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Während eines gesundheitsorientierten Sportunterrichts an der Berufsschule nach dem Modell der Salutogenese werden die kognitiven und emotionalen Wahrnehmungen von männlichen Kochauszubildenden mit Hilfe eines Kategoriensystems erfasst und sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ - durch eine Einzelfallanalyse - empirisch ausgewertet. Den wissenschaftstheoretischen Rahmen bildet zum einen das Forschungsprogramm SUBJEKTIVE THEORIEN, zum anderen die GESUNDHEITSERZIEHUNG im Sportunterricht. / It is a statistik of ideas and emotions from young men in the sport instruction from the school for profession. The health education is the mean problem in this publication.

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Taekwondo has evolved from a traditional martial art into a modern-day Olympic combat sport. Despite this transition, knowledge of the physiological demands of this combat sport is in its infancy. This thesis investigates the physiological demands of competitive Taekwondo using experienced male international Taekwondo competitors. Physiological measures and activity profile information were initially collected in championship Taekwondo competition to determine the fundamental physiological demands of this combat sport. The activity profile of championship Taekwondo combat elicited near-maximal heart rate (HR) responses and high blood lactate concentrations. The activity levels and physiological responses (e.g. HR and blood lactate) increased significantly between round 1 and 3 of combat. These data collectively suggest that the activity pattern of Taekwondo combat imposes high aerobic and anaerobic demands on the competitors, and these energetic requirements are increased as the rounds progress. The activity profile in championship combat was also modulated by a competitor’s weight division. Most notably, the data highlighted a predominance of fighting activity for heavy weights, and longer preparatory actions and less frequent fighting exchanges for feather weights. A Taekwondo competition simulation was devised and implemented to examine the physiological and hormonal responses to Taekwondo combat in simulated and championship settings. The championship Taekwondo combats elevated the physiological (e.g. HR, plasma lactate, glucose and glycerol) and hormonal responses (e.g. plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline) in comparison to simulated combats performed in a controlled setting. These divergent responses were evident even though both combat settings exhibited comparable activity profiles. This suggests that the contrasting physiological and hormonal responses were mediated by the stress responses to fighting in championship events. The physiological and hormonal responses to performing successive Taekwondo combats were examined during a simulated championship event. Performing four combats in an ecologically valid competition time-structure modulated the physiological and hormonal responses to combat and perturbed homeostasis between the combats. Most notably, the successive combats resulted in reduced plasma noradrenaline and lactate responses to combat and increased HR responses earlier in combat. These responses may reflect a change in the activity of the competitors’ and/or altered metabolic function in favour of an increased reliance on aerobic metabolism and diminished anaerobic energy yield as the combats are repeated. Importantly, the HR and plasma concentrations II of glycerol, NEFA and lactate remained elevated above baseline levels between a number of the repeated combats. This suggests that the recovery processes were often incomplete between the combats. The collective findings of these investigations demonstrate that Taekwondo is an intermittent combat sport that elicits high demands upon both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. The physiological requirements of Taekwondo combat may be regulated by a multitude of competition factors including a competitor’s weight division, the round of combat and performing successive combats with different recovery intervals. Taekwondo combat also activates the sympathetic-adrenal-medulla promoting the release of stress hormones (catecholamines) into the circulation. The stress-hormonal responses are mediated by the specific combat environment and the requirement to perform repeated combats within a single day. These original findings may serve as a valuable ergonomic framework to prepare competitors’ for the specific requirements of Taekwondo competition.

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Context: The aim of the proposed research is to investigate the impact of the pilot ‘all-day’ school scheme in Greece on teachers’, students’ and parents’ lives. The ‘all-day’ school is considered to be an innovative pedagogical reform in the Greek primary education. It was legislated and initiated in the period 1997-2002 in response to the apparent need for an increased work force. In addition, the growing number of working mothers meant that children needed to be looked after in a safe environment beyond mainstream school hours. Since then the ‘all-day’ school remains a project in progress facing a lot of obstacles with the most recent being the economic crisis in Greece which has badly affected all the sectors, private and public, of the country, and consequently the public schools of all levels. Despite its importance for educational reform, only a few studies attempted to examine some of the aspects of the ‘all-day’ school. It is this study’s contribution to provide, for first time, the key stakeholders of the ‘all-day’ school, namely teachers, parents and students, with the opportunity to raise their voices and express their experience and opinions about the effect of the ‘all-day’ school on their lives. Objective: The aim of this thesis is to provide insights on the perceptions and feelings of teachers, parents and students involved in the operation and expansion of the institutionalization of the ‘all-day’ school. These key stakeholders are called to express their voices about the effect of the ‘all-day’ school on their lives. Methodology: This study follows the interpretivist perspective. It does not examine pre-existing theories; instead it relies on qualitative findings collected from policy documents, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with the ‘actors’ of the ‘all-day’ school, teachers, students and parents. Findings: This study revealed the huge gap between policy and practice in the operation of the ‘all-day’ school. The ‘all-day’ school aimed to fulfill certain pedagogical and social aims, as described in the official policy documents of the Greek Ministry of Education. Empirical evidence from this study indicated that in practice only few of these aims, mainly related to the social dimension of the ‘all-day’ school have been achieved. The ‘all-day’ school failed to achieve significant pedagogical aims such as the homework completion at school. A number of contradictions and dilemmas.

The human body endures stress on a daily basis, with many occupational and recreational activities beset with such challenges to homeostasis. These challenges include that of exercise and exposure to challenging environments (hypoxia and hyperbaria). A group of specialised proteins, termed heat shock proteins (HSP) provide protection to such stressors at a cellular level. This cellular defence mechanism protects and oversees whole body protein homeostasis, which is vital to all cellular processes. One such protective HSP, is HSP72, which is present in almost all cellular compartments and has received extensive and widespread research interest – with elevations in HSP72 indicatively linked to augmented cellular and whole body resistance to various exercise and environmental stressors. Despite this extensive research interest, several fundamental areas of concern with regard to HSP72 have not been satisfactorily addressed or delineated. In general, the experimental chapters of this thesis were designed to investigate several broad research questions related to those areas that have not been sufficiently addressed, as highlighted by the Literature Review. These areas include the reliance on thermal and/or mechanical stress to induce elevations in HSP72, both in vitro and in vivo, to initiate conveyed cellular protection. No in vivo attempts have been made to use a non-thermal and/or non-mechanical based stimulus, such as a hypoxic or hyperbaric exposure, to induce elevations in basal HSP72 in an attempt to confer cellular tolerance to future episodes of stress. Additionally, any potential relationships between changes in redox balance and stress induced changes in HSP72 expression have not been investigated in vivo, this potential interplay could be important when discussing any likely mechanisms for HSP72 dependent conferred cellular tolerance. In order to investigate such hypoxic or hyperbaric mediated changes in basal HSP72 expression securely, basal expression of monocyte expressed HSP72 (mHSP72) warrants investigation (diurnal and/or circadian variation), as, at present, this has not be conducted securely or adequately. The first experimental chapter investigated basal expression of mHSP72 over a 24 h period. Seventeen recreationally active (mean ± SD: 5.9±2.2 h∙wk-1) male subjects (19.8±4.3 yr, 177±6.4 cm, 75.7±10.9 kg) had blood samples taken every 4 h from 0900 until 0900 the next day, at rest, within a temperature regulated laboratory. Core temperature, as assessed by ingestible telemetric temperature sensor pill, was obtained at 5 min intervals. Basal mHSP72 expression was found to follow a circadian rhythm, which was correlated to core temperature (rs=0.41, p<0.001). Notably, during “waking” hours (0900 – 2100), this circadian rhythm was shown to follow a quadratic trend in expression (F = 21.2, p < 0.001). The second experimental chapter investigated the repeatability of the quadratic trend in basal mHSP72 expression demonstrated within the previous experimental chapter. Twelve healthy recreationally active (mean ± SD: 5.2±1.9 h∙wk-1) male subjects (20.2±1.9 yr, 178.7±5.6 cm, 75.1±6.0 kg) had blood samples taken on three separate days (separated by three days) over a 9 h period (0800, 1100, 1400) at rest within a temperature regulated laboratory. Results supported those from the previous chapter, whereby, the quadratic trend in basal mHSP72 expression was evident on three separate days (F = 26.0; p = 0.001; partial η2 = 0.74), where mHSP72 decreased between 0800 and 1100 (mean difference = -17%; 95% CI = -24%, -10%; p < 0.001) and then increased between 1100 and 1400 (mean difference = 8%; 95% CI = 2%, 14%; p = 0.015). In conjunction with the first experimental chapter, these results demonstrate the importance in controlling the time of day interventions are administered in vivo, as differential responses may be seen due to differences in basal HSP72 expression. Furthermore, when regular blood samples are required post intervention, the timetabling of such collections needs to be stringently adhered to, due to within-day variation in basal mHSP72. Differing basal values of mHSP72 are known to determine the magnitude of post stressor mHSP72 expression and thus any variation (even minimal) in basal mHSP72 is important. The third experimental chapter investigated the potential of an environmental stressor to disrupt the quadratic trend in basal mHSP72 and explored whether any such changes in mHSP72 may have a relationship with alterations in redox balance. Six healthy recreationally active (mean ± SD: 5.9±2.3 h.wk-1) male subjects (mean ± SD: 21.3±7.2 yr, 179.2±4.8 cm, 79.3±9.9 kg) participated within the study. Control values (NA) for mHSP72 were obtained one week before the first hyperbaric air (HA) exposure with the hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure following a week later (i.e. 3 study days NA, HA and HBO each separated by one week). These exposures commenced at 1500 and involved a simulated dive consisting of HA (2.8 ATA) or HBO (20 min O2, 5 min HA cycle) within a hyperbaric chamber constituting 78 min bottom time. Within each study day blood samples were taken at 0900, 1300, 1700 and 2100. The administration of HBO and HA were sufficient to disrupt the quadratic trend shown within the NA condition (F = 27.6, p < 0.001). The model demonstrated significant main effects for condition (F = 24.7, p < 0.001) and time (F = 9.6, p < 0.001), and a condition x time interaction effect was also observed (F = 7.1, p < 0.001). Decomposition of this interaction effect revealed a reduction in mHSP72 was evident post hyperbaric exposures, whereby, mHSP72 expression at 1700 was significantly higher in NA than in HA (p = 0.016) and HBO (p < 0.001), this reduction was still evident in both HA and HBO compared to NA at 2100 (p < 0.001). In addition to quantification of mHSP72, a measure of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (plasma TBARS), was also retrospectively assessed from the isolated plasma of these blood samples. There were no significant main effects observed for condition (F = 0.7; p = 0.50) or time (F = 0.06; p = 0.81), and no significant condition x time interaction effect (F = 0.5; p = 0.62) for plasma TBARS. Despite the failure of the hyperbaric environments to elicit increases in basal mHSP72, one important physiological contribution may be contrived of this reduction in mHSP72, as in vitro and in vivo low basal mHSP72 content is indicatively correlated to enhanced post stressor HSP72 expression. Such hyperbaric mediated reductions in basal content may allow enhanced HSP72 expression post stressor, an intervention which may be of benefit to hyperthermic exercise acclimation protocols which seek elevated mHSP72 as part of the in vivo heat acclimation process. The fourth experimental chapter employed an acute hypoxic exposure (75 min, 2980 m) at rest in an attempt to disrupt the previously demonstrated quadratic trend in basal mHSP72 expression and explored whether any such changes in mHSP72 may have a relationship with alterations in redox balance. Twelve healthy recreationally active (mean ± SD: 5.1±1.5 h.wk-1) male subjects (19.8±3.5 yr, 175.5±10.8 cm, 73.1±8.0 kg) participated in the study. Testing was conducted on consecutive days, with all subjects providing control samples on this first day with the hypoxic exposure administered on the second day. This exposure commenced and ceased at 0930 and 1045 respectively. Blood samples were taken at 0800, 1100, 1400, 1700 and 2000. In addition to quantification of mHSP72 a measure of oxidative stress, plasma TBARS, was also retrospectively assessed from the isolated plasma of these blood samples. There was a significant quadratic trend in mHSP72 for the control condition (F = 23.5; p = 0.002; partial η2 = 0.77) with no such trend evident for the hypoxic condition (largest F ratio was for a quadratic trend: F = 3.9; p = 0.087).

One of the most important research problems in tourism today, and one still to be thoroughly investigated, is the understanding of tourist decision-making processes and the way they are reflected in tourist spatial behaviour. Until very recently, the study of tourist decision-making and that of tourist flows went on independently of one another. Thus, geographers were detecting and describing tourist flows while psychologists and marketing analysts were trying to understand the destination-choice process. The current study merges these two aspects and addresses the following questions: A. What are the most important and frequently assessed destination attributes anticipated and desired by tourists? B. Is destination-choice behaviour (when based on different desired destination attributes) class-differentiated? C. Are spatial patterns of tourist flows also classdifferentiated? D. If class differentiation does exist, is there a causal connection between the manner of destination choice and tourists' consequent spatial behaviour? This study rests on two general assumptions. The first is that the process of selecting from among alternative tourist destinations is a direct outcome of the individual's evaluation of the aggregate value of utilities inherent in destination attributes. The second claims that the general tourist spatial pattern is a product of subpatterns created by different groups of tourists. The derived operational hypotheses suggest that both destination-choice and tourists' spatial behaviour are class-differentiated. Initially, the study involved the detection of the 25 most frequently assessed destination attributes. These were then introduced into a questionnaire examining the destination-choice and spatial behaviour of the North-Vest London Jewish community. Analysis of the data collected using Della Pave's 'Value Stretch' concept shows that destination-choice processes among Barnet's Jewish tourists are significantly class-differentiated. Significantly different tourist behaviour patterns were also found among them. The concept of 'Value Stretch' also revealed the possible causes of different tourist spatial behaviour emerging in the wake of class-differentiated destination-choice patterns.

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