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Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie navorsing berus op die idee dat die tekste in die oeuvre van sommige skrywers op so 'n manier met mekaar verbonde is dat 'n mens dit as 'n eenheid kan begin lees en ervaar. Met Derrida se begrip van genealogiese verwantskap van tekste as vertrekpunt, het ek daardie intertekstuele verbande in J.C. Steyn se oeuvre nagegaan waardeur sy hoorspelteks, poesie- en prosatekste tot 'n verwikkelde weefsel ontwikkel het. Dit het gou duidelik geword dat daar twee hoofstrominge in Steyn se tekste aan die orde kom: 'n motief van persoonlike tekortkominge wat deurwerk na 'n groter sosiale groep toe is van vroeg af duidelik skering en inslag daarin. Reeds in "Die skuldige: 'n hoorspel" (1974) staan die homo­ erotiese geneigdheid van die sentrale karakter in noue verband met die sosio-ekonomiese vraagstuk van die gesin wat al hulle aardse besittinge verloor. Die gedigte in die eerste helfte van Die grammatika van liefhe (1975) word gekenmerk deur die digterspersoonlikheid se sterk weersin teen sy eie tekortkominge; in die laaste gedeelte gaan sy persoonlike gemoeidheid oor in 'n besorgdheid oor die Afrikaner en die voortbestaan van Afrikaans. Van Op pad na die grens (1976) af, oor Dagboek van 'n verraaier (1978) en Die verlore vader (1985) tot en met Hoeke Boerseuns ons was (1991) neem die hoofstrominge van Steyn se tekste duideliker vorm aan: aan die een kant is daar die nasionale problematiek waar hy voortbou op C.J. Langenhoven se Die pad van Suid-Afrika, en die bestaanstryd van die Afrikaner volg tot in die huidige tydsgewrig; aan die ander kant worstel die karakters van sy tekste met persoonlike vraagstukke waaronder veral 'n homo-erotiese geneigdheid waarmee hulle hul nie kan versoen nie. Oorkoepelend vertel Steyn die verhaal van die Afrikaanse elckerlijc wat hom as gevolg van teenstrydige sosiaal-politieke invloede toenemend in 'n toestand van leed, verwarring en geestelike ontreddering bevind. Ten slotte wys ek hoe Steyn deur middel van defiksionalisering in sy tekste homself en die Afrikaner ontmasker. Die invloed daarvan is heilsaam: op persoonlike vlak is dit suiwerend en die stukrag van sy kuns; in die geval van die Afrikaner vervul hy daarmee die rol van die Afrikaner se kollektiewe gewete. / This research is based on the theory that the texts in the oeuvre of certain writers are related to each other in such a way that one can read and experience them as a unity. Using Derrida's concept of the genealogical relationship of texts as a point of departure, I have examined those intertextual relationships in J.C. Steyn's oeuvre in which his radio play, poetry and prose texts have developed to a complicated fabric. It soon becomes clear that two main streams emerge in Steyn's texts: a motif of personal defect which percolates to a larger social group. Already in "Die skuldige: 'n hoorspel" (1974) the homoerotic disposition of the central figure is closely related to the socio-economic problems of the family who lose all their material possessions. The poems in the first half of Die grammatika van liefhe (1975) are characterised by the poetic personality's strong aversion to his own imperfections; in the final part, his personal concern about the Afrikaner and the continued existence of Afrikaans emerge. From Op pad na die grens (1976), through Dagboek van 'n verraaier (1978) and Die verlore vader (1985), up to and including Hoeke Boerseuns ons was (1991), the main streams of Steyn's texts become more clearly discernible: on the one hand, one encounters the national concerns in which Steyn develops themes found in C.J. Langenhoven's Die pad van Suid-Afrika and follows the Afrikaner's struggle for survival to the present juncture; on the other hand, the characters of his texts struggle with personal difficulties such as a propensity to homoeroticism to which they cannot reconcile themselves. An overarching concern of Steyn's is the story of the Afrikaans Everyman who, as a result of conflicting socio-political influences, increasingly finds himself in a state of sorrow, confusion and spiritual collapse. Finally, I reveal how Steyn exposes himself and the Afrikaner in his texts by means of defictionalisation. Its influence is beneficial: at a personal level, it is purifying and is the impetus of Steyn's art; and, in the case of the Afrikaner, it fulfils the role of the Afrikaner's collective conscience. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D. Litt et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie navorsing berus op die idee dat die tekste in die oeuvre van sommige skrywers op so 'n manier met mekaar verbonde is dat 'n mens dit as 'n eenheid kan begin lees en ervaar. Met Derrida se begrip van genealogiese verwantskap van tekste as vertrekpunt, het ek daardie intertekstuele verbande in J.C. Steyn se oeuvre nagegaan waardeur sy hoorspelteks, poesie- en prosatekste tot 'n verwikkelde weefsel ontwikkel het. Dit het gou duidelik geword dat daar twee hoofstrominge in Steyn se tekste aan die orde kom: 'n motief van persoonlike tekortkominge wat deurwerk na 'n groter sosiale groep toe is van vroeg af duidelik skering en inslag daarin. Reeds in "Die skuldige: 'n hoorspel" (1974) staan die homo­ erotiese geneigdheid van die sentrale karakter in noue verband met die sosio-ekonomiese vraagstuk van die gesin wat al hulle aardse besittinge verloor. Die gedigte in die eerste helfte van Die grammatika van liefhe (1975) word gekenmerk deur die digterspersoonlikheid se sterk weersin teen sy eie tekortkominge; in die laaste gedeelte gaan sy persoonlike gemoeidheid oor in 'n besorgdheid oor die Afrikaner en die voortbestaan van Afrikaans. Van Op pad na die grens (1976) af, oor Dagboek van 'n verraaier (1978) en Die verlore vader (1985) tot en met Hoeke Boerseuns ons was (1991) neem die hoofstrominge van Steyn se tekste duideliker vorm aan: aan die een kant is daar die nasionale problematiek waar hy voortbou op C.J. Langenhoven se Die pad van Suid-Afrika, en die bestaanstryd van die Afrikaner volg tot in die huidige tydsgewrig; aan die ander kant worstel die karakters van sy tekste met persoonlike vraagstukke waaronder veral 'n homo-erotiese geneigdheid waarmee hulle hul nie kan versoen nie. Oorkoepelend vertel Steyn die verhaal van die Afrikaanse elckerlijc wat hom as gevolg van teenstrydige sosiaal-politieke invloede toenemend in 'n toestand van leed, verwarring en geestelike ontreddering bevind. Ten slotte wys ek hoe Steyn deur middel van defiksionalisering in sy tekste homself en die Afrikaner ontmasker. Die invloed daarvan is heilsaam: op persoonlike vlak is dit suiwerend en die stukrag van sy kuns; in die geval van die Afrikaner vervul hy daarmee die rol van die Afrikaner se kollektiewe gewete. / This research is based on the theory that the texts in the oeuvre of certain writers are related to each other in such a way that one can read and experience them as a unity. Using Derrida's concept of the genealogical relationship of texts as a point of departure, I have examined those intertextual relationships in J.C. Steyn's oeuvre in which his radio play, poetry and prose texts have developed to a complicated fabric. It soon becomes clear that two main streams emerge in Steyn's texts: a motif of personal defect which percolates to a larger social group. Already in "Die skuldige: 'n hoorspel" (1974) the homoerotic disposition of the central figure is closely related to the socio-economic problems of the family who lose all their material possessions. The poems in the first half of Die grammatika van liefhe (1975) are characterised by the poetic personality's strong aversion to his own imperfections; in the final part, his personal concern about the Afrikaner and the continued existence of Afrikaans emerge. From Op pad na die grens (1976), through Dagboek van 'n verraaier (1978) and Die verlore vader (1985), up to and including Hoeke Boerseuns ons was (1991), the main streams of Steyn's texts become more clearly discernible: on the one hand, one encounters the national concerns in which Steyn develops themes found in C.J. Langenhoven's Die pad van Suid-Afrika and follows the Afrikaner's struggle for survival to the present juncture; on the other hand, the characters of his texts struggle with personal difficulties such as a propensity to homoeroticism to which they cannot reconcile themselves. An overarching concern of Steyn's is the story of the Afrikaans Everyman who, as a result of conflicting socio-political influences, increasingly finds himself in a state of sorrow, confusion and spiritual collapse. Finally, I reveal how Steyn exposes himself and the Afrikaner in his texts by means of defictionalisation. Its influence is beneficial: at a personal level, it is purifying and is the impetus of Steyn's art; and, in the case of the Afrikaner, it fulfils the role of the Afrikaner's collective conscience. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D. Litt et Phil. (Afrikaans)

