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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The inhibition of pitting corrosion in stainless steel

Ilevbare, Gabriel Oiseomoje January 1996 (has links)
No description available.
12

The behaviour of steel fin plate connections in fire

Sarraj, Marwan January 2007 (has links)
Steel joints have always been considered as important parts of any structural steel building because they provide the strong links between the principal structural members. The properties and behaviour of joints in both steel and composite structures have been widely studied for some time. The focus has recently been on improving the design of structural frames by taking advantage of realistic connection moment-rotation response. This has necessitated the development of an effective and practicable methodology to describe steel connection behaviour, despite its inherent complexity. Although, the evaluation of steel connections' performance at ambient temperature has been a continuous research topic, the investigation of steel connections at elevated temperatures has only recently been tackled by researchers. However, the determination of the behaviour, available strength and stiffness of moment connections in fire conditions has been a dominant theme in these research works. Moreover, over a number of years the Component Method has been developed to describe the moment-rotation characteristics of end-plate connections, and the method is now included in Eurocode 3. To date, most of the research conducted on steel connections using the component method has focused on relatively stiff and strong connections - flush end-plates and extended end-plates. The modelling of more flexible ("pinned") connections using the Component Method has not received much attention, since the benefits arising from consideration of their behaviour in overall frame response are usually modest. However, in fire conditions connections are subject to complex force combinations of moment and tying forces, as well as vertical shear forces, and the real behaviour, even of nominally pinned connections, can have a significant effect on the overall response of the frame. To date very little information on the behaviour and the resistance of simple shear connections in fire conditions has been generated. Fin plate shear connections, which are economic to fabricate and easy to use in erection, are among these shear connections which are assumed to act as pins in normal service conditions In this research, the behaviour and robustness of simple fin plate beam-to-column connections has been investigated, under the conditions of catenary tension from highly deflected beams which occurs in fire. In addition, detailed investigations have been made on applying the component method approach to this connection at both ambient and elevated temperatures. ABAQUS software has been selected to create a very detailed 3D finite element model. This is a complex model accounting for material nonlinearity, large deformation and contact behaviour. The connection model has been analysed through the elastic and plastic ranges up to failure. Bolt shear and bending, plate and web bearing have been observed as failure modes. A comparison between available experimental data at ambient and elevated temperatures and FEA results shows that the model has a high level of accuracy. However, by implementing the FE model the opportunity was then available to explore the connection tying resistance and the application of the Component Method to the fin plate connection. An intensive investigation has been conducted to develop a representation of this connection type via a simplified component model, enabling prediction of the connection response at both ambient and elevated temperatures. The three main components of a fin-plate connection have been identified as plate bearing, bolt shearing and web-to-plate friction. These components have been described in detail at ambient and elevated temperatures via intensive parametric FE analyses, leading to a simplified component model of a fin plate connection. This model has been evaluated against FE models of complete fin plate joints. Eventually, a fin plate connection spring model is proposed and successfully evaluated for tying, rotation, and shear actions. The Component Model presented in this research offers an opportunity to explore complicated behaviour of fin plate shear joints, and can be incorporated into frame analysis in fire conditions.
13

The properties of electrical steels and their coatings

Bemmer, Victoria January 2013 (has links)
Grain oriented steels containing 3 % silicon are widely used as stacks of thin laminations in transformers and other electrical devices. Phosphate coatings are applied to these laminations in order in insulate between the sheets and hold them under tension, reducing the electrical energy losses and making the transformers more efficient. This thesis explores the properties of aluminium and magnesium phosphate, two commonly used coating materials. Using model phosphate coatings it has been shown that an excess of phosphoric acid is required to cause the condensation reaction that produces the metaphosphate, thought to be the cause of the increased tension imparted on the steel. The addition of chromium oxide was found to prevent this transformation by reacting with the excess acid to form chromium pyrophosphate, which lead to a more stable coating which imparted a greater tension upon the steel substrate. XPS has been shown to be a useful technique for the characterisation of model phosphate coatings, however it cannot be used to quantitatively analyse the systems (unlike other phosphate systems) possibly due to the higher number of phases present within the samples.
14

Etude du comportement des nano-renforts des matériaux ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) sous irradiation : Approche analytique par des irradiations aux ions / Study of the stability under ion-irradiations of the nanometer-sized oxides dispersed in ODS steels

Lescoat, Marie-Laure 04 December 2012 (has links)
Les aciers ferritiques/martensitiques renforcés par dispersion d’oxydes (ODS) sont envisagés pour le gainage combustible des réacteurs à neutrons rapides à caloporteur sodium de quatrième génération. Les nano-oxydes étant à l’origine de la très bonne tenue en fluage à haute température de ces matériaux, il est nécessaire de s’assurer de leur stabilité pour les conditions extrêmes d’irradiation (jusqu’à 200 dpa) et de température (400-700°C) envisagées en service. Ainsi, l’objectif de ces travaux est d’étudier le comportement de ces nano-renforts sous irradiation. Une approche analytique par des irradiations aux ions in-situ et ex-situ est appliquée aux matériaux ODS Fe18Cr1W0,4Ti +0,3 Y2O3 et Fe18Cr1W0,4Ti + 0.3 MgO. Les résultats obtenus montrent notamment que les nano-renforts Y-Ti-O sont capables de résister à de très fortes doses d’irradiation (237 dpa, 500°C) et également que la cohérence des interfaces oxyde/matrice pourrait jouer un rôle important sur le comportement des renforts sous irradiation (stabilité et recombinaison des défauts ponctuels). / Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) Ferritic-Martensitic (FM) alloys are expected to play an important role as cladding material in Generation IV sodium fast reactors operating in extreme temperature (400-500°C) and irradiation conditions (up to 200 dpa). Since nano-oxides give ODS steels their high-temperature strength, the stability of these particles is an important issue. The present study evaluate the radiation response of nano-oxides by the use of in-situ and ex-situ ion irradiations performed on both Fe18Cr1W0,4Ti +0,3 Y2O3 and Fe18Cr1W0,4Ti + 0.3 MgO ODS steels. In particular, the results showed that Y-Ti-O nano-oxides are quite stable under very high dose irradiation, namely 237 dpa at 500°C and, that the oxide interfacial structures are likely playing an important role on the behavior under irradiation (oxide stability and point defect recombination).
15

Fundamental approach for fouling growth mechanisms comprehension at a stainless steel surface : development of antifouling coating for stainless steel / Approche fondamentale des mécanismes de croissance d’un encrassement laitier sur une surface d'acier inoxydable dans le but de développer des revêtements anti-encrassement

