No description available.

Background: Acquired brain injuries may take many forms, with traumatic brain injury and brain tumours being the most common in children. Traumatic brain injury is one of the most frequent causes of disability in children. Brain tumours, although less common have seen increased rates of incidence in the last three decades possibly due to advances in neuroimaging technologies. Survival rates are increasing due to improved treatments. However, this is purported to come at the cost of increasing morbidity, as children are left with substantial difficulties in both their physical health and cognitive functioning. Objectives: The first objective was to examine the neuropsychological outcome of children with acquired brain injuries. The secondary objectives were to determine the factors related to emotional and behavioural outcomes within the first year of brain injury, and to determine the premorbid factors associated with different neuropsychological profiles after injury . Method: This study had a prospective cohort design. 77 children between the ages of 7 - 16 years were recruited. Information was collected at baseline and outcome, including parental ratings of children's pre-morbid emotional and behavioural functioning. Children were assessed at two time points using neuropsychological tests. Results: Children who had sustained traumatic injuries were rated as having worse pre-morbid levels of behaviour than either of the other groups. Furthermore, there was clearly a detrimental impact of both traumatic and non-traumatic brain injury on a number of other neuropsychological measures. Conclusions: Both traumatic and non-traumatic brain injury were associated with difficulties in numerous neuropsychological domains, which were persistent throughout the first year of injury. This relationship appears true for all children who have sustained a traumatic brain injury, irrespective of the severity of their injury. However, in addition to this, there is evidence that a traumatic brain injury was associated with premorbid difficulties which appear to be exacerbated by their injury.

Acquired brain injury (ABI) frequently results in a characteristic spectrum of physical, cognitive, and behavioural consequences. Individuals with ABI are often unable to appreciate these consequences and comprehend the influence of these deficits on everyday life. These individuals are said to have impaired awareness. A selective overview of the literature on impaired awareness following ABI is presented. Emphasis is placed on terminology, theories, measurement, treatment, and the relationship between impaired awareness and emotional distress. It was established that the relationship between impaired awareness and aspects of neuropsychological and mood functioning is still unclear. In addition, relatively few empirical studies have investigated treatment techniques for impaired awareness. This study investigated the association between impaired awareness and executive functioning, and the relationship between impaired awareness and emotional distress with a sample of 30 adults with ABI. A sub-sample of 17 individuals with impaired awareness participated in an intervention where they received feedback of their brain scan findings. The main finding of the study was that measures of impaired awareness and emotional distress decreased following the feedback intervention. No evidence of a statistically significant relationship between impaired awareness and mood, or impaired awareness and executive functioning was found. There was a trend towards poor planning ability being related to unrealistic goal setting. Recommendations for further research in this area of neuropsychology and neurorehabilitation are made.

No description available.

This thesis explores the presence of paranoid ideation after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Personality change following brain injury is a common theme within the literature. Paranoid thinking may be part of this sequelae of post-injury changes. However, little attention has been given in exploring the factors that may be related to post- TBI paranoid ideation. This is in contrast to the heavy focus on the literature relating to cognitive impairment and its management after TBI. This thesis consists of three components. The first paper reviews and critiques the recent literature relating to the application of psychotherapeutic approaches for emotional difficulties following TBI. The review suggests that there is a paucity of robustly designed evaluations of psychotherapy post-TB I. Furthermore, the use of CBT based approaches outweighs psychotherapies of other theoretical modalities. Some positive findings are reported for a range of psychotherapies. The second, empirical, paper reports on the exploration of factors relating to the presence of paranoid ideation post injury. Between group comparisons are made between a group of TBI participants who reported relatively high levels of paranoid ideation and a group of TBI participants who reported relatively low levels of paranoid ideation. The high paranoid group were found to have significantly poorer self esteem, an external locus of control and were more self-aware. Finally, the third paper discusses the wider implications of paranoid ideation post-TBI focusing on future research and theory development. It also describes the potential role of psychotherapeutic approaches in managing paranoid ideation for individuals with TBI.