Triomf explores the distortion of the national Afrikaner identity as a result of apartheid. This dissertation aims to demonstrate how van Niekerk deconstructs the Afrikaner through myths, stories, symbols, intertextuality and Derridean deconstruction. The Benades represent the Afrikaner on three levels: the personal, the national and the primordial. Since the Benades are primordial, Van Niekerk is able to use the archetypes of Jung’s collective unconscious to deconstruct the archetypal mythological structures Afrikaner nationalists used to develop identity and unity. The archetypes deconstructed are Spirit, the Great Mother, Re-birth, the Trickster, the Physical Hearth and the Sacred Fire. Afrikaner myths deconstructed include the Great Trek, the family, the patriarch, the matriarch, the future of a white Afrikaner nation and the binding character of Afrikaans as white national language. Van Niekerk undermines the plaasroman of the 1920s and 1930s, as the Afrikaner’s national identity was constituted and deconstructed in literature. / English / M.A. (English)

Triomf explores the distortion of the national Afrikaner identity as a result of apartheid. This dissertation aims to demonstrate how van Niekerk deconstructs the Afrikaner through myths, stories, symbols, intertextuality and Derridean deconstruction. The Benades represent the Afrikaner on three levels: the personal, the national and the primordial. Since the Benades are primordial, Van Niekerk is able to use the archetypes of Jung’s collective unconscious to deconstruct the archetypal mythological structures Afrikaner nationalists used to develop identity and unity. The archetypes deconstructed are Spirit, the Great Mother, Re-birth, the Trickster, the Physical Hearth and the Sacred Fire. Afrikaner myths deconstructed include the Great Trek, the family, the patriarch, the matriarch, the future of a white Afrikaner nation and the binding character of Afrikaans as white national language. Van Niekerk undermines the plaasroman of the 1920s and 1930s, as the Afrikaner’s national identity was constituted and deconstructed in literature. / English / M.A. (English)

This research report explores the link between the novels of Ingrid Winterbach / Lettie Viljoen, a third culture and the neo-Victorian novel. The study is therefore situated within the cultural-philosophical framework of a third culture, which implies that the two cultures of science and literature do not function as separate disciplines, but as an organic unit. Researchers in the interdiscipline of literature and science identify the Age of Science (1879–1914) – including the Victorian era (1837–1901) – as a historical period where the existence of such a third culture was observed. This period was characterised by numerous scientific discoveries, and Darwin’s theory of evolution generated heated debates in Victorian society. Nineteenth-century literature (and specifically the Victorian novel) therefore reflects the spirit of an age where the interaction between science and literature was particularly evident. In our information-driven society, the focus is once again on scientific discovery and dissemination of knowledge, prompting social critics to typify the current period as “neo-” or “retro-Victorian”. The contemporary imagination still problematises Darwin’s theory of evolution, and fiction such as Winterbach’s therefore not only renegotiates the fixed modernistic boundaries between science and literature, but also revisits the nineteenth- century genres simptomatic of a similar third culture. Winterbach’s novels (1984–2006) display a distinctive predisposition towards natural history and Darwinistic principles and are therefore postmodern adaptations of nineteenth-century conventions. Darwinistic concepts such as growth, metamorphosis,transformation, evolution and the origin, naming and extinction of species are therefore accentuated. Winterbach’s fictionalisation of a nineteenth-century worldview can be linked to the work of her ancestors in the Afrikaans literary tradition, Eugène Marais and C. Louis Leipoldt (both amateur scientists). Her popularisation of scientific knowledge and revisitation of Victorian codes also link her to a neo-Victorian novelistic movement (a contemporary permutation of the Victorian tradition). Her oeuvre therefore also displays similarities to that of her British contemporary, A.S. Byatt, a prominent neo-Victorian novelist. An exploration of the natural world in this tradition, however, also implies an exploration of supernatural spheres, a trend which is equally evident in texts by congeners such as (George) Eliot, Marais, Leipoldt, Winterbach and Byatt. / Afrikaans / D.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans and Theory of Literature)