Al-Ogaili, Ghassan Saadoon Dawood 07 November 2014 (has links)
Le présent travail porte sur un problème crucial de l’industrie laitière:l'encrassement causé par le lait pendant un traitement thermique. L'objectif de ce travail était de comprendre le mécanisme de dépôt et de croissance de l’encrassement laitier à la surface de conduites en acier inoxydable afin de pouvoir élaborer une surface qui permette de limiter, voire d’empêcher cet encrassement. La morphologie et composition de la couche d'encrassement dépendent fortement de la solution d'encrassement. Quand de l'eau avec une dureté nulle est utilisée, la couche d'encrassement est fine, lisse et homogène. Inversement, avec de l'eau du robinet fortement concentrée en calcium, la couche d'encrassement est très épaisse, rugueuse et montre un mécanisme de croissance en arborescence. Afin de mieux comprendre l’initiation des mécanismes d’encrassement, des échantillons ont été soumis à un processus d'encrassement limité à une minute pour les deux solutions, ce qui entraîne la formation de couches d’épaisseur nanométrique.Les interactions entre les protéines du lait et le calcium à la surface de l’acier ont pu être étudiées par des techniques d’analyse d’extrême surface (XPS, ToF-SIMS et AFM), ce qui a permis d’améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes d’encrassement. L’étude s’est ensuite portée sur la réduction de l’encrassement par l’intermédiaire de revêtements sur acier inoxydable, soit par voie plasma atmosphérique soit par voie sol-gel. Parmi les différents revêtements étudiés, un revêtement déposé par voie plasma atmosphérique (utilisant l’hexaméthyldisiloxane HMDSO comme précurseur) conduit à une réduction importante de l’encrassement laitier. / This work presents an important problem in the dairy industry: the fouling caused by milk during heat treatment. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanism of deposition and growth of dairy fouling on the surface of stainless steel pipes in order to develop a surface that limited or even prevent this contamination. The morphology and composition of the fouling layer strongly depends on the solution of fouling. When water with Total Hardness zero is used, the fouling layer is thin, smooth and homogeneous. Conversely, with tap water in highly concentrated calcium, the fouling layer is very thick, rough and shows a mechanism for tree growth. To better understand the mechanisms of fouling initiation, samples were subjected to a process of fouling than one minute for both solutions, resulting in the formation of layers of fouling thickness interactions nanométrique.Les between milk proteins and calcium on the surface of the steel could be studied by techniques of extreme surface (XPS, ToF-SIMS and AFM) analysis, which has improved the understanding of the mechanisms fouling. The study is then focused on the reduction of fouling by means of coatings on stainless steel, either by atmospheric plasma or by sol-gel. Among the different coatings studied, a coating deposited by atmospheric plasma (using hexamethyldisiloxane HMDSO as precursor) leads to a significant reduction in milk fouling.
16

Development of advanced ferritic steels for high efficiency power generation plant

Qin, Guixiang January 2009 (has links)
E911 creep samples exposed to temperatures of 600˚C, 625˚C and 650˚C at differing stress levels were supplied by CORUS. The hardness of the gauge length that experienced both creep strain and temperature was found to be lower than that of the head where thermal softening only can be assumed. The changes in the morphology and size of precipitates were observed qualitatively by optical microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. A creep fracture mechanism map of E911 steel was constructed with two modes of creep (transgranular and intergranular ). A fitted ellipse shape was used to characterise the irregular block shape by Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD). It showed that the width of the block inside a prior austenite grain increases more rapidly in the gauge length than in the head; subgrain growth was also observed by EBSD. Transmission Electron Microscopy studies indicate that at 600°C E911 steel can reach up to 75647 hours creep rupture life (108MPa), which is due to the relatively small size of M23C6, Laves and M2X phases. However, Z phase precipitation results in a drop in creep resistance owing to the dissolution of fine MX phase and the transformation of M2X phase. At 625°C and 650°C, the creep rupture life decreases owing to the coarsening of Laves, M23C6 and M2X phases. Four experimental steel casts were prepared with varying levels of Ni and Cr to investigate the effect of these elements on Z phase formation. After 10,000 hours exposure, there was little evidence of Z phase in the samples studied and therefore it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the role of Ni or Cr in promoting Z phase formation. It is possible that the casts studied here will allow better conclusions to be drawn after exposing the samples to longer durations.
17

Modelling the thermal ageing evolution of Fe-Cr alloys using a lattice kinetic Monte Carlo approach based on DFT calculations / Modélisation du vieillissement thermique d'alliages Fe-Cr par approche Monte Carlo cinétique atomique basé sur calculs DFT

Costa, Davide 19 July 2012 (has links)
Cette thèse aborde l'étude du vieillissement thermique du système Fe-Cr. Nous avons étudié le mécanisme de diffusion de la lacune dans le cadre de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (Density Functional Theory - DFT) et examiné la capacité d'un potentiel empirique de la classe EAM (Embedded Atom Method) à reproduire les résultats DFT. Nous avons montré que l'énergie de migration de la lacune dépend fortement de l'environnement atomique du point de col où les interactions chrome-chrome et chrome-lacune déterminent en partie l’énergie de point de col. Nous avons proposé trois approches pour la paramétrisation d'un modèle Monte Carlo Cinétique (MCC) atomique : l’une entièrement basée sur le potentiel EAM, les autres partiellement basées sur nos calculs DFT. Les simulations par MCC du vieillissement thermique des alliages Fe-20% at. Cr et Fe-25% at. Cr à 773 K montrent la formation de précipités riches en chrome dont la croissance avec le temps suit une loi de puissance avec un exposant 1/3, en accord avec la théorie de Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner. La paramétrisation des simulations par MCC entièrement basée sur le potentiel EAM prédit une taille moyenne des précipités supérieure à celle observée expérimentalement, alors que cette dernière est sous-estimée par les paramétrisations partiellement basées sur nos calculs DFT. Ce désaccord semble avoir une origine cinétique plutôt que thermodynamique. La composition de la phase riche en chrome varie au cours de la séparation de phase, indiquant ainsi que la démixtion se produit par nucléation non-classique ou par décomposition spinodale. Des précipités interconnectés sont plus susceptibles de se former dans le système Fe-25% at. Cr plutôt que dans l’alliage Fe-20% at. Cr suggérant ainsi que, lorsque la concentration en soluté augmente, le mécanisme de démixtion se rapproche de la décomposition spinodale. / In this thesis, we address the study of the microstrucutre evolution of the Fe-Cr system under thermal ageing. The vacancy diffusion mechanism was investigated in the framework of the density functional theory (DFT) and the capability of a recently developed embedded atom method (EAM) empirical cohesive model to reproduce the DFT results was examined. We have shown that the vacancy migration energy strongly depends on the saddle point atomic environment where the chromium-chromium and the chromium-vacancy interactions partially determine the saddle point energy. We proposed three approaches for the parameterisation of an atomistic kinetic Monte Carlo (AKMC) model: one fully based on the EAM potential, the others partially based on our DFT calculations. The AKMC simulations of the thermal ageing of the Fe-20 at.%Cr and Fe-25 at.%Cr alloys at 773 K show the formation of chromium-rich precipitates whose growth with time follows a power law with exponent 1/3. This is consistent with the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner theory of coarsening. The AKMC parameterisation fully based on the EAM potential predicts a mean precipitate size higher than the experimentally observed one, whereas the parameterisations partially based on our DFT calculations underestimate it. This disagreement seems to have a kinetic rather than thermodynamic origin. The composition of the precipitating phase varies during the phase separation thus indicating that the unmixing is driven by either a non-classical nucleation or a spinodal decomposition. Interconnected precipitates are more likely to form in the Fe-25 at.%Cr alloy than in the Fe-20 at.%Cr thus suggesting that, as the solute concentration increases, the spinodal decomposition is more likely to occur.
18

Study of calcium cored wire injection in an industrial steel ladle / Étude du traitement calcium par injection du fil fourré dans une poche industrielle d’acier

Castro Cedeño, Edgar Ivan 24 January 2019 (has links)
Afin d'améliorer la coulabilité de certaines nuances d'acier, du calcium est ajouté pour modifier et contrôler la nature des inclusions d'oxydes et des sulfures présentes dans l'acier. Grâce au traitement au calcium, les inclusions solides provoquant l'obstruction des buses de coulée sont converties en inclusions liquides qui ne bouchent pas les buses. L'injection du fil fourré est devenue l'une des technologies de pointe pour les ajouts de calcium, car elle offre une récupération de calcium plus élevée que d'autres méthodes et son fonctionnement est simple et peu coûteux. Ce travail est divisé en deux axes principaux. La première clarifie les mécanismes de dissolution du fil fourré lors de son injection dans le métal liquide. La deuxième traite du transport du calcium une fois qu'il est libéré dans l'acier, ainsi que de la modification chimique des inclusions par cet élément. Le premier axe s'articule autour de DissolFil, un modèle numérique décrivant les phénomènes thermiques présents au cours du processus d'injection d'un fil fourré dans un bain d'acier liquide. Celui-ci est complété par une étude expérimentale de l'immersion de fils fourrés dans des bains d'acier statiques utile à la validation du modèle. Les résultats de simulation ont mis en évidence l'importance de la vitesse d'injection du fil en tant que paramètre à adapter en fonction de la conception du fil et de la surchauffe du bain d'acier afin d'optimiser la profondeur de libération du calcium dans la poche. Le deuxième axe comprend un modèle de dissolution et du transport du calcium dans une poche d'acier et la modification des inclusions, couplant la mécanique des fluides et la thermodynamique à l'aide des codes de calcul Ansys Fluent (mécanique des fluides) et CEQCSI (thermodynamique). Le modèle a été validé à partir des prélèvements d’acier réalisés lors d’essais industriels spécifiques. Nous montrons que le transfert de masse en couche limite à partir des bulles de calcium vers l'acier liquide est le mécanisme dominant pour la dissolution du calcium. De plus, la modification globale des inclusions solides et liquides dépend fortement du mélange et de l'homogénéisation de la poche et de la composition chimique de l'acier / In order to improve the castability of some steel grades, calcium is added to the liquid steel to modify and control the nature of oxide and sulphide inclusions present in the steel. As a result of the treatment with calcium solid inclusions that provoke clogging of the casting nozzles are converted into liquid ones that do not clog the nozzles. Cored wire injection has matured as one of the leading technologies to perform calcium additions since it offers a higher calcium recovery than other methods and its operation is simple and inexpensive. This work, divided into two main axes, clarifies the mechanisms of dissolution of the cored wire during its injection, the dissolution and transport of calcium once it has been released into the steel ladle, and the chemical modification of inclusions by this element. The first axis revolves around DissolFil, a numerical model describing the thermal phenomena occurring during the process of injection of a cored wire into a liquid steel bath. In parallel, an experimental study of immersion of cored wires into quiescent steel baths that was carried out with the aim of validating the model. The simulation results put into evidence the importance of the wire injection velocity as the operating parameter that needs to be tailored as a function of the wire design and steel bath superheat in order to optimize the release depth of calcium in the steel ladle. The second axis comprises a model of dissolution and transport of calcium in the steel ladle and inclusion modification, coupling fluid-dynamics and thermodynamics by using the Ansys Fluent (fluid-dynamics) and CEQCSI (thermodynamics) calculation codes. The model was validated with data from steel samples obtained in dedicated industrial trials. We highlight boundary layer mass transfer from calcium bubbles into the liquid steel as the dominant calcium dissolution mechanism. Furthermore, the global modification of solid inclusions into liquid ones depends strongly on the mixing and homogenization in the ladle and the steel chemical composition
19

Modélisation du comportement mécanique et de la rupture en conditions dynamiques d’aciers de structure et à blindage / Modeling of mechanical behavior and fracture under dynamic conditions of a structural and an armor steels

Simon, Pierre 08 March 2019 (has links)
Cette étude s’intéresse à la modélisation du comportement thermoviscoplastique ainsi qu’à la rupture d’un acier de construction « S355NL » et d’un acier à blindage naval. Une campagne expérimentale a permis d’observer la réponse mécanique de ces matériaux sur une large gamme de condition de sollicitation, notamment leurs sensibilités à la vitesse de déformation ( de 〖10〗^(-3) à ~〖10〗^4 s^(-1)) et à la température (de -100 à 200 °C). Ces résultats ont été exploités lors de l’identification de lois de comportement permettant de représenter précisément le comportement mécanique de ces matériaux. Afin d’améliorer la description de la sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation, un nouvelle approche a également été développée. Une fois ces lois déterminées, elles ont été utilisées dans des simulations numériques modélisant l’impact d’un projectile sur ces aciers. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés avec les essais expérimentaux correspondant afin d’estimer la fiabilité des données et des hypothèses utilisées lors des simulations. / The present study deals with the modelling of the thermo-viscoplastic behaviour and the failure of a structural steel “S355NL” and a naval armour steel. An experimental campaign have been performed to observe the mechanical response of these material over a wide range of conditions, especially their sensitivities to the strain rate (from 〖10〗^(-3) to ~〖10〗^4 s^(-1)) and to the temperature (from -100 to 200 °C). The obtained results have been used to identify the parameters of several constitutive relations. A new approach have been developed to improve the description of the strain rate sensitivity. These relations have been implemented in numerical simulation to model the impact of a projectile on these steels. The obtained results have been compared with corresponding experimental tests in order to assess the reliability of the data and the hypothesis used in the simulations.
20

Fissuration en relaxation des aciers inoxydables austénitiques de type AISI 316L / Stress relaxation cracking in AISI 316L-type austenitic stainless steels

Pommier, Harry 14 December 2015 (has links)
La fissuration en relaxation (FER) peut apparaître dans les zones affectées par la chaleur de larges pièces soudées pendant leur utilisation entre 500 et 700°C. Il est admis que ce phénomène est induit par la relaxation à haute température de champs de contraintes résiduelles initialement introduits lors du soudage. L'objectif de ce travail est d'identifier, dans les aciers de type AISI 316L, les caractéristiques de ce type de matériaux, ainsi que les forces motrices, responsables du développement de la fissuration en relaxation.La méthodologie proposée consiste à reproduire les conditions de la FER dans cinq aciers de type AISI 316L de compositions chimiques différentes en utilisant des éprouvettes de type « Compact Tension » (CT) pré-comprimées. L'étude des éprouvettes à l'aide du MEB, de l'EBSD, du MET et de la tomographie X a révélé que de l'endommagement intergranulaire s'était développé dans quelques une d'entre elles. Le niveau d'endommagement mesuré dans chaque éprouvette dépend de la nuance de l'acier, de la température et de la durée d'exposition thermique, et du rayon d'entaille.Ce travail implique également la prédiction numérique des champs de déformations et de contraintes résiduelles dans les éprouvettes à l'aide d'une nouvelle loi de comportement viscoplastique à variables internes. La comparaison entre les champs de contraintes résiduelles prédits dans les éprouvettes de type CT et les distributions d'endommagement mesuré par tomographie a permis de déduire le niveau de contrainte résiduelle critique nécessaire pour l'initiation de la FER. Finalement, les distributions d'endommagement mesurées expérimentalement ont pu être correctement prédites numériquement avec une loi phénoménologique d'endommagement scalaire alimentée par les prédictions du modèle de comportement viscoplastique. / Stress relaxation cracking can potentially be found in the heat affected zone of large welded parts after service in the 500-700°C temperature range. This phenomenon, known as reheat cracking (RC), is driven by the high temperature relaxation of residual stress fields initially introduced during welding. The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to identify the material and microstructural characteristics as well as the driving forces responsible for RC damage development in AISI 316L-type austenitic stainless steels.The proposed methodology relies on the reproduction of RC conditions in five chemically different AISI 316L-type steels using pre-compressed CT-like specimens. Subsequent investigation using SEM, EBSD, TEM and X-ray tomography revealed that intergranular damage had developed in some of the specimens. The extent of damage was found to depend on the steel grade, the temperature and duration of the thermal exposure, and the notch radius.The numerical investigation of the local residual stress and strain fields in the specimens was carried out using a novel internal state variable-based viscoplastic constitutive model. A comparison between the predicted residual stress fields in the CT-like specimens and the intergranular damage distributions measured by X-ray tomography enabled the threshold level of local residual stresses associated with the initiation of stress relaxation microcracks to be inferred. Finally, the distribution of the measured local RC damage was modelled numerically by explicitly linking a suitable phenomenological scalar damage law with the above constitutive model. The corresponding results were found to be consistent with the observed damage distributions.

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