatina. Uma análise in silico dos alvos deste miRNA apontou sua associação às vias WNT, MAPK e de Junções Aderentes. Desta forma, sugere-se que o miR-708 pode estar envolvido no controle processos que levam ao desenvolvimento de metástase, principalmente na interação com a matriz extracelular. / Osteosarcoma (OS) is a neoplasia that mainly occurs at the metaphyses of long bones, being the most common pediatric bone tumor. The treatment is based on surgical resection and the multimodal chemoterapy adjuvant and neoadjuvant. However, despite the treatment, around 80% of patients who evolve to metastais present a poor survival. Therefore, understanding the metastatic process is essencial, as well as the search for new therapy targets. The mainly pathway related to invasion and migration in neoplasic cells is regulated by the Rho GTPases, and their main effectors are the kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2, which are responsible for cytoskeleton control. The hyperexpression of these kinases has been described in different cancers and it has been associated to poor prognostic. In parallel, several studies have extensively demonstrated miRNA deregulation in tumorigenesis, and the hipoexpression of some miRNA are related to ROCK upregulation, consequently, involved with metastasis. Herein, we studied the expression profiles of ROCK1 and 2 and associated miRNAs in OS tumor samples by means of qRT-PCR. We found downregulation of ROCK1 in OS samples when compared to normal bone (control), while ROCK2 did not show differences. MiR-138 showed hiperexpression and was correlated with ROCK2, and an association with survival rates. MiR-139 and miR-708 were found downregulated in tumor samples, though miR- 196b and miR-584 did not show differences in expression. Afterwards, miR-708 expression was induced in three OS cell lines, aiming establish miR-708 role. Proliferation and clonogenic essays did not present any effects when miR-708 was induced. In the wound healing essay, miR-708 reduced the migration of SAOS-2 cells, and in invasion essay, miR-708 induced invasion of MG-63 cells in a matrigel matrix, while reduced the invasive potential of HOS and SAOS-2 cell lines in a gelatin matrix. An in silico analysis of miR-708 targets highlighted its association with WNT, MAPK and Adherent Junction pathways. Therefore, we suggest that miR-708 can be involved in process that leads to metastasis, mainly related to extracellular matrix interation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is involved in the maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ levels. The SOCE involves Stromal Interaction Molecule 1 (STIM1), distributed throughout the ER, and Orai1 channels, dispersed on the plasma membrane. SOCE is activated by the depletion of ER Ca2+ causing STIM1 to induce ER expansion and recruits Orai1 channels thus replenishing ER Ca2+. We reported downregulation of STIM1 in human islets from donors with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in INS-1 β-cells treated with cytokines, and loss of STIM1 expression impairs β-cell SOCE, ER stress, and reduced insulin secretion. However, the regulatory mechanisms of STIM1 downregulation are unknown. To test this, actinomycin D and cycloheximide chase assay was performed to define whether IL-1β treatment impacted STIM1 mRNA or protein half-life. IL-1β had no impact on mRNA or protein decay. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs can regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by binding to complementary regions in the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting mRNA stability and translatability. The objective of this study was to establish miRNA regulation of STIM1 expression and altered SOCE. To identify potential miRNA candidates, RNA sequencing was done in human islets, treated with IL-1β and IFN-γ for 24 hrs. A total of 20 miRNAs were differentially expressed using a FC value of ≥ 1.5 and a p value of < 0.05. Of these, two miRNAs (miR-146a-5p and miR-4640-5p) were predicted by TargetScan to bind the 3’UTR of STIM1.To validate these findings, INS-1 β-cells, and human islets were treated with or without IL-1β. Only miR-146a-5p was upregulated in both systems. Consistent with inverse correlation, INS-1 β-cells transfected with miR-146a-5p mimic showed reduced STIM1 expression. To test whether miR-146a-5p inhibition preserves STIM1 expression, INS1 cells were treated with miR-146a-5p inhibitor along with IL-1β and inhibition of miR-146a-5p led to partial preservation of STIM1 expression. Future studies will test the effect of miR-146a-5p mimics and inhibitors on SOCE. The results indicate that the stress induced by IL-1β leads to induction of miR-146a-5p, which may then target STIM1 mRNA. Such studies could enable broader implementation of miRNA in βcell dysfunction.

CRPS ist eine anhaltende Schmerzerkrankung, die nach Verletzungen auftritt und mit einer variierenden Kombination von Symptomen aus den Bereichen Sensorik, Vasomotorik, Sudomotorik/Ödemen und Motorik verbunden ist. Die Physiologie des Krankheitsbildes ist nicht abschließend geklärt, allerdings wird eine komplexe Interaktion mehrerer Pathomechanismen als Ursache angenommen. Deshalb stellt das CRPS sowohl eine diagnostische als auch eine therapeutische Herausforderung dar. miRNAs sind kurze, einsträngige und nicht-codierende RNAs, die durch Inhibierung der Translation und Degradierung von mRNAs an der posttranskriptionellen Regulation der Genexpression beteiligt sind. Sie werden auch von den Zellen durch Exosomen, Mikrovesikel, Lipoproteine und Apoptose freigesetzt, sodass sie in unterschiedlichen Körperflüssigkeiten nachgewiesen werden können. Bei vielen Erkrankungen kann eine Dysregulation der miRNA-Expression festgestellt werden, weshalb großes Interesse daran besteht, sie als Biomarker oder für therapeutische Ansätze nutzbar zu machen. Die miRNAs miR-183, -21, -29b, -144, - 223 wurden bereits im Zusammenhang mit entzündlichen und neuropathischen Prozessen und der Dysruption von Immunobarrieren beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht, ob bei der Expression dieser miRNAs im Blut von CRPS-Patienten, Patienten mit einem komplikationslosen posttraumatischen Heilungsverlauf und von Kontrollen ohne ein vorangegangenes Trauma Unterschiede bestehen. Die Messungen erfolgten im Plasma, in Leukozyten und Exosomen, um dadurch auch die Regulation in den einzelnen Blutkomponenten vergleichen zu können. Tatsächlich fanden sich unterschiedliche miRNA-Expressionsprofile bei den verschiedenen Biomaterialien. Außerdem konnte bei einzelnen miRNAs ein Einfluss von Alter und Geschlecht auf die Expression nachgewiesen werden. Diese Beeinflussung war darüber hinaus auch abhängig vom untersuchten Biomaterial und vor allem bei den Exosomen besonders ausgeprägt. In den Exosomen ergab sich eine signifikante Hochregulation von miR-223-5p bei den FK im Vergleich mit den CRPS-Patienten. Bei der Zusammenfassung der Daten von CRPS und FK fand sich außerdem eine negative Korrelation zwischen der miR-223-5p-Expression und dem CSS, sodass ein erhöhtes Expressionsniveau mit einer milderen Krankheitsausbildung verbunden war. Hinsichtlich der traumanaiven Kontrollen war das Expressionsniveau der CRPS-Patienten hingegen unverändert. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass beim CRPS im Vergleich mit einem regelrechten Heilungsverlauf eine insuffiziente beziehungsweise ausbleibende posttraumatische Anpassung des miRNA-Spektrums vorliegt. Diese posttraumatische Regulation stellt eventuell eine wichtige Voraussetzung für den Ablauf eines komplikationslosen Heilungsprozesses dar. Für miR-223-5p wurde bereits mehrfach eine antiinflammatorische Wirkung durch die Regulation von proinflammatorischen Rezeptoren und die Beeinflussung der Differenzierung von Makrophagen beschrieben. Eine verminderte Expression könnte somit zu einer Disposition für überschießende Entzündungsreaktionen führen und dadurch zur Entwicklung von CRPS beitragen. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf die Beteiligung zirkulierender und vor allem exosomaler miRNAs bei der Pathophysiologie des CRPS hin. Zur weiterführenden Abklärung der pathophysiologischen Relevanz von miR-223-5p sind jedoch zusätzliche Untersuchungen erforderlich. Dabei bleibt es zu prüfen, ob eine verminderte miR-223-5p-Expression mit verstärkten Entzündungsmarkern und einer verstärkten proinflammatorischen Differenzierung von Makrophagen verbunden ist. Eine Abklärung der Herkunft der Exosomen könnte dabei helfen, zwischen einer lokalen und einer systemischen Reaktion zu unterscheiden. Die Beantwortung dieser Fragen könnte zu einem besseren Verständnis beitragen, warum manche Patienten nach einem Extremitätentrauma ein CRPS entwickeln und keinen normalen Heilungsverlauf erfahren. / CRPS is a lasting pain condition, which appears after an injury and manifests as a varying combination of sensoric, vasomotoric, sudomotoric/edema and motoric symptoms. The physiology of CRPS is not fully understood since there is a complex interaction of several possible underlying pathomechanisms. Therefore, CRPS presents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic challenge. miRNAs are short, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs, which are involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by inhibiting the trans- lation and causing the degradation of mRNA. They can be exported by the cells using exosomes, microvesicels, lipoproteins und apoptosis. Extracellular miRNAs can be found in several in different body fluids. Dysregulation of miRNA-expression has been found in several diseases, causing in an interest to utilize them as biomarkers or for therapeutic applications. The miRNAs miR-183, -21, -29b, -144 and -223 have been described in inflammatory und neuropathic processes as well as disruption of immunobarriers. This work investigated, if there is a difference in the expression of these miRNAs in the blood of CRPS patients, patients with a normal posttraumatic recovery und controls without trauma. miRNAs were measured in plasma, leukocytes and exosomes to additionally compare these blood components ...

Neurodegenerative diseases are a diverse group of progressive diseases that include Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and prion disease. Although these diseases differ in etiology, they share a number of similarities at the molecular level. For instance, microRNA (miRNA), small RNA molecules that post-translationally regulate gene expression, are often differentially regulated during disease. A previous study identified key miRNA that are dysregulated during prion disease in the hippocampus. Of these miRNA, miR-16-5p is of particular interest, as it has also been found to be dysregulated in AD. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the role of miR-16-5p within hippocampal neurons in order to understand its function during neurodegeneration. It is hypothesized that hippocampal miR-16-5p, given its induction in hippocampal neurons during preclinical disease, plays a role in regulating the dendritic remodeling and synaptic pruning that is the earliest pathological feature of neuronal degeneration in prion disease. To address this hypothesis, primary hippocampal neurons were dissected from embryonic day 18 mice and treated with a lentiviral vector at maturity. This vector either encoded miR-16 or miRZIP-16, causing overexpression or knockdown of miR-16, respectively. Immunoprecipitation of the miRNA-16 enriched RISC complex was then performed, and the co-immunoprecipitated target mRNA was subjected to a whole genome microarray. Analysis of microarray data in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis pinpointed 181 genes involved in neuronal morphology and neurological disease targeted by miR-16. In particular, the MAPK/ERK pathway was targeted at TrkB, MEK1 and c-Raf. This is of interest, as we know that this pathway is disrupted in other neurodegenerative diseases and is directly implicated in neuronal morphology. Subsequent morphological analysis revealed that overexpression of miR-16 in neuronal cells decreased neurite length and branching, consistent with the downregulation of components of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In conclusion, miR-16 targets many mRNA transcripts within the hippocampus that are important members of pathways involved in neuronal development and neurodegeneration, including the MAPK/ERK pathway. / February 2017

Avaliamos o efeito da RCIU induzida por glicocorticoides sobre a regulação da expressão de miRNAs no fígado de ratos albinos. Animais expostos intrauterinamente à dexametasona apresentaram menor peso ao nascer, fígados relativamente menores dos que os observados em animais controle e menores concentrações hepáticas de PCNA. Em longo prazo, os animais DEX desenvolveram distúrbios metabólicos caracterizados por intolerância à glicose e maior potencial gliconeogênico no desmame e na vida adulta. Ao avaliarmos o perfil de miRNAs no fígado, detectamos aumento da expressão de todo o cluster do miR-322 no período perinatal, com menor conteúdo de alvos preditos desses transcritos (AKT3, CCND1 e INSR). A superexposição ao miR-322-5P reduz a taxa de proliferação em linhagens celulares de hepatocarcinoma e a expressão dos alvos observados no fígado dos animais estudados. Propomos um link entre a expressão aberrante do miR-322-5P e a reduzida taxa de proliferação detectada no tecido hepático em desenvolvimento, contribuindo para o estabelecimento do fenótipo em longo prazo. / We evaluated the effects of glucocorticoid induced IUGR on the expression of miRNA on Wistar rat livers. Dexamethasone (DEX) treated animals were lighter and had smaller liver weight:body weight ratio when compared to control animals. Furthermore, liver PCNA expression was downregulated, sugesting a reduction on cell proliferation rate. In the long term, DEX animals developed metabolic disturbances such as glucose intolerance e increased gluconeogenesis rate in a fast state. The analysis of miRNA expression profile showed an upregulation of miR-322 cluster on perinatal period, together with a downregulation of three putative targets: Akt3, CCND1 and INSR. Later, we used in vitro studies to prove that overexpression of miR-322-5P arrests cell cycle and impairs proliferation of HEPG2 cells as well as it downregulates the predicted targets. Based on this data, we suggest a link between overexpression of miR-322-5P and impaired proliferation rate on the developing liver, which affects the phenotype in the long term.

Avaliamos o efeito da RCIU induzida por glicocorticoides sobre a regulação da expressão de miRNAs no fígado de ratos albinos. Animais expostos intrauterinamente à dexametasona apresentaram menor peso ao nascer, fígados relativamente menores dos que os observados em animais controle e menores concentrações hepáticas de PCNA. Em longo prazo, os animais DEX desenvolveram distúrbios metabólicos caracterizados por intolerância à glicose e maior potencial gliconeogênico no desmame e na vida adulta. Ao avaliarmos o perfil de miRNAs no fígado, detectamos aumento da expressão de todo o cluster do miR-322 no período perinatal, com menor conteúdo de alvos preditos desses transcritos (AKT3, CCND1 e INSR). A superexposição ao miR-322-5P reduz a taxa de proliferação em linhagens celulares de hepatocarcinoma e a expressão dos alvos observados no fígado dos animais estudados. Propomos um link entre a expressão aberrante do miR-322-5P e a reduzida taxa de proliferação detectada no tecido hepático em desenvolvimento, contribuindo para o estabelecimento do fenótipo em longo prazo. / We evaluated the effects of glucocorticoid induced IUGR on the expression of miRNA on Wistar rat livers. Dexamethasone (DEX) treated animals were lighter and had smaller liver weight:body weight ratio when compared to control animals. Furthermore, liver PCNA expression was downregulated, sugesting a reduction on cell proliferation rate. In the long term, DEX animals developed metabolic disturbances such as glucose intolerance e increased gluconeogenesis rate in a fast state. The analysis of miRNA expression profile showed an upregulation of miR-322 cluster on perinatal period, together with a downregulation of three putative targets: Akt3, CCND1 and INSR. Later, we used in vitro studies to prove that overexpression of miR-322-5P arrests cell cycle and impairs proliferation of HEPG2 cells as well as it downregulates the predicted targets. Based on this data, we suggest a link between overexpression of miR-322-5P and impaired proliferation rate on the developing liver, which affects the phenotype in the long term.

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O câncer de ovário é a quinta maior causa de óbitos relacionados ao câncer em mulheres em todo o mundo, com pacientes tendo taxas de sobrevivência extremamente baixas. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) são RNAs não codificadores em torno de 22 ribonucleotídeos que desempenham um papel crítico na regulação da expressão gênica em praticamente todos os processos biológicos. Os miRNAs induzem o silenciamento de seus alvos através da repressão de tradução ou clivagem de mRNA. Neste trabalho verificamos que o miR-450a e o miR-450b-5p, dois miRNAs pouco explorados em tumores ginecológicos, foram regulados de forma negativa no câncer de ovário e nas linhagens de câncer de colo do útero. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a hipótese de que tanto o miR-450a como o miR- 450b-5p atuam como supressores tumorais em cânceres de tecido reprodutivo. Para testar esta hipótese, utilizamos ensaios in vitro e um modelo xenográfico in vivo. Usando um vetor de expressão lentiviral, miR-450a e miR-450b-5p foram superexpressos de forma estável nas linhagens A2780, OVCAR-3 e SKOV-3 (linhagens tumorais de ovário) e C33 e SiHa (linhagens tumorais de câncer cervical). A taxa de anoikis foi analisada nas células submetidas a placas de baixa aderência durante 24 horas: a superexpressão de miR-450a resultou em menor viabilidade nas linhagens SiHa, OVCAR-3, A2780 e SKOV-3. Em relação à proliferação celular, as células A2780 que superexpressam o miR-450a proliferaram a uma taxa maior em comparação com as células controle. No entanto, no ensaio clonogênico essas células apresentaram menor número de colônias que eram visivelmente maiores. Por outro lado, o miR-450b diminuiu a taxa de proliferação na linhagem SKOV-3, o que foi corroborado no ensaio clonogênico. Também foram medidas as taxas de migração e invasão celular usando ensaio transwell. A superexpressão de miR-450a ou miR-450b-5p resultou em maior potencial de migração da linha celular C33, mas menor taxa de migração e invasão nas linhagens A2780 e SKOV3. Na linhagem OVCAR-3, a superexpressão do miR-450a aumentou o número de células capazes de invadir, já o miR-450b-5p induziu uma maior taxa de migração. A superexpressão do miR-450b-5p na linhagem SiHa resultou em menor potencial de invasão em comparação com o grupo controle correspondente. Após estes ensaios in vitro, decidimos continuar nossa análise apenas com células A2780 e SKOV-3, que apresentaram um padrão mais parecido nos ensaios. No ensaio in vivo, as células A2780 transduzidas foram injetadas intraperitonealmente em camundongos imunodeficientes de 9-11 semanas e, após 4 semanas, o peso de tumores recuperados foi comparado. Neste modelo xenográfico de câncer de ovário, verificamos que ambos os miRNAs diminuíram o crescimento tumoral, o que corrobora nossos ensaios in vitro. Também verificamos que a maioria dos alvos diretos encontrados por meio do método do PAR-CLIP e aqui validados do miR-450a estão relacionados ao metabolismo energético nas mitocôndrias (TIMMDC1, ACO2, ATP5B), além dos genes PAPSS1, CITED2, MAML1 e VIM, o marcador canônico do processo de EMT. O alvo direto para miR-450b, ME1, também está relacionado ao metabolismo energético. Até o momento, nossa análise verificou que o miRNAs miR- 450a e miR-450b-5p são comprovadamente relevantes para o processo tumorigênico de tumores epiteliais de ovário e agem como supressores tumorais principalmente pela regulação de genes que atuam no metabolismo energético. / Ovary cancer is the fifth largest cause of cancer-related deaths for women worldwide, with patients presenting extremely low 5-year survival rates. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), non-coding RNAs around 22 ribonucleotides long, play a critical role in gene expression regulation in virtually all biological processes. miRNAs induce gene silencing of their targets through translation repression or mRNA cleavage. We showed that miR-450a and miR-450b-5p, two functionally underexplored miRNAs in gynecologic tumors, were downregulated in ovarian cancer and cervical cancer cell lines. The aim of this work was to verify the hypothesis that both miR-450a and miR- 450b-5p display tumor suppressor functions in reproductive tissue cancers. For this purpose, we utilized in vitro assays and an in vivo xenographic model. Using a lentiviral expression vector, miR-450a and miR-450b-5p were stably overexpressed in A2780, OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 (ovarian cancer cell lines) and C33 and SiHA (cervical cancer cell lines). The anoikis rate was analyzed in those cells submitted to low adherence plates for 24 hours: miR-450a overexpression resulted in lower viability in SiHa, OVCAR-3, A2780 and SKOV-3 cells. Regarding to cell proliferation, A2780 cells overexpressing miR-450a proliferated at higher rate compared to the control counterpart. However, these cells presented fewer but noticeable larger colonies at the clonogenic assay. On the other hand, miR-450b decreased the proliferation rate in SKOV-3, what was corroborated in the clonogenic assay, wherein the number of colonies were reduced at the same cell line. We also measured cell migration and invasion rates using transwell assays. Overexpression of miR-450a or miR-450b-5p resulted in higher migration potential of C33 cell line but lower migration and invasion rates in A2780 and SKOV3 cell lines. In OVCAR-3 cell line, miR-450a overexpression caused an increase in number of invaded cells and miR-450b-5p overexpressed cells migrated in higher number than control group. The overexpression of miR-450b-5p in SiHa cell line resulted in lower invasion potential compared to correspondent control group. After these in vitro experiments, we decided to continue our analysis only with A2780 and SKOV-3 cells, which had the most similar pattern. In the in vivo assay, transduced A2780 cells were injected intraperitoneally in 9-11 weeks immunodeficient mice and the weight of dissected tumors were compared after 4 weeks. In this in vivo xenographic model of ovarian cancer, we verified that both miRNAs impaired tumor growth, which corroborates our in vitro assays. We also verified that most of the direct targets found through PARCLIP technique validated in this work for miR-450a are related to energetic metabolism in mitochondria (TIMMDC1, ACO2, ATP5B) besides PAPSS1, CITED2, MAML1 and VIM, the canonical marker of EMT. The direct target for miR-450b, ME1, is also related to energetic metabolism. To date, our analysis points to the scenario of miR-450a and miR-450b-5p playing functions like tumor suppressors proven to be relevant to the tumorigenic process of ovarian epithelial tumors. Additionally, they do that mostly by regulating genes responsible by the energetic metabolism.