This research report explores the link between the novels of Ingrid Winterbach / Lettie Viljoen, a third culture and the neo-Victorian novel. The study is therefore situated within the cultural-philosophical framework of a third culture, which implies that the two cultures of science and literature do not function as separate disciplines, but as an organic unit. Researchers in the interdiscipline of literature and science identify the Age of Science (1879–1914) – including the Victorian era (1837–1901) – as a historical period where the existence of such a third culture was observed. This period was characterised by numerous scientific discoveries, and Darwin’s theory of evolution generated heated debates in Victorian society. Nineteenth-century literature (and specifically the Victorian novel) therefore reflects the spirit of an age where the interaction between science and literature was particularly evident. In our information-driven society, the focus is once again on scientific discovery and dissemination of knowledge, prompting social critics to typify the current period as “neo-” or “retro-Victorian”. The contemporary imagination still problematises Darwin’s theory of evolution, and fiction such as Winterbach’s therefore not only renegotiates the fixed modernistic boundaries between science and literature, but also revisits the nineteenth- century genres simptomatic of a similar third culture. Winterbach’s novels (1984–2006) display a distinctive predisposition towards natural history and Darwinistic principles and are therefore postmodern adaptations of nineteenth-century conventions. Darwinistic concepts such as growth, metamorphosis,transformation, evolution and the origin, naming and extinction of species are therefore accentuated. Winterbach’s fictionalisation of a nineteenth-century worldview can be linked to the work of her ancestors in the Afrikaans literary tradition, Eugène Marais and C. Louis Leipoldt (both amateur scientists). Her popularisation of scientific knowledge and revisitation of Victorian codes also link her to a neo-Victorian novelistic movement (a contemporary permutation of the Victorian tradition). Her oeuvre therefore also displays similarities to that of her British contemporary, A.S. Byatt, a prominent neo-Victorian novelist. An exploration of the natural world in this tradition, however, also implies an exploration of supernatural spheres, a trend which is equally evident in texts by congeners such as (George) Eliot, Marais, Leipoldt, Winterbach and Byatt. / Afrikaans / D.Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans and Theory of Literature)

Text in Afrikaans / This study investigates postcolonial aspects of the prose oeuvre of André P. Brink, with specific reference to his historiographical texts `n Oomblik in die wind, Houd-den-Bek, Die eerste lewe van Adamastor, Inteendeel, Sandkastele and Donkermaan. The texts can be described as links in a textual history of South Africa: a history corresponding to the official version, revisioning it in an imaginative way. The texts also criticize political (mal)practices, and the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial social contexts of the country are critically scrutinized. The texts offer suggestions for a new political dispensation. Since the seventies the Brink oeuvre has developed a multi-dimensional postcolonial approach. Aspects of post-colonialism, post-structuralism, magical realism and feminism as articulated in the texts, are analyzed and interpreted. Brink's investigation of problems concerning historiography, and the relation between history and fiction, comprised an important aspect of the research leading to this report. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil

Text in Afrikaans / Abstracts in Afrikaans, English and seSotho / Die ikoniese konsep van die spelende mens (homo ludens) - soos verwoord deur Johan Huizinga – verkry opnuut trefkrag weens ʼn hedendaagse bekoring met virtuele spel. Nel (2014; 2015a; 2015b), Burger (2013), Viljoen (2011; 2013), Anker (2011) en Barnes (2014) bevind dat die eietydse fassinasie met ludieke spel uitdrukking vind in die narratiewe struktuur van verskeie Afrikaanse literêre tekste. Hierdie navorsingsverslag fokus op drie kritieke ontwikkelingsfases van spel: pre-Huizinga, Huizinga en post-Huizinga. Rigtinggewende antieke Griekse spelkonsepte van Heraklitus en Plato, waarop voortgebou is deur Huizinga (1949; 1951), asook die revisionistiese idees van Caillois (1961) word benut as teoretiese steierwerk vir ʼn lesing van die literêre speldiskoers in Klimtol (Van Heerden 2013); Afstande (Sleigh 2010) en Sirkusboere (Loots 2011). Die beskrywing en interpretasie van spelmerkers lei daartoe dat nie net die narratiewe struktuur ín die romans nie, maar ook die romans sélf, as vorm van kultuurskeppende spel beskou kan word. / Due to contemporary fascination with virtual games, the seminal concept of the playing person (homo ludens) − as articulated by Huizinga – has regained prominence. Nel (2014; 2015a; 2015b), Burger (2013), Viljoen (2011; 2013), Anker (2011) and Barnes (2014) observe a preoccupation with ludics in the narrative structure of various Afrikaans literary texts. This report focuses on three critical developmental stages of play: pre-Huizinga, Huizinga and post-Huizinga. Classic hypotheses by Heraclitus and Plato that manifested in Huizinga's (1949; 1950) notions on the play-element in culture as well as revisionist ideas by Caillois (1961) will be utilised as theoretical framework for an exploration of the ludic discourse in Klimtol (Van Heerden 2013), Afstande (Sleigh 2010) and Sirkusboere (Loots 2011). The description and interpretation of various play markers signify that not only the narrative structure of the novels, but the novels themselves, might be regarded as ludic play that shapes culture. / Ka ntlha ya kgatlhego ya ga jaana ya metshamekopono, mogopolo wa boitshimololedi wa motho yo o tshamekang (homo ludens) - jaaka o tlhalositswe ke Huizinga – o boetse o botlhokwa. Nel (2014; 2015a; 2015b), Burger (2013), Viljoen (2011; 2013), Anker (2011) le Barnes (2014) ba ela tlhoko metshamekwane ya popego ya puo mo dikwalong di le mmalwa tsa Afrikaans. Pegelo eno e totile dikgato di le tharo tsa botlhokwa tsa go gola ga motshameko: pele ga Huizinga, ka nako ya Huizinga le morago ga Huizinga. Tiori ya tlelasiki ya ga Heraclitus le Plato e e tlhageletseng mo megopolong ya ga Huizinga (1949; 1950) e e malebana le elemente ya motshameko mo setsong gammogo le megopolo ya poeletso ya ga Caillois (1961) di tlaa dirisiwa jaaka letlhomeso la tiori go sekaseka puisano e e ka ga motshamekwane mo Klimtol (Van Heerden 2013), Afstande (Sleigh 2010) le Sirkusboere (Loots 2011). Tlhaloso le thanolo ya batlhami ba ba farologaneng ba metshameko e bontsha gore fa se fela popego ya kanelo ya dipadi e e bopang setso, mme dipadi ka botsona di ka tsewa e le metshamekwana e e bopang setso. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Text in Afrikaans / This study investigates postcolonial aspects of the prose oeuvre of André P. Brink, with specific reference to his historiographical texts `n Oomblik in die wind, Houd-den-Bek, Die eerste lewe van Adamastor, Inteendeel, Sandkastele and Donkermaan. The texts can be described as links in a textual history of South Africa: a history corresponding to the official version, revisioning it in an imaginative way. The texts also criticize political (mal)practices, and the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial social contexts of the country are critically scrutinized. The texts offer suggestions for a new political dispensation. Since the seventies the Brink oeuvre has developed a multi-dimensional postcolonial approach. Aspects of post-colonialism, post-structuralism, magical realism and feminism as articulated in the texts, are analyzed and interpreted. Brink's investigation of problems concerning historiography, and the relation between history and fiction, comprised an important aspect of the research leading to this report. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil