The personalisation of footwear offers advantages not only for runners, but to anyone who wishes to become more active. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has the potential for making footwear personalisation economically feasible by allowing direct manufacture from CAD models and its tool-less capability. This thesis aims to develop and explore the process of footwear personalisation using AM and evaluates such footwear in terms of discomfort and biomechanics. To start to explore this process a repeated measures pilot study was conducted. Six recreational runners had anthropometric measurements of the foot taken and the plantar surface of both feet scanned. From the scans and measurements, personalised glove fit insoles were designed and manufactured using AM. Participants were then fitted with footwear under two experimental conditions (control and personalised), which were compared in terms of discomfort, performance and biomechanics. The findings of this pilot confirmed the feasibility of the personalisation process. A longitudinal study was then conducted to evaluate the short and medium term use of personalised footwear in terms of discomfort and biomechanics. A matched pairs study design was utilised and 38 recreational runners (19 pairs) were recruited. Control (generic shape) and personalised geometry insoles were designed and manufactured using AM. The participants wore the footwear each time they went running for a 3-month period. They also completed an Activity Diary after each training session and attended 4 laboratory sessions during this period. The results showed significantly lower discomfort ratings in the heel area and for overall fit with the personalised insoles. However, discomfort was reported under the arch region for both conditions (supported by the Activity Diary), indicating that the foot scanning position and material may need modifying. With regard to the biomechanics, the personalised insoles also led to significantly lower maximum ankle eversion and lower peak mean pressure under the heel, which are potentially positive effects in terms of reducing injury risk. A case study is then reported which explored foot capture using a dynamic scanner for the design and manufacture of insoles using AM. Through the development of four insoles, it was found that the selection and manipulation of the scan data from the series of frames generated during ground contact were the most demanding elements of the process. Finally, recommendations and guidance are given for the footwear personalisation process (foot scan position, anthropometry, insole design and AM), together with its potential benefits and limitations.

No description available.

One of the key aims of modern football shoe manufacturers is to find the balance between developing a shoe that improves performance but also minimises the risk of injury. Traction properties of the outsole play an important part in reaching this balance; high levels of traction are necessary to enable players to accelerate and change direction without slipping, but excessive traction can lead to stud fixation, a potential cause of injuries. The ability to accurately measure and assess the traction properties is essential in the design of outsoles, but appropriate test parameters need to be used in order for the assessment to relate back to the intended use. The purpose of the study was to develop a method to identify how the shoe interacts with the surface during realistic football movements and then to use observations from data collected to recommend appropriate test parameters. A high-speed camera system was developed to capture the motion of the shoe in both a laboratory and natural turf environment. The cameras were calibrated using the checkerboard approach and filmed at 1000 Hz. Five markers positioned on the side of the shoe were tracked using a semi-automated algorithm developed using image processing techniques. Transposition matrices were used to identify the location of individual studs on the outsole of the shoe enabling the orientation, velocity and acceleration of the shoe to be calculated. Two data collection studies took place; firstly a single-participant study in the laboratory using a force-plate to relate kinematic results to kinetic information and secondly, a larger scale data collection outside on natural turf. Three movements representing scenarios requiring high levels of traction in football were assessed; acceleration, change in direction and braking. A representative trial for each movement was selected and full post-processing analysis was carried out. Information such as the orientation of the shoe on foot-strike, translation directions and centre of rotations during the transition phase and the number of studs in contact with the surface during push-off was obtained for each movement. The period at which the player was at greatest risk of slipping was identified for each movement. The motion of the shoe during this period was used to suggest appropriate test conditions for mechanical and computational traction testing methods. The influence of the shoe-surface interaction on outsole design was also considered; with the observed translation directions and centre of rotations being used to suggest a design aiming to enhance translational traction, but minimise rotational resistance.

The development of prescription methods and evaluation of biomechanical performance of bespoke orthoses has been a source of research for the last 40 years. What started as anecdotal and experience–led knowledge has evolved into a more quantifiable paradigm utilising state of the art technologies commonly found in other high-precision industries. The manufacturing challenges associated with such customised products have been driven by the requirement to produce small (often one-off) batches, bespoke for the end user. The introduction of precise scanning equipment and CAD/CAM systems to the podiatry community is enabling the accurate and repeatable manufacture of orthoses that were previously predominantly hand crafted and shaped. Although these traditional production methods are still in use today, the advantages that scanning and CAD/CAM provide mean they are rapidly being adopted. Today, CNC machining and additive manufacture provide state of the art manufacturing methods for bespoke insoles prescribed and modelled in a CAD environment. However, the limitations of both these manufacturing methods relate to the materials that can be processed, which becomes problematic when manufacturing soft or semi-rigid orthoses. Hence an opportunity exists to develop a new and innovative method for processing foamed polymer materials that are typically vacuum formed today. This research explores the prescription and analysis methods attributed to insole design for sporting applications using specific sports shoes. The insole designs encompass material selection to deliver a product that provides control and function whilst also providing a degree of impact attenuation, recognising the dynamic and high-impact nature of the sportsspecific movements. Consideration is also given to the types of activities that function with the device. This research analyses characteristic plantar pressures experienced whilst undertaking sports-specific movements to aid in the prescription of bespoke insoles for the chosen sport. A design methodology encompassing state of the art scanning technologies and anthropometric measurements provides a repeatable and accurate means to produce the required geometry for a bespoke sport and symptom-specific insole. The research also presents the concept of cryogenic machining, a novel manufacturing method for the CNC machining of foamed polymers. The materials are cooled with the use of a liquid cryogen to below their glass transition temperature at which point relative motion at a molecular level is significantly reduced, providing a rigid and machineable form. This, along with a bespoke cryogenic facility encompassing a vertical 3 axis CNC machining centre, a pressurised liquid nitrogen dewar connected to a bespoke-designed fixture by a vacuum jacketed pipe, enables the dual-sided machining of an amorphous material, something which is not possible with conventional processes. The major contributions of this work are the design methodology to prescribe a sport and symptom-specific insole using state of the art scanning and CAM methods, the design and manufacture of a fixture to facilitate the dual-sided machining of a customised insole and the subsequent testing of the designs in a laboratory environment. In addition the research utilises motion analysis, force plate data and pressure measurement to explore the effects of the insoles on the kinetics, kinematics and peak plantar pressures at discrete anatomical regions during sport-specific manoeuvres.

Demosthenis Teneketzis, Nils R. Sandell, Jr. / Bibliography: leaves 10-11. / NASA Grant NGL-22-009-124, and ERDA Grant ERDA-E(49)-2087.

Foot pain and pathology can be disabling leading to more complex orthopaedic complaints over time. Footwear is often attributed as a significant factor in the development and persistence of foot pain, yet little is known about the impact everyday footwear choice has on the development of these pathologies and foot biomechanics. The aim of this collection of work is to assess the impact footwear choice has on foot biomechanics. A mixed methods approach has been employed across various publications to investigate the following; choices made when purchasing footwear, the impact footwear structure and styling has on foot mechanics and comfort and the effect of unstable shoes on muscle function. The publications employed literature reviews, qualitative questionnaires, repeated measures and quasi-experimental designs to address the research questions. There is a paucity of research regarding the effects that everyday footwear have on the feet of healthy individuals. A flat ballet pump was found to be the primary shoe of choice for young females with the colour of trainers being selected by sport science students. Altered physical characteristics of the shoe caused elevated dorsal and plantar foot pressure, impaired comfort and altered function. Fashionable exercise shoes were shown to demonstrate a varied effect on muscle activity. The availability of suitably fashionable and functional footwear appears to be severely limited leading to consumers purchasing inappropriate and ill-fitting footwear that may contribute to foot pathology. An extensive review of design, properties and manufacture with specific consideration to pathology in the footwear industry is recommended to improve footwear choice. The publications presented add new knowledge when evaluating consumer choice of footwear and the potentially adverse impact popular female fashion shoes have on foot biomechanics. The results also contribute to a wider understanding of the impact everyday footwear has on foot pathology and help in the application of footwear related treatment and rehabilitation plans.

楊宗耀. / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 1999. / 參考文獻 (leaves 262-271). / 附中英文摘要. / Yang Zongyao. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)-- Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1999. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 262-271). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 敘例 / Chapter 第一章 --- 序言 --- p.1-4 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《道德經》帝王注疏的特色 --- p.5-14 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《御註》與《御疏》的成書背景 / Chapter 3.1. --- 老學思想在唐朝初年的發展 --- p.15-8 / Chapter 3.2. --- 唐玄宗的得位與道士的交結 --- p.19-26 / Chapter 3.3. --- 唐玄宗宣揚《老子》的政策 --- p.27-30 / Chapter 3.4. --- 小結 --- p.31 / Chapter 第四章 --- 《御註》與《御疏》的著者及年代商榷 / Chapter 4.1. --- 《御註》與《御疏》的撰者及寫作年代 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- 《御註》的撰者及寫作年代 --- p.32-43 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- 《御疏》的撰者及寫作年代 --- p.44-47 / Chapter 4.2. --- 《御註》爲策試所用本子的探討 --- p.48-59 / Chapter 4.3. --- 小結 --- p.60 / Chapter 第五章 --- 《御註》與《御疏》版本硏究 / Chapter 5.1. --- 《御註》與《御疏》版本分述 --- p.61-65 / Chapter 5.2. --- 《御註》、《御疏》與河上公本、王弼本及《老子指歸》本 《道德經》的異同 --- p.66-77 / Chapter 5.3. --- 小結 --- p.78 / Chapter 第六章 --- 《御註》與《御疏》的體例 / Chapter 6.1. --- 《御註》與《御疏》分卷狀況 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 《唐玄宗御註道德真經》的分卷狀況 --- p.79-80 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 《唐玄宗御製道德真經疏》的分卷狀況 --- p.80-85 / Chapter 6.2. --- 《御註》與《御疏》的篇章名稱 --- p.86-92 / Chapter 6.3. --- 《御註》與《御疏》的序文 --- p.93-104 / Chapter 6.4 . --- 《御註》與《御疏》的注疏形式 / Chapter 6.4.1. --- 《御註》與《御疏》釋文用語 --- p.105-112 / Chapter 6.4.2. --- 《御註》與《御疏》的經文分句比較 --- p.113-116 / Chapter 6.4.3. --- 《御註》與《御疏》引用典籍硏究 --- p.117-127 / Chapter 6.5. --- 小結 --- p.128-129 / Chapter 第七章 --- 《御註》與《御疏》的思想內容 / Chapter 7.1. --- 援佛釋老的理念 --- p.130-148 / Chapter 7.2. --- 妙本論 --- p.149-154 / Chapter 7.3. --- 無爲論 --- p.155-162 / Chapter 7.4. --- 論兵之道 --- p.163-173 / Chapter 7.5. --- 權術與權道 --- p.174-182 / Chapter 7.6. --- 小結 --- p.183 / Chapter 第八章 --- 《御註》與《御疏》對後世老學著作的影響 / Chapter 8.1. --- 玄宗注疏對帝王老學著述的影響 --- p.184 / Chapter 8.1.1. --- 《宋徽宗御解道德真經》 --- p.184-200 / Chapter 8.1.2. --- 《大明太祖高皇帝御註道德真經》 --- p.201-213 / Chapter 8.1.3. --- 小結 --- p.214-214 / Chapter 8.2. --- 玄宗注疏對文人老學著述的影響 / Chapter 8.2.1. --- 杜光庭《道德真經廣聖義》 --- p.215-228 / Chapter 8.2.2. --- 李約《道德真經新註》 --- p.229-239 / Chapter 8.2.3. --- 蘇轍《老子解》 --- p.240-248 / Chapter 8.2.4. --- 小結 --- p.249-250 / Chapter 第九章 --- 總結 / 附錄 --- p.254-261 / 參考書目 --- p.262-271

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αποτελεί ερευνητική μελέτη στα καλλυντικά προϊόντα και του μίγματος μάρκετινγκ αυτών, καθώς και της καταναλωτικής συμπεριφοράς. Πρόκειται για μια περιγραφική ποσοτική έρευνα, η οποία διεξήχθη μέσω ερωτηματολογίων με δείγμα ποσοστών με αντιπροσώπευση ως προς το φύλο και την ηλικία με βάση τον πληθυσμό του Δήμου Πατρών. Αρχικά, περιλαμβάνει την εισαγωγή, όπου παρατίθενται ο σκοπός της έρευνας, ενώ ακολουθεί η χρησιμότητα του προβλήματος, η ακολουθητέα μέθοδος ανάλυσης και οι περιορισμοί και επιφυλάξεις της μελέτης. Στη συνέχεια αναπτύσσεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο της ανάλυσης, με όλα εκείνα τα απαραίτητα στοιχεία της καταναλωτικής συμπεριφοράς, της στρατηγικής και του μίγματος μάρκετινγκ και πώς αυτά εφαρμόζονται στην περίπτωση των καλλυντικών προϊόντων. Ακολουθεί το ερευνητικό μέρος της εργασία, με αναλυτική ανάπτυξη της μεθοδολογίας έρευνας, παράθεση πινάκων , γραφημάτων και αποτελεσμάτων και λεπτομερή εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων. Η ανάλυση πραγματοποιείται μέσω του στατιστικού πακέτου SPSS και περιλαμβάνει περιγραφική στατιστική ανάλυση και ανάλυση παραγόντων. Τέλος, ακολουθούν τα συμπεράσματα σε συνοπτική μορφή, ώστε να είναι κατανοητά και να δείχνουν ευκρινώς τις προτιμήσεις και το καταναλωτικό προφίλ του δείγματος που συμμετείχε στην έρευνα αυτή, ενώ αναπτύσσονται συνοπτικά κάποιες προτάσεις για άσκηση πολιτικής εκ μέρους των επιχειρήσεων και εταιρειών. Στο παράρτημα παρατίθεται αυτούσιο το ερωτηματολόγιο, στο οποίο βασίστηκε η παρούσα έρευνα. / This Master Thesis is a research project in the marketing mix of cosmetic products and consumer behaviour. In the beginning there is an introduction about the purpose of that research project, some basic definitions about the cosmetic products and the hurdles that we faced during the research in that field. The second chapter is about the theoritical background regarding the consumer behaviour, the strategy and the marketing mix of cosmetic products. The third chapter describes in detail the materials and the methods, which were used in that Master Thesis, and the results of this research. The last chapter shows the conclusions and the consumer profiles regarding the cosmetic products. Last but not least, there is included the original questionnaire, on which was based that thesis project.

Τα κίνητρα και οι αντιλήψεις των καταναλωτών, βάσει των οποίων επιλέγουν να αγοράσουν τα καλλυντικά για το δέρμα βρίσκονται στο επίκεντρο του ενδιαφέροντος τόσο των φαρμακευτικών εταιρειών όσο και των φαρμακείων. Με βάση αυτά, οι εταιρείες και τα φαρμακεία προβαίνουν σε διαφημίσεις και άλλες προωθητικές κινήσεις, προβάλλοντας τα χαρακτηριστικά που διαφοροποιούν τα προϊόντα τους. Στην παρούσα έρευνα δημιουργήσαμε και διαθέσαμε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο σε ένα δείγμα 127 ατόμων. Μέσω της συλλογής των απαντήσεων αποπειραθήκαμε να ανιχνεύσουμε τη γνώση και τις αντιλήψεις του καταναλωτικού κοινού σχετικά με τα καλλυντικά για το δέρμα, τα οποία διατίθενται στο φαρμακείο, να προσδιορίσουμε τα κίνητρα με τα οποία οι καταναλωτές τα επιλέγουν, καθώς και τις καταναλωτικές συνήθειες του δείγματος. Επίσης, αποπειραθήκαμε να ανιχνεύσουμε τις πηγές ενημέρωσης των καταναλωτών και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο επηρεάζονται από αυτές. Τέλος, προσπαθήσαμε να διερευνήσουμε κατά πόσο το φύλο, η ηλικία, η οικογενειακή κατάσταση, η κύρια απασχόληση και το επίπεδο σπουδών επηρεάζουν τη στάση και τη συμπεριφορά των καταναλωτών σχετικά με τα καλλυντικά για το δέρμα, καθώς και τον ρόλο που παίζει η διαφήμιση και η προώθηση πωλήσεων στην τελική τους επιλογή. / The interest of pharmaceuticals companies and drugstores is centred in the motivation of consumers, based on which they show preference in buying dermocosmetics. According to above, companies and drugstores use advertising and other promotional methods in order to differentiate their products. In the present dissertation we created and distributed a questionnaire to a sample of 127 persons. Through the collection of responses, we attempted to detect the awareness of consumers regarding dermocosmetics, which are sold in drugstores. We also tried to analyze the motivation and the consuming habits of the paticipating sample. We also made an effort to identify sources of information regarding dermocosmetics and the way consumers are influenced by these sources. Finally, we tried to clarify how several demographic factors such as sex, age, current marital and job status, and studies influence the approach and behavior of consumers regarding dermocosmetics, as well as the influence of advertising and sales promotion at the final choice of consumers.

萬曆四十七年（1619），會稽文人王驥德（1540-1622）刊印出版了《元人古雜劇二十種》（或稱《古雜劇》），該書彙集元代雜劇20篇，并配有精美的版畫插圖，《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》即為其中的第17篇。 / 作為晚明徽派版畫風格的典型例證，顧曲齋所刊《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》中的4幅版畫插圖，可與明代中晚期蘇州地區職業畫家的人物故事畫作品進行比勘。筆者基於比對結果，運用圖像學理論，提出徽派版畫系仇英風格人物畫在版畫中餘續的假說。不僅如此，白樸(1226-1306後)《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》這一劇目本身即包含著明皇故事的文學創作傳統，且與之對應的明皇题材故事畫作亦廣受歡迎。尤其在明代，明皇題材故事畫與蘇州地區的商業創作緊密相關，為版畫的創稿提供了豐富的圖像資源。 / 最後，筆者通過對顧曲齋本《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》圖文關係及刊刻者王驥德個人經歷的考察，證實《古雜劇》的商品屬性及刊刻者所掌握的圖像資源。最終解答版畫史上關於徽派版畫風格來源問題：版畫繪刻者深受仇英人物畫風格的影響，或直接對部份畫作進行圖像挪用。同時亦說明在晚明江南，文人積極參與商業活動為文學與藝術兩個領域所帶來的雅俗標準的變更。 / In the 47th year of Wan-li, Wang Jide (1540-1622), a literatus in Guiji County, published the anthology of Yuan comedies named Guzaju in his personal printing house Guquzhai. In this book, he compiled 20 plays written in the Yuan dynasty with beautiful book illustrations. Rain on the Phoenix Tree was the 17th play in this book. / The illustrations for Rain on the Phoenix Tree in Guzaju were good examples for “Hui School of woodblock prints. Compared these woodcuts with those in the same style and paintings existing in the same period, I argued that the “Hui School of woodblock prints actually followed the style of narrative paintings made by Qiu Ying. Moreover, the story of the Tang emperor Minghuang has become a popular theme in the field of both Chinese literature and painting. Those traditions not only contributed to the birth of Bai Pu’s (1226-1306) comedy Rain on the Phoenix Tree, but also prided fruitful paintings as patterns for the professional painters like Qiu Ying. Since Qiu’s work prevailed the painting market in Jiangnan, thousands of narrative paintings including the theme of emperor Minghuang followed Qiu’s style. These paintings acted as commercial products as well as pictorial drafts for the engravers in late Ming. / Finally, the form of Guzaju and Wang Jide’s publication activities both showed that Wang, as owner of Guquzhai, aimed to use the illustrations to cater to the market and he did conversely get the pictorial resources from the market. Besides, the booming commercial trade of paintings in Jiangnan helped us finally get the answer for the origin of “Hui School of woodblock prints as well as showing the transformation of art criteria in the late Ming dynasty. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 賴妮. / "2013年7月". / "2013 nian 7 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-95). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Lai Ni. / 致謝 / 論文摘要 --- p.i / 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 顧曲齋刊《古雜劇·唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》插圖的風格來源 --- p.6 / Chapter 第一節 --- 顧曲齋刊《古雜劇·唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》插圖的風格來源問題 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節 --- 顧曲齋刊《古雜劇·唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》插圖風格來源試探 --- p.10 / 小結 --- p.25 / Chapter 第二章 --- 《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》的圖文傳統 --- p.27 / Chapter 第一節 --- 白樸《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》的故事來源 --- p.27 / Chapter 第二節 --- 明皇題材繪畫作品的特點 --- p.35 / Chapter 第三節 --- 人物故事畫傳統中的明皇故事圖 --- p.40 / Chapter 第四節 --- 明皇故事畫在明代江南地區的流傳與創作 --- p.47 / 小結 --- p.50 / Chapter 第三章 --- 《古雜劇·唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》的刊刻背景 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 顧曲齋刊《古雜劇》的商品屬性 --- p.54 / Chapter 第二節 --- 流通的私藏·雅化的俗曲 --- p.59 / Chapter 第三節 --- “棄儒就賈與通俗文化生產 --- p.67 / 結論 --- p.74 / 附表1 --- p.77 / 附表2 --- p.82 / 附表3 --- p.83 / 附表4 --- p.85 / 參考書目 --- p.86 / 圖版目錄 --- p.95 / 圖版 --- p.105