[pt] A busca constante pela melhoria dos meios de comunicação em banda larga demandou o surgimento de novas tecnologias visando atender a real necessidade de seus usuários. O uso de mobilidade no acesso à internet banda larga como propõem os padrões WiMAX e LTE, impõe a necessidade de se estudar com mais profundidade os parâmetros que caracterizam um canal rádio móvel. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar os resultados experimentais que permitem caracterizar em banda estreita o comportamento do canal de radiopropagação num ambiente urbano. Como resultado das campanhas de medições, são identificados modelos do canal que possibilita ao projetista definir os melhores critérios para a implantação de uma rede móvel de acesso sem fio. Desta forma, são apresentadas duas campanhas de medições, operando nas frequências de 2,5 GHz e 3,5 GHz, destinadas para novos serviços móveis banda larga. / [en] The constant search for improvement of broadband communication systems requires new technologies to attend the increasing needs of the users. The use of mobility in broadband Internet access as proposed in WiMAX and LTE standards, imposes the need to further understand the parameters that characterize a channel mobile radio. This dissertation presents experimental results that allow characterizing the narrow band channel behavior of radio propagation in an urban environment. As a result of measurement campaigns, channel models are identified which allow the designer to define the best criteria to implement a mobile wireless network. The work presents results of two measurement campaigns, at the frequencies of 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz, designed for new mobile broadband services.

Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μία εισαγωγή στην βασική θεωρία ασύρματης τεχνολογίας. Παρουσιάζονται βασικά χαρακτηριστικά όπως το φάσμα, η διάδοση, οι παρεμβολές και η διάθλαση, οι συχνότητες και τα κανάλια. Ακολουθεί η θεωρία κεραιών, η τοπολογία δικτύων και η εφαρμογή όλων των παραπάνω στα ασύρματα μητροπολητικά δίκτυα. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα πρωτόκολλα ασύρματων δικτύων και η εφαρμογή τους, στις ζώνες 2,4GHz και 5GHz και η σύγκριση των δύο παραπάνω ζωνών. Ακολουθεί η διευθυνσιοδότηση του δικτύου με το πρωτόκολλο IP και ο διαμοιρασμός του υποδικτύου 10.0.0.0/8 σε Β-class διευθύνσεις για κάθε νομό. Τέλος παρουσιάζονται τα πρωτόκολλα δρομολόγησης δικτύων και τα πλεονεκτήματα της χρήσης στατικής ή δυναμικής δρομολόγησης στα ασύρματα μητροπολιτικά δίκτυα. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται διερεύνηση στα μοντέλα ηλεκτρομαγνητικής κάλυψης ανοικτών χώρων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, παρουσιάζονται τα μοντέλα Free space loss, Hata, Walfisch-Bertoni και Walfisch – Ikegami, και οι παράμετροι και ο τρόπος εφαρμογής τους για τον υπολογισμό των απωλειών στον χώρο διάδοσης. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο επιδιώκεται η εφαρμογή μοντέλων του κεφαλαίου 3 στα ασύρματα μητροπολιτικά δίκτυα με σκοπό την μοντελοποίηση τους. Γίνονται μετρήσεις σε ασύρματους σταθμούς βάσης σε αστική και ημιαστική περιοχή για τις ζώνες 2.4GHz και 5GHz. Ακολουθεί ο υπολογισμός του μέσου σφάλματος των μοντέλων του κεφαλαίου 3 για τα σημεία μετρήσεων και ο έλεγχος της αξιοπιστίας τους ώστε να είναι εφικτή η εφαρμογή των μοντέλων στις ζώνες 2.4GHz και 5GHz οι οποίες δεν ανήκουν στο εύρος συχνοτήτων που υποστηρίζουν τα μοντέλα. Σκοπός της παραπάνω διαδικασίας είναι η δυνατότητα εύρεσης της βέλτιστης θέσης σταθμών βάσης πριν την εγκατάστασή τους και η βελτιστοποίηση της θέσης υπαρχόντων σταθμών βάσης. / The first chapter is an introduction to the basic theory of wireless technology. Presents key characteristics such as range, propagation, interference and diffraction, frequencies and channels. Next, we represent the theory of antennas, network topology and application of the above in wireless metropolitan networks. In the second chapter there are presented the protocols of wireless networks and their application in zones 2,4 GHz and 5GHz and the comparison of these two zones. Below addressing network with the IP protocol and sharing the subnet 10.0.0.0 / 8 to B-class addresses for each county. Finally we represent the routing protocols and the advantages of using static or dynamic routing in wireless metropolitan area networks. The third chapter is exploring electromagnetic models covering open spaces. More specifically, we present the models Free space loss, Hata, Walfisch-Bertoni and Walfisch - Ikegami, and their parameters and how they are applied to calculate the loss in space propagation. In the fourth we try to apply the models of Chapter 3 in wireless metropolitan area networks in order to model them. We Perform measurements in wireless base stations in urban and suburban areas for the bands 2.4GHz and 5GHz. Followed by the calculation of the average error of the models of Chapter 3 points for measurement and control reliability so as to enable the application of models to 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands which do not belong to the range of frequencies that support the models. The purpose of this procedure is the finding of the optimal location of base stations before their installation and optimize the position of existing base stations.

Det har gjorts mycket forskning kring Positioneringssystem för inomhusbruk då många applikationer och tjänster ärberoende eller kan förbättras av det. Trots detta finns idag ingen standard för hur positionering inomhus ska fungera.För de flesta utomhusmiljöer kan en modern mobiltelefons position erhållas med ett par meters precision via GPS. I eninomhusmiljö sjunker signalen drastiskt och en precis position är svår att uppskatta. En väl etablerad teknik är Wi-Fioch kan med fördel användas då de flesta inomhusmiljöer idag redan har Wi-Fi accesspunkter installerade. Då enmottagare erhåller en signal från en accesspunkt kan distansen dem emellan uppskattas för att sedan uppskattapositionen med den matematiska tillämpningen trilateration. Då de flesta idag äger en mobiltelefon kan mobilen ageramottagare och tekniken kan således vara tillgänglig för alla.Bidraget med examensarbetet är en undersökning av den effekt virtuella accesspunkter har på ett positioneringssystemdär en trilaterationsbaserad lösning använts på Wi-Fi-signaler över både 2.4Ghz samt 5Ghz bandet i kombination med ett partikelfilter. Vidare kommer en karta nyttjas i ett försök att öka precisionen genom att skapa restriktioner för hurpositioneringen får röra sig. Resultatet visade att nyttjandet av virtuella accesspunkter ökade precisionen med drygt 10 procent och den valda kartlösningen med nästan 20 procent. / A lot of research has been made regarding indoor positioning since many applications and services are dependent or canbe improved by it. Despite this, no standard has been set for indoor positioning system concerning the best approach. Inoutdoor environments most modern smart phones can be used to estimate their position using the GPS. Indoors this isnot the case since the received signal strength is decreased drastically. A well-established technique is however Wi-Fiwhich promotes the use of it. When a receiver acquires a signal from a Wi-Fi access point the distance between them canbe estimated. Three or more known distances enables the receiver to calculate its position using a mathematicalapproach called trilateration. With the smart phone acting as the receiver, the approach is enabled for everyone.The contribution of this thesis is an investigation of the effect of using virtual access points. This will be tested in atrilateration based positioning system using both the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency band in combination with a particlefilter. In an attempt to increase the precision a map will be added into the algorithm with the intention of restricting usermovements. The attained result shows that the use of virtual access points decreased the position estimation error by approximately 10 percent, and the implemented map solution by merely 20 percent.

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This thesis is concerned the technology with technologies of transfer through wireless devices. It is about possibilities of optimization of transfer in wireless net, especially of the reduction of interference influence. The first part is about theory and the standards development of wireless technology. There are methods and principles used in wireless technologies. The second part is a practical measuring and testing of an internal wireless net, with the emphasis being on the source of interference influence. Measuring was focused on interference between access points and was not about meteorological influence. It continues with theory and testing of interference of the microwave oven in our wireless net. Then, it is a practical demonstration of interference in an external environment. There are practical examples of interference between different providers’ nets on the same area and solutions to prevent or to cancel this interference. In next part of work the wireless net is parsed and described in a given territory. Here is described the way how to precede the reciprocal interference and eventually how this mutual disturbance suppress. Consequently, our net is optimized for customer growth and for today’s options of newer and more powerful components for wireless transfer. Finally there are two laboratory tasks. The first one is about practical measuring and testing of wireless net’s parameters and the second one is about simulation of wireless networks in the Opnet program.