A reduction in appropriate social functioning has been commonly reported following Acquired brain injury (ABI). A post-ABI empathy deficit has been suggested as a possible cause of this; specifically the ability to experience emotional empathy which has been defined as vicariously feeling what someone else is feeling. This review sought to investigate the nature and extent of emotional empathy deficits post-ABI. A systematic search of four databases yielded 10 articles that met inclusion criteria. Specific data was extracted from each article and a methodological quality score was awarded in accordance with a quality checklist. The review revealed that studies used either self-report or physiological readings as measures of experienced emotional empathy. The overarching finding was that experienced emotional empathy deficits are common post-ABI, specifically the ability to experience emotional empathy from negative emotional expressions. The measures being used to assess the experience of emotional empathy were critically appraised and their limitations used to critically assess the studies results. The strengths and limitations of literature reviewed, measures used, neurological findings and the review itself are critically analysed and possible future research discussed.

Η ετερότοπη οστεοποίηση είναι ένα όχι σπάνιο φαινόμενο που οδηγεί σε δημιουργία οστικών δομών σε σημεία που φυσιολογικά υπάρχουν μαλακά μόρια. Ετερότοπη οστεοποίηση μπορεί να προκληθεί κατόπιν τοπικού τραύματος, κατόπιν νευρολογικού τραύματος, ύστερα από χειρουργική επέμβαση σε περιοχές όπως τα ισχία και οι αγκώνες, λόγω γενετικού υποστρώματος σε ασθενείς πολύ μικρών ηλικιών και τέλος αντιδραστικές ετερότοπες οστεοοποιήσεις άνω ή κάτω άκρων. Στην παρούσα διατριβή προσεγγίστηκε η νευρογενούς αιτιολογίας ετερότοπη οστεοποίηση, κυρίως κατόπιν ΚΕΚ. Ο παθοφυσιολογικός μηχανισμός του φαινομένου είναι εν πολλοίς άγνωστος και αυτό που θεωρείται δεδομένο είναι η διαταραχή του ισοζυγίου οστεοβλαστικής – οστεοκλαστικής δραστικότητας κατόπιν της δράσης του επαγωγικού παράγοντα. Ύστερα από τη δράση του επαγωγικού παράγοντα –στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση της ΚΕΚ – αυξάνεται η οστεοβλαστική δραστηριότητα τοπικά. Κατά το σχηματισμό του οστού λοιπόν, παράγονται και εκκρίνονται πρωτεογλυκάνες στις αλυσίδες των οποίων προσκολλώνται οι γλυκοζαμινογλυκάνες. Πρωτεογλυκάνες και γλυκοζαμινογλυκάνες συναποτελούν μαζί με τις κολλαγονικές και μη κολλαγονικές πρωτεΐνες, τα τρία κύρια είδη μακρομορίων του εξωκυττάριου δικτύου του οστού. Σκοπός της μελέτης μας ήταν αφενός η μελέτη των πρωτεογλυκανών και γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών στο ετερότοπο οστό σε αντιδιαστολή με φυσιολογικό-ορθότοπο οστό προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί ο ρόλος τους στην δημιουργία του φαινομένου της ετρότοπης οστεοποίησης. Αφετέρου για να διερευνηθεί καλύτερα ο παθοφυσιολογικός μηχανισμός του φαινομένου, μελετήθηκαν κυτταρικοί πληθυσμοί με οστεοβλαστική δραστηριότητα στο περιφερικό αίμα ασθενών που είχαν υποστεί ΚΕΚ και νοσηλεύονταν στη ΜΕΘ, καθώς και πειραματοζώων κατόπιν τεχνητής επαγωγής Κρανιοεγκεφαλικής Βλάβης. Η θειική χονδροϊτίνη και το υαλουρονικό οξύ είναι οι μοναδικοί τύποι γλυκοζαμινογλυκανών στο εξωκυττάριο δίκτυο ετερότοπου οστού όπως και στο φυσιολογικό. Εντούτοις, το ολικό ποσό τους είναι κατά 70% μικρότερο σε σύγκριση με αυτό του φυσιολογικού οστού. Διαφορετική είναι και η εκατοστιαία αναλογία αυτών των μακρομορίων. Η επικρατούσα μορφή δισακχαρίτη θειικής χονδροϊτίνης είναι η θειωμένη στην θέση 6. Ωστόσο η ποσοτική διαφοροποίηση από το φυσιολογικό οστό τόσο στους 4 θειωμένους όσο και στους μη θειωμένους δισακχαρίτες είναι υπαρκτή σε όλα τα ετερότοπα δείγματα. Από πλευράς πρωτεογλυκανών η αγγρικάνη και η διακοσμητίνη είναι ποιοτικά παρούσες στο εξωκυττάριο δίκτυο οστίτη ιστού. Επομένως, ποσοτικές διαφοροποιήσεις στο ετερότοπο οστό σε αντιδιαστολή με το φυσιολογικό είναι υπαρκτές και αυτή η διαφοροποίηση πιθανώς αντικατοπτρίζει διαφορετικές ενζυμικές δραστηριότητες στο φαινόμενο της ετερότοπης οστεοποίησης. Στη μελέτη των κυτταρικών πληθυσμών με οστεοβλαστική δραστηριότητα στο περιφερικό αίμα διαπιστώνονται τα ακόλουθα: Αυξημένη οστεοβλαστική δραστηριότητα στους πληθυσμούς CD-63(+) η οποία εμφανίζει κορυφή στις 6-10 ημέρες μετά την ΚΕΚ. Αυξανόμενη οστεοβλαστική δραστηριότητα πληθυσμών κυττάρων osteocalcin (+) σε όλες τις μετρήσεις μετά την ΚΕΚ. Το σύστημα οστεοπροτεγερίνης – sRANKL εμφανίζει τα εξής χαρακτηριστικά: η osteoprotegerin είναι μετρήσιμη και αυξάνει προς το τέλος των μετρήσεων. Το sRANKL απεναντίας δεν είναι μετρήσιμο σε καμία χρονική στιγμή κατόπιν της ΚΕΚ. Τα παραπάνω συνεπάγονται ότι η ΚΕΚ είναι παράγων επαγωγής οστεοβλαστικής δραστηριότητας όχι μόνο τοπικά αλλά και συστηματικά. Η εκτροπή της οστεοβλαστικής δραστηριότητας προς δημιουργία ετερότοπης οστεοποίησης χρήζει μελέτης μεγαλυτέρου δείγματος ασθενών και πιθανότατα και σε επίπεδα γονιδιακής έκφρασης κυτταρικών καλλιεργειών ασθενών κατόπιν ΚΕΚ. / Ηeterotopic ossification is a relatively frequent phenomenon that leads to the formation of heterotopic osseous structures at points where soft molecules normally do exist. Heterotopic ossification can be induced after local lesion, neurological lesion, after surgical intervention in regions as the hips and the elbows, due to genetic causes in patients of very small ages and, finally, the phenomenon has been observed as distinct, reactive cases in upper or lower limbs. In this Thesis, pathophysiology and mechanisms of neurogenic heterotopic ossification were studied. Pathways of the phenomenon still unknown to date. What is thaught to be the case in the formation of HO, is the disturbance of balance of osteoblastic to osteoclastic activities, after the induction-Head injury in this situation. After Traumatic Brain Injury, osteoblastic activity is induced locally. During bone formation proteoglycans are produced and secreted. Glucozaminoglycans are attached on the side chains of Proteoglycans. Proteoglycans and Glycozaminoglycans constitute along with collageneous and non-collageneous proteins the major macromolecules of extracellular matrix. The purpose of our study was the characterization of proteoglycans and glycozaminoglycans of the heterotopic bone versus the normotopic bone towards the elucidation of their role in the heterotopic bone formation. On the other hand, a more detailed approach to the pathophysiology of the phenomenon requires cellular populations expressing osteoblastic activities to be observed and studied. This is done in peripheral blood of patients that had sustained traumatic brain injuries and being hospitalized within IC units. Same studies on cellular populations have been conducted in a rabbit animal model of traumatic brain injury. Chondroitin-Sulfate and Hyaluronate are the only glycozaminoglycans that have been observed in extracellular matrix of heterotopic bone as well as in normotopic one. Quantitative analyses, however, revealed that their total amount is 70% less compared to normotopic bone. The commonest form of dissacharites of chondroitin-sulfate is the one sulfated at 6-O. However, there is a significant quantitative difference between normotopic and heterotopic bone in 4-O sulfated as well as in non sulfated dissacharites. With regards to proteoglycans, aggrecan and decorin are present in extracellular matrix. Quantitative differences between normotopic and heterotopic bone do exist and reflect a possible alternative pathway of bone formation in the HO phenomenon. The studies on osteoblastic activities of peripheral blood after traumatic brain injury revealed that there is increased osteoblastic activity in CD-63 (+) population that peaks 6-10 days after the inciting event. Osteocalcin (+) population do excibit increased osteoblastic activity as well which increases along with time. The system osteoprotegerin - sRANKL presents the following characteristics: osteoprotegerin is measurable and increases towards the end of measurements. sRANKL on the contrary is not measurable at any time following traumatic brain injury. Consequently, Traumatic Brain Injury do induce osteoblastic activity not only locally but also systemically. The deviation of osteoblastic activity towards heterotopic ossification requires studies of bigger sample of patients, probably to the level of differential gene expression of cellular cultures derived from patients having sustained neurotrauma.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical intervention now established for the treatment of movement disorders. For the treatment of chronic pain refractory to medical therapies, several prospective case series have been reported, but few centres worldwide have published findings from patients treated during the last decade using current standards of technology. This thesis seeks to survey the current clinical status of DBS for pain, investigate its mechanisms and their interactions with autonomic function, its clinical limitations and ablative alternatives. Presented first is a review of the current status of analgesic DBS including contemporary clinical studies. The historical background, scientific rationale, patient selection and assessment methods, surgical techniques and results are described. The clinical outcomes of DBS of the sensory thalamus and periventricular / periaqueductal grey (PAVG) matter in two centres are presented including results from several pain and quality of life measures. A series of translational investigations in human subjects receiving DBS for pain elucidating mechanisms of analgesic DBS and its effects upon autonomic function are then presented. Single photon emission tomography comparing PAVG, VP thalamus and dual target stimulation is described. Somatosensory and local field potential (LFP) recordings suggesting PAVG somatotopy are shown. ABPM results demonstrating changes with PAVG DBS are given and Portapres studies into heart rate variability changes with ventral PAVG DBS are detailed. Investigations using naloxone are then shown to hypothesise separate dorsal opioidergic and ventral parasympathetic analgesic streams in the PAVG. Finally, cingulotomy in lung cancer to relieve pain and dyspnoea results are discussed in the context of altering pain and autonomic function by functional neurosurgery. Pain and autonomic interactions and mechanisms in deep brain surgery for pain are then discussed alongside its limitations with proposals made for optimising treatment and improving outcomes.

Le traumatisme crânien (TC) représente un des problèmes majeurs de santé publique, pour lequel à l’heure actuelle il n’existe aucun traitement. Le TC induit une neuro-inflammation délétère qui pourrait contribuer à l’apparition des lésions de la substance blanche (SB). Ces dernières sont à l’origine de lourdes conséquences neurologiques chez les patients victimes de TC. Néanmoins, très peu d’études se sont intéressées à ces lésions bien que plus sévères que les lésions de la substance grise. Ainsi une meilleure connaissance de leur évolution et des causes devient indispensable. L’hyperactivation de la poly(ADP ribose)polymérase (PARP) joue un rôle délétère dans les conséquences post-traumatiques, notamment sur la neuro-inflammation. Ainsi son inhibition pourrait être bénéfique le développement des lésions de la SB. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de notre travail a été d’évaluer le rôle de la PARP dans les lésions de la SB dans un modèle expérimental de TC induit par impact cortical contrôlé chez la souris. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié l’évolution de la démyélinisation dans le corps calleux, une structure riche en SB, entre 6 heures et 3 mois post-TC. Parallèlement, les évolutions de la lésion cérébrale, des déficits sensorimoteurs, de la neuro-inflammation et de l’œdème cérébral ont été étudiées. Le TC induit (1) une démyélinisation dès 7 jours et au moins jusqu’à 3 mois post-TC, précédée par (2) une lésion cérébrale entre 24 et 72 heures suivie par une cicatrisation, (3) une neuro-inflammation entre 6 heures et 7 jours et (4) un œdème cérébral entre 6 et 72 heures post-TC. De plus, le TC induit des déficits sensorimoteurs à 6 heures et 3 mois. Ces résultats montrent que ce modèle est adapté pour étudier les lésions de la SB post-TC, et que la neuro-inflammation et l’œdème cérébral pourrait être impliqués dans la démyélinisation. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié le rôle de la PARP dans les lésions de la SB suite à TC à l’aide de souris knockout (KO) et wild-type (WT) pour le gène de la PARP. Nous avons mis en évidence que les souris KO ne présentent pas de démyélinisation bilatérale du corps calleux après un TC par rapport aux souris WT à 7 jours post-TC, démontrant pour la première fois l’implication de cette enzyme dans les lésions de la SB consécutives à un TC. De plus, nous avons constaté que les souris KO non traumatisées présentent une diminution de myélinisation comparativement aux souris WT non traumatisées, suggérant un rôle de la PARP dans le processus physiologique de la myélinisation.En conclusion, l’ensemble de ce travail expérimental a permis (1) une meilleure caractérisation de la démyélinisation post-TC et des mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans cette dernière, et (2) de démontrer pour la première fois le rôle délétère de la PARP dans la démyélinisation induite par un TC. Nos travaux suggèrent le potentiel de l’inhibition de la PARP comme stratégie thérapeutique pour la prévention des lésions de la SB post-traumatiques. / Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability for which there is no neuroprotective treatment up to date. It results in neuroinflammation that may participate in lasting motor and cognitive impairments accompanied by changes in white matter (WM) tracts. WM lesions, evidenced by demyelination, are associated with neurological disorders and in clinical studies are common consequences in patients with chronic TBI. Several studies suggest a contribution of an overactivation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to the neuroinflammatory response which may lead to demyelination. The first part of this study was dedicated to a detailed in vivo assessment of the evolution over time of neurological disorders, cerebral lesion and edema, neuroinflammation and white matter injury induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) between 6 hours and 12 weeks post-TBI. Notably in the corpus callosum, a significant demyelination starting at 7 days appeared to be a major consequence to post-traumatic neuroinflammation associated with motor dysfunctions. The second part of this study was dedicated to the evaluation of PARP’s role in WM lesions post-TBI, using PARP knockout (KO) mice. Our main findings reveal a diminished demyelination in the corpus callosum of TBI PARP KO as opposed to TBI PARP wildtype specimens. Hence, these data suggest for the first time PARP’s deleterious role in post-traumatic demyelination. In conclusion, taken together these data give an overall view of motor/sensorimotor deficits, neuroinflammation and demyelination in a CCI model of TBI that could help to validate pharmacological strategy for preventing post-traumatic WM injury. Notably, PARP’s inhibition seems to be a valid candidate as this enzyme participates in the establishment of a demyelinating process.

Le traumatisme crânien (TC) représente un des problèmes majeurs de santé publique, pour lequel à l’heure actuelle il n’existe aucun traitement. Le TC induit une neuro-inflammation délétère qui pourrait contribuer à l’apparition des lésions de la substance blanche (SB). Ces dernières sont à l’origine de lourdes conséquences neurologiques chez les patients victimes de TC. Néanmoins, très peu d’études se sont intéressées à ces lésions bien que plus sévères que les lésions de la substance grise. Ainsi une meilleure connaissance de leur évolution et des causes devient indispensable. L’hyperactivation de la poly(ADP ribose)polymérase (PARP) joue un rôle délétère dans les conséquences post-traumatiques, notamment sur la neuro-inflammation. Ainsi son inhibition pourrait être bénéfique le développement des lésions de la SB. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de notre travail a été d’évaluer le rôle de la PARP dans les lésions de la SB dans un modèle expérimental de TC induit par impact cortical contrôlé chez la souris. Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié l’évolution de la démyélinisation dans le corps calleux, une structure riche en SB, entre 6 heures et 3 mois post-TC. Parallèlement, les évolutions de la lésion cérébrale, des déficits sensorimoteurs, de la neuro-inflammation et de l’œdème cérébral ont été étudiées. Le TC induit (1) une démyélinisation dès 7 jours et au moins jusqu’à 3 mois post-TC, précédée par (2) une lésion cérébrale entre 24 et 72 heures suivie par une cicatrisation, (3) une neuro-inflammation entre 6 heures et 7 jours et (4) un œdème cérébral entre 6 et 72 heures post-TC. De plus, le TC induit des déficits sensorimoteurs à 6 heures et 3 mois. Ces résultats montrent que ce modèle est adapté pour étudier les lésions de la SB post-TC, et que la neuro-inflammation et l’œdème cérébral pourrait être impliqués dans la démyélinisation. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié le rôle de la PARP dans les lésions de la SB suite à TC à l’aide de souris knockout (KO) et wild-type (WT) pour le gène de la PARP. Nous avons mis en évidence que les souris KO ne présentent pas de démyélinisation bilatérale du corps calleux après un TC par rapport aux souris WT à 7 jours post-TC, démontrant pour la première fois l’implication de cette enzyme dans les lésions de la SB consécutives à un TC. De plus, nous avons constaté que les souris KO non traumatisées présentent une diminution de myélinisation comparativement aux souris WT non traumatisées, suggérant un rôle de la PARP dans le processus physiologique de la myélinisation.En conclusion, l’ensemble de ce travail expérimental a permis (1) une meilleure caractérisation de la démyélinisation post-TC et des mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans cette dernière, et (2) de démontrer pour la première fois le rôle délétère de la PARP dans la démyélinisation induite par un TC. Nos travaux suggèrent le potentiel de l’inhibition de la PARP comme stratégie thérapeutique pour la prévention des lésions de la SB post-traumatiques. / Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability for which there is no neuroprotective treatment up to date. It results in neuroinflammation that may participate in lasting motor and cognitive impairments accompanied by changes in white matter (WM) tracts. WM lesions, evidenced by demyelination, are associated with neurological disorders and in clinical studies are common consequences in patients with chronic TBI. Several studies suggest a contribution of an overactivation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to the neuroinflammatory response which may lead to demyelination. The first part of this study was dedicated to a detailed in vivo assessment of the evolution over time of neurological disorders, cerebral lesion and edema, neuroinflammation and white matter injury induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) between 6 hours and 12 weeks post-TBI. Notably in the corpus callosum, a significant demyelination starting at 7 days appeared to be a major consequence to post-traumatic neuroinflammation associated with motor dysfunctions. The second part of this study was dedicated to the evaluation of PARP’s role in WM lesions post-TBI, using PARP knockout (KO) mice. Our main findings reveal a diminished demyelination in the corpus callosum of TBI PARP KO as opposed to TBI PARP wildtype specimens. Hence, these data suggest for the first time PARP’s deleterious role in post-traumatic demyelination. In conclusion, taken together these data give an overall view of motor/sensorimotor deficits, neuroinflammation and demyelination in a CCI model of TBI that could help to validate pharmacological strategy for preventing post-traumatic WM injury. Notably, PARP’s inhibition seems to be a valid candidate as this enzyme participates in the establishment of a demyelinating